Physocarpus capitatus

Physocarpus capitatus
	Washington specimen
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Rosaceae
Genus:	Physocarpus
Species:	P. capitatus
Binomial name
	Physocarpus capitatus; (Pursh) Kuntze
Synonyms
	Physocarpus opulfolius; Physocarpus tomentullus; Spiraea capitatus;

Physocarpus capitatus, commonly called Pacific ninebark or tall ninebark, is a species of Physocarpus in the rose family native to western North America.

Description

Physocarpus capitatus is a dense deciduous shrub growing to 1–2.5 metres (3+1⁄2–8 feet) tall. The reddish-gray bark, which is flaky and peels away in many irregular thin layers.

The leaves are distinctively grape or maple-like, palmately lobed, and 3–14 centimetres (1–5+1⁄2 inches) long and broad. They are deeply veined with double-toothed margins, and are a dark, shiny green on top.^[1]

It has clusters of small, creamy white flowers with five petals and numerous red-tipped stamens, which appear in late spring and persist into midsummer.

The unique fruit is an inflated glossy red pod about 6 millimetres (1⁄4 in) long which turns dry and brown and then splits open to release seeds.

The flaky bark
Leaf and bud
Flowers and leaves
Close-up of flowers

Etymology

The common name 'ninebark' comes from the appearance of the flaky bark, seeming to have many layers.^[2]

Distribution and habitat

It is found at low and middle elevations in southern Alaska east to Montana and Utah, and south to southern California. It is most common west of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada, often abundant on the north slopes of coastal mountains. It is less prevalent in the east of its range, where it overlaps with that of the mallow ninebark.

It is often found in wetlands, but also forms thickets along rivers and in moist forest habitats. While it grows most robustly in wet environments, it is drought-tolerant to a degree. It prefers partial shade, but tolerates full sun and is adapted to many different soil types.^[2]

Ecology

Although it has low palatability for browsing ungulates, Pacific ninebark provides good cover and nesting sites for birds and small mammals.^[2] The seeds are eaten by birds, and persist in the seed heads until winter.^[1]

Toxicity

Some consider the plant toxic.^[2]

Uses

Pacific ninebark was used as an emetic and a laxative by indigenous groups.^[2] The stems were used to make children's hunting bows and small items such as needles; straighter shoots were used to make arrows. The bark was mixed with cedar bark to make a dark brown dye.^[1]

It is used in ecological restoration due to its fibrous roots which are good for bank stabilization, and its ability to grow from cuttings.^[2] Furthermore, it does not need an overhead canopy to become established at a restoration site as it is tolerant of direct sun. It may grow aggressively enough to shade out invasive species such as reed canary grass and Himalayan blackberry.^[1] It is popular in California as a garden plant.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Verlinde, Sarah. "Pacific ninebark - The North Creek Wetland". University of Washington Bothell. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gonzalves, Pete; Darris, Dale (June 28, 2007). "Plant Fact Sheet- PACIFIC NINEBARK Physocarpus capitatus" (PDF). Natural Resources Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2021-05-06.

External links

[:0-1] Verlinde, Sarah. "Pacific ninebark - The North Creek Wetland". University of Washington Bothell. Retrieved 2021-05-06.

[:1-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gonzalves, Pete; Darris, Dale (June 28, 2007). "Plant Fact Sheet- PACIFIC NINEBARK Physocarpus capitatus" (PDF). Natural Resources Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2021-05-06.

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