Piazzale Loreto massacre
We’ll pay dearly for Piazzale Loreto’s bloodshed.
— Benito Mussolini to the Deputy Head of the Police of the Italian Social Republic, Eugenio Apollonio
| Piazzale Loreto massacre | |
|---|---|
 Piazzale Loreto, August 10, 1944 | |
| Location | Milano, Italy |
| Coordinates | 45°29′09″N 09°12′58″E / 45.48583°N 9.21611°E |
| Date | 10 August 1944 05:45 (UTC+01:00) |
Attack type | Mass shooting |
| Deaths | 15 partisans |
| Perpetrators | Theo Saevecke, Nazi Security Commander in Milan Ettore Muti Autonomous Mobile Legion (material executors) |
Piazzale Loreto massacre was a Nazi-Fascist massacre that took place in Italy, on 10 August 1944 in Piazzale Loreto, Milan, during the World War II.
Fifteen Italian partisans were shot by soldiers of the Oberdan group of the Ettore Muti Mobile Autonomous Legion of the Italian Social Republic, by order of the Nazi Sicherheitsdienst, and their bodies were exposed to the public.
Viale Abruzzi bombing
[edit]On 8 August 1944, unknown elements carried out an attack with two explosive devices against a German lorry (registration number WM 111092) parked in viale Abruzzi in Milan. In that attack, no German soldier was killed (the driver Heinz Kuhn, who slept in the cockpit, suffered only minor injuries) but it caused the death of six Milanese citizens and the wounding of eleven others.[1] Despite the absence of military victims and a claim, the episode was still used as a pretext for the shooting of the 15 partisans.[2] The episode, with very different and anomalous characteristics compared to the other partisan attacks, it is suspected, as was also done by the court in the trial held in 1998, was artfully organized by the Germans themselves to justify the subsequent reprisals.[3][4][5]
Shooting
[edit]At dawn on 10 August 1944, in Milan, fifteen partisans were taken from the San Vittore prison and taken to Piazzale Loreto, where they were shot by a firing squad made up of fascist militias of the Oberdan group of the «Ettore Muti» legion led by Captain Pasquale Cardella[6] who was acting under the orders of the German command, in particular of the SS captain Theo Saevecke, later known as the executioner of Piazzale Loreto, then commander of the security service (SD) of Milan and its province (AK Mailand).
In the communiqué of the Nazi security command,[7] it is stated that the massacre was carried out for a set of "acts of sabotage" among which the attack on Viale Abruzzi is barely recognizable.
The GAP commander, Giovanni Pesce, always denied that the attack could have been carried out by any partisan unit. Certain anomalous elements have caused some to define the attack as controversial: corporal major Kuhn had parked the vehicle a short distance from a garage in via Natale Battaglia and from the Titanus hotel, both requisitioned by the Wehrmacht and available to Nazi military personnel. Kesselring 's ban, invoked by the communiqué and by the high Nazi hierarchies,[8] provided for the shooting of ten Italians for every German only in the case of Nazi victims. But in the Viale Abruzzi attack, no German soldier was killed: the dead and seriously injured were all Italians.
It is therefore legitimate to assume, as the Military Tribunal of Turin did in the Saevecke trial, that the massacre in Piazzale Loreto was a deliberate act of terrorism which had the strategic aim of crushing popular sympathy for the Resistance in order to avoid any form of collaboration and to guarantee the maximum freedom of movement for the Nazi troops towards the Brenner pass. Theo Saevecke, whose command was at the Albergo Regina & Metropoli in via Silvio Pellico, headquarters of the SS, of the security services (SD) and of the Political Police (the Gestapo ) and a well-known place of torture, demanded and nevertheless obtained, the summary shooting of fifteen anti-fascists, and he compiled the list himself, as testified by Elena Morgante,[9] employed in the SS office, who was ordered to type it.
After the shooting - which took place at 06:10 - for the purpose of intimidation, the broken corpses were left exposed under the sun of the hot summer day, covered with flies, until about 20 o'clock. A cartel classified the partisans shot as "murderers". The bodies, guarded by Muti soldiers who also prevented relatives from paying homage to the dead, were publicly vilified and outraged in all ways by the fascists and auxiliaries of the RSI; Moreover, to intimidate the population and remove any support for the Resistance, the fascist militia forced, weapons in hand, the citizens in transit, on foot, by bicycle or on the tram, to attend the «show».
Upon hearing the news, the partisan Don Giovanni Barbareschi went to the archbishop of Milan, Cardinal Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster, begging him to go and impart his blessing to the bodies, but the cardinal asked him to go himself, although still a deacon. He reassembled the piled up corpses as best he could and looked in his pockets for messages that they might have written, in order to deliver them to the families. He managed to perform this work of mercy before a fascist militia chased him away.[10] Three days later he was ordained a priest.[11] Barbareschi then recounted that after having prayed on his knees in front of the bodies, he turned around and saw that all the crowd present had knelt with him.[12] When the following year the corpses of Benito Mussolini, Claretta Petacci and 18 fascist hierarchs were exposed in the same place, Don Barbareschi returned to bless the bodies.[13]
The poet Franco Loi, witness of the tragedy and then living in nearby via Casoretto, affirmed:
There were many corpses on the sidewalks, against the fence, some theater posters, the "Gazetta del Sorriso", signs, bandits! Captured bandits with weapons in hand! Around, people change, the hot sun. When I came to see them it was like a vertigo: shoes, hands, arms, dirty stockings; (...) in my eyes as a child it was an unheard of thing: men lying on sidewalks like garbage and other men, young people dressed in black, who seemed to be on guard with guns!
