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Phormium colensoi

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Phormium colensoi
Mountain flax being visited by a tūī
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asphodelaceae
Subfamily: Hemerocallidoideae
Genus: Phormium
Species:
P. colensoi
Binomial name
Phormium colensoi
Synonyms[4]
  • Phormium cookianum Le Jol.
  • Phormium cookianum subsp. hookeri (Gunn ex Hook.f.) Wardle[2]
  • Phormium forsterianum Hook. nom. nud.
  • Phormium hookeri Gunn ex Hook.f.[3]
Flowers
Pods

Phormium colensoi (syn. Phormium cookianum – see below), also called mountain flax, or wharariki in Māori, is a perennial plant that is endemic to New Zealand.[5] The greenish, yellow or orange flowers are followed by twisted seed pods.[5] It is less common than the other Phormium species, P. tenax or harakeke. Mountain flax is also called whararipi, whatariki, mangaeka, kōrari tuauru (Williams 1971), wauraki (Bell 1890 sic.),[6] coastal flax, hill flax[6] and lesser New Zealand flax.[7]

Description

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The leaves are under 2 metres in length while those of P. tenax range from 1 to 3 metres in length.[8] The scape is much shorter than that of P. tenax, rising up to 2 metres in height while that of P. tenax is around 5 metres in height.[8] The colour of the inner tepals is green while the outer tepals are yellow to red.[8] In contrast the tepals of P. tenax are a dull red, with the tips of the inner tepals being less strongly recurved.[8] The capsules of P. colensoi, unlike those of P. tenax are twisted and pendulous, and may be twice as long (up to 20 cm in length).[8] The numerous seeds in each pod are glossy black, flat and elongated with a frilled margin [9]

Phormium colensoi has two distinct geographic forms, one occurring in lowland parts of the North Island, and the other in the southern and mountainous areas of the South Island as well as ranges in the North Island. The lowland form has green or yellow tepals and the mountain form has red tepals.[8] In the Cook Strait area, both forms and intermediates can be found.[8]

Taxonomy

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The species was originally mentioned without description by William Colenso, the name being given as Phormium forsterianum.[10][11] It was later known as P. colensoi, a name that was listed without description in 1846 by Joseph Dalton Hooker.[12] The name became better known from J. D. Hooker's 1864 publication in Handbook of the New Zealand Flora.[10] However, previously, in 1848, Auguste François Le Jolis had described the species under the name P. cookianum,[10][13] and for many years this name was thought to have priority over Hooker's name P. colensoi. The latter is now regarded as the accepted name by some, based on a brief description of the species in a quotation from J.D. Hooker in an article by Auguste Le Jolis in the Revue Horticole of 1 January 1848.[14][15] Another specimen, believed to be identical to a plant found by Ronald Gunn at the Whanganui River[16] in 1864, was described from a plant growing in a garden in Torquay, England in 1888 and given the name P. hookeri (later reduced to a subspecies under the name P. cookianum subsp. hookeri).[10] This name is also now regarded as a synonym of P. colensoi by some.[17] Phormium cookianum,[18] however, is still the preferred name in Aotearoa New Zealand according to Ngā Tipu Aotearoa[19] and The Flora of New Zealand,[20] as studies of the complex morphological and genetic variation[21][22][23][24] as well as hybridization,[25][26] and hence taxonomy, of the genus are still underway.

Uses

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See also: Māori traditional textiles

Wharariki is a taonga (sacred, treasure) species to Māori and numerous traditional cultivars have been used for various purposes. Refer to Ngā Tipu Whakaoranga [Māōri Plant Use Database] and the citations within[6] and Te Kohinga Harakeke o Aotearoa – National New Zealand Flax Collection.[27]

  • Wharariki - a variety from Urewera has a superior fibre quality that may be woven into a soft kete [traditional Māori basket]. It has a slight yellow colouration when dried.[28]
  • Whakaari - a variety with leaves suitable for weaving kete, but less suitable than other cultivars for piupiu [Māori waist-to-knees garment made of flax - has a wide waistband and is used in modern times for kapa haka performances].[29] The leaves have strong blades and dry naturally to a deep green colour, or to a pale greenish-fawn after being boiled for a minute.

Cultivars

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Numerous cultivars of this species have been selected for cultivation (those marked agm have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit):[30]

  • 'Black Adder' [31]
  • 'Cream Delight'agm[32]
  • 'Dark Delight' has deep-red leaves up to 1.2 metres in length[33]
  • 'Duet', a dwarf cultivar up to 30 cm in height with cream and green variegated foliage[33]
  • 'Flamingo'[31]
  • 'Golden Wonder'[31]
  • 'Maori Maiden' (also known as 'Rainbow Maiden'), an erect growing cultivar with leaves to 1 metre in length with bronze stripes[33]
  • 'Sundowner', a cultivar with very long leaves which are up to 1.8 metres long. These have a purple centre and cream edges.[33]
  • 'Tricolor',agm[34] an upright cultivar that has leaves with red, yellow and green stripes. The flowers are pale yellowish-green.[33]

There is also a dwarf cultivar, and hybrid cultivars have been selected from crosses with Phormium tenax.[31] P. colensoi cultivars are regarded as less hardy than other Phormium cultivars.[35]

References

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  1. ^ "Taxon: Phormium colensoi Hookf". The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden. Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
  2. ^ "Phormium cookianum subsp. hookeri". International Plant Names Index. Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2014-08-30.
  3. ^ "Phormium hookeri". International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2014-08-30.
  4. ^ "Phormium colensoi". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
  5. ^ a b "Harakeke/flax" (PDF). Department of Conversation. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
  6. ^ a b c "Ngā Tipu Whakaoranga [Māori Plant Use database]". Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  7. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Wardle, P. (1979). "Variation in Phormium cookianum (Agavaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 17 (2): 189–196. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1979.10426888. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
  9. ^ "Phormium cookianum". New Zealand Plant Conservation network. 1 June 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  10. ^ a b c d Moore, Lucy B.; Edgar, Elizabeth. "P. cookianum". Indigenous Tracheophyta - Monocotyledons except Graminae. Flora of New Zealand (electronic ed.). Landcare Research. Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
  11. ^ "Journal of a naturalist in some little known parts of New Zealand, by William Colenso, Esq., in a letter to Sir W. J. Hooker (page 8)". London Journal of Botany. 3: 1–62. 1844.
  12. ^ Étienne Fiacre Louis Raoul, ed. (1846). 'Choix de plantes de la Nouvelle-Zélande. p. 41.
  13. ^ "Phormium cookianum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  14. ^ "Phormium colensoi". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2012-08-28.
  15. ^ le Jolis, Auguste (1848). "Note sur la floraison du Lin de la Nouvelle-Zélande à Cherbourg". Revue Horticole, Series III. 2: 5–8. Retrieved 2012-08-28. p. 6.
  16. ^ Earp, Clem (2014). "A correspondence long interrupted: Ronald Gunn re-establishes contact with Joseph Hooker in 1870". Victorian Naturalist. 131 (6): 204–208.
  17. ^ "Phormium hookeri". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2012-08-28.
  18. ^ Le Jolis, MA. (1848). "On a new kind of Phormium, or New Zealand flax". London Journal of Botany. 17: 533–537. Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
  19. ^ "Ngā Tipu Aotearoa". Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  20. ^ "Flora of New Zealand". Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  21. ^ McBreen, Kim; Lockhart, Peter J.; McLenachan, Patricia A.; Scheele, Sue; Robertson, Alastair W. (June 2003). "The use of molecular techniques to resolve relationships among traditional weaving cultivars of Phormium". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 41 (2): 301–310. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2003.9512849.
  22. ^ Scheele, Sm; Smissen, Rd (March 2010). "Insights into the origin and identity of National New Zealand Flax Collection plants from simple sequence repeat (SSR) genotyping". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 48 (1): 41–54. doi:10.1080/00288251003685510. S2CID 83774568.
  23. ^ Smissen, R. D.; Heenan, P. B.; Houliston, G. J. (September 2008). "Genetic and morphological evidence for localised interspecific gene flow in Phormium (Hemerocallidaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 46 (3): 287–297. doi:10.1080/00288250809509767. S2CID 205448164.
  24. ^ Smissen, R. D.; Heenan, P. B. (2010). "A taxonomic appraisal of the Chatham Islands flax (Phormium tenax) using morphological and DNA fingerprint data". Australian Systematic Botany. 23 (5): 371. doi:10.1071/SB10023.
  25. ^ Smissen, R. D.; Heenan, P. B. (June 2007). "DNA fingerprinting supports hybridisation as a factor explaining complex natural variation in Phormium (Hemerocallidaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 45 (2): 419–432. doi:10.1080/00288250709509723.
  26. ^ Houliston, G. J.; Heenan, P. B.; Smissen, R. D. (December 2008). "Experimental crosses in Phormium confirm the lack of intrinsic barriers to interspecific hybridisation and the fertility of putative wild hybrids". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 46 (4): 393–399. doi:10.1080/00288250809509778.
  27. ^ "Te Kohinga Harakeke o Aotearoa [National New Zealand Flax Collection]". Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  28. ^ "Harakeke weaving varieties – complete list of cultivars in the Rene Orchison collection". Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  29. ^ "Te Aka Māori -English English-Māori Dictionary". Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  30. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 78. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  31. ^ a b c d "RHS Plant Finder". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
  32. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Phormium cookianum subsp. hookeri 'Cream Delight'". Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  33. ^ a b c d e Turner, R.G. (1999). Botanica. Barnes & Noble Pty Ltd. ISBN 0-7607-1642-0.
  34. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Phormium cookianum subsp. hookeri 'Tricolor'". Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  35. ^ "Phormium cultivation". Fernwood Nursery. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
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