— Franco Loi, from R. Cicala, Interlinea, Novara, 1995. ISBN 88-86121-56-3., Con la violenza e la pietà. Poesia e resistenza
The execution and the vilification of the corpses deeply impressed public opinion, so much so that the Prefect of Milan and head of the Province[14] Piero Parini in his «Pro memoria urgente per il duce» notes «[...] the method of shooting it had been extremely irregular and contrary to the rules. The wretches had not even had the assistance of the priest, which is not denied even to the most abject murderer. [. . . ] To my remonstrances, the Nazi commanders all responded in the same way: the execution had been an application of Marshal Kesselring's ban [. . . ] The impression in the city remains very strong and hostility towards the Germans has greatly increased. There have also been partial strikes in some factories and there are rumors that one is being prepared tomorrow. [. . . ] I won't hide from you that I feel deeply uncomfortable in my office, since the German way of proceeding is such as to make the task of any authority too difficult and causes a growing aversion on the part of the population towards the Republic».
Following the memorandum, Mussolini communicated to the German ambassador to the RSI, Rudolf Rahn, that the methods used by the German military "were contrary to the feelings of the Italians and offended their natural mildness";[15] in fact, however, without making a concrete commitment to restore justice. Less than a year later, at dawn on April 29, 1945, in the same square, the corpses of Mussolini, his lover Claretta Petacci and 15 other fascists,[16] were exposed in front of the crowd that had flocked to the news of the Duce's death.
Perpetrators
[edit]Theodor Saevecke
[edit]Theo Saevecke, for the Milanese Resistance: the executioner of Piazzale Loreto, was tried by the Military Tribunal of Turin and was sentenced to life imprisonment on 9 June 1999; however, despite the request of the Italian military judiciary, he was never extradited nor did he ever undergo any trial at home. He died in 2000. Like other Nazi war criminals, he was drafted into the US secret service after the war (code name Cabanio)[17] and later held the important position of deputy head of the security services of the Federal Republic of Germany. In 1963 West Germany had requested information on Saevecke's criminal activity in Milan during the Nazi occupation, to which the Italian authorities replied, after having consulted the file hidden in the closet of shame, with a report from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs addressed to counterpart German Ministry.
In popular culture
[edit]Martiri di Piazzale Loreto painting
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Aligi Sassu painted the Martiri di Piazzale Loreto (original title La guerra civile[18]), under the impression of the brutal assassination. The painting of 1944 (oil on canvas 150 x 200 cm) was exhibited for the first time at the 1952 Venice exhibition, the Biennale del realismo, where the art historian Giulio Carlo Argan noticed it and had it acquired by the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna in Rome, which still exhibits it. Martiri di Piazzale Loreto proposes a custom of Sassu's poetics, that is the dialectic between the rendering of contemporary reality and the actualization of the myth.
The same artist, a partisan engaged together with De Grada, Grosso and Guttuso, in his autobiography "Un grido di colore" (Todaro editore, Lugano, 1998) recalls: "I painted I Martiri di Piazzale Loreto in August 1944, just after seeing the mockery that the rogue republic made of the bodies of our brothers. Yet there was in me, in the fire and anxiety that agitated me, in trying to express what I had seen, a great peace and not hatred, but an immense sadness for the fratricidal struggle. From those bleeding and inert bodies a warning arose: peace, peace".
Monument in Piazzale Loreto
[edit]
At the end of the war, a memorial stone was erected on the site of the massacre and in memory of the martyrs who fell there. This memorial stone was replaced by a monument erected in August 1960, the work of the sculptor Giannino Castiglioni (1884-1971), located on the corner between the square and viale Andrea Doria. On the front, the monument bears a bas-relief representing a martyr subjected to execution on the iconography of San Sebastiano, on the back it bears the words "ALTA/L'ILLUMINATA FRONTE/CADDERO NEL NOME/DELLA LIBERTÀ" followed by the list of 15 fallen, the date of the massacre, 10 August 1944 and the symbols of the Italian Republic and the Municipality of Milan.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Nel verbale della Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana, reperibile nell'Archivio di Stato di Milano, Fondo Gnr, busta 64, c. 36, f. VII, sf. 8., si legge: «Oggetto: Attentato terroristico. Milano, li 8/8/1944. Ore 8,15 di oggi in viale Abruzzi all'altezza dello stabile segnato col N° 77 scoppiavano due ordigni applicati ad opera d'ignoti all'autocarro germanico con rimorchio targa W.M. 111092 li sostante dalle ore 3 di stamane e affidato all'autiere caporal Maggiore Kuhn Heinz, che dormiva nella cabina di guida. Decedute 6 persone e precisamente: 1- Zanini Edoardo di Pietro anni 31 - domiciliato a Milano- via Rusco N° 8 2- Giudici Giuseppe fu Carlo anni 60 - domic. a Milano v. Nicola De Puglie 3- Zanicotti Giuseppe fu Angelo anni 28 - dom. Milano via Gran Sasso 2 4- Brioschi Primo - domiciliato a Mezzago, v. del Pozzo 7 5- Moro Gianfranco fu Leonida anni 19 dom. Como, v. Chiesa d'Abbate 4 6- La sesta è una donna età apparente anni 35 priva di documenti. Ferite 11 persone e precisamente: 1- Milanesi Riccardo di Amedeo anni 17 via Baldarino 30 - Ric. Osped. di Niguarda 2- Castoldi Luigi di Carlo anni 29 - Monza, via Lecco 69 3- Brambilla Ettore di Riccardo anni 48, v. Gran Sasso 5 idem 4- Terrana Giorgio fu Sante anni 26, corso Buenos Aires 92 idem 5- De Ponti Ferruccio fu Luigi anni 28, v. Accademia 53 idem Feriti medicati e ritornati ai loro domicili 6- Passera Umberto fu Giuseppe, anni 51 - v. Friuli 65 - Milano 7- Passera Guido fu Giuseppe, anni 46 - v. Friuli 65 - Milano 8- Abbia Arnaldo fu Francesco, anni 29, corso Buenos Aires 25 - Milano 9- Cattaneo Luigi fu Giovanni, anni 14, viale Monza 9 - Milano 10- Robbiati Achille fu Carlo, anni 48 - viale Abruzzi 84 - Milano 11- Capol. [sic] Magg. Kuhn Heinz, ferito leggermente alla guancia destra.»
- ^ "Piazzale Loreto, 10 agosto 1944 | Storie - Milano Libera 75" (in Italian).
- ^ Piazzale Loreto: Milano, l'eccidio e il «contrappasso» (in Italian). Donzelli Editore. 2020-10-26. ISBN 978-88-5522-154-2.
- ^ Hitler a Milano: i crimini di Theodor Saevecke capo della Gestapo (in Italian). Datanews. 1997. ISBN 978-88-7981-100-2.
- ^ "Da Viale Abruzzi a Piazzale Loreto. I giorni che sconvolsero Milano. – Museo Leopoldo Fagnani" (in Italian).
- ^ Report 78th SIB del 21/5/1946 (doc. n° 913) nelle carte del processo Saevecke, ora nell'archivio del Tribunale Militare di Verona e Silvio Bertoldi, Piazzale Loreto, citato, pag. 233.
- ^ Documento senza data (ma databile 11 agosto 1944) nelle carte del processo Saevecke, ora nell'archivio del Tribunale Militare di Verona. Il comandante della sicurezza che firma il comunicato era appunto il capitano delle SS Theodor Saevecke.
- ^ «Pro memoria urgente per il duce» del prefetto e capo della provincia Piero Parini. Archivio di Stato di Milano, Fondo CVL, Busta 40, fascicolo V, sottofascicolo 5.
- ^ Cfr. deposizione di Elena Morgante resa il 4 aprile 1946 (doc. 100-108) nelle carte del processo Saevecke, ora nell'archivio del Tribunale Militare di Verona.
- ^ Cfr film "Partiti per Bergamo", by Marco Pozzi & Sergio Fiorini, Associazione "Le radici della Pace - I Quindici", 2010.
- ^ http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2004/agosto/10/Quel_sacerdote_che_benedisse_morti_co_7_040810038.shtml
- ^ http://www.raistoria.rai.it/articoli/un-giorno-in-pi%C3%B9-del-fascismo-la-resistenza-delle-aquile-randagie/33167/default.aspx
- ^ https://m.famigliacristiana.it/articolo/addio-a-don-barbareschi-ribelle-per-amore.htm Famiglia Cristiana, 5 aprile 2018, link consultato il 4 novembre 2019
- ^ Nella RSI le due cariche coincidevano.
- ^ Mimmo Franzinelli, Le stragi nascoste. L'armadio della vergogna: impunità e rimozione dei crimini di guerra nazifascisti 1943-2001, Mondadori, Milano, 2003. ISBN 978-88-04-51974-4. p. 67.
- ^ all gerarchi fascisti executed after capture in Dongo
- ^ ^Cf. article by Guido Salvini, at that time GIP at the Court of Milan, in Diario della settimana, 21/01/2006, "The other closet of shame. There is not only that of Rome, which "filed" the Nazi war crimes. Now there is also another: that of the CIA. That enlisted many former SS". Archive of the association "Le radici della Pace - I Quindici".
- ^ http://www.150digit.it/la_guerra_civile_piazzale_loreto.php