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Pholiota flammans

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Pholiota flammans
Fruit body of Pholiota flammans arising from a stump covered in green moss and ivy.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Strophariaceae
Genus: Pholiota
Species:
P. flammans
Binomial name
Pholiota flammans
(Batsch) P.Kumm. (1871)
Synonyms
  • Agaricus flammans Batsch (1783)
  • Hypodendrum flammans (Fr.) Murrill (1912)
  • Pholiota kauffmaniana A.H.Smith (1944)
Pholiota flammans
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Gills on hymenium
Cap is convex
Hymenium is adnate
Stipe has a ring
Spore print is brown to reddish-brown
Ecology is saprotrophic
Edibility is unknown

Pholiota flammans, commonly known as the yellow pholiota, the flaming Pholiota, or the flame scalecap, is a basidiomycete agaric mushroom of the genus Pholiota. Its fruit body is golden-yellow in color throughout, while its cap and stem are covered in sharp scales. As it is a saprobic fungus, the fruit bodies typically appear in clusters on the stumps of dead coniferous trees. P. flammans is distributed throughout Europe, North America, and Asia in boreal and temperate regions. Its edibility has not been clarified.

Taxonomy

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This species was first recognised in 1783 by the German, August Batsch, as Agaricus flammans,[1] and later sanctioned by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in his Systema Mycologicum.[2] The specific epithet flammans is a Latin adjective meaning flaming.[3] In 1871, with the recognition of Pholiota as an independent genus with type species Pholiota squarrosa, another German, Paul Kummer renamed the fungus Pholiota flammans.[4] Lucien Quélet, a French mycologist, proposed another synonym, Dryophila flammans in 1886.[5][6] American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill called the species Hypodendrum flammans in his 1912 study of Pacific Coast mushrooms, although he did not explain his rationale for transferring the species to Hypodendrum.[7]

In the organization of Rolf Singer, the species is placed in subgenus Pholiota, section Adiposae, stirps Subflammans—a grouping of closely related species that also includes P. subflammans and P. digilioi. The species in stirps Subflammans are characterised by having conspicuous erect tufts or scales on the cap surface that are easily sloughed off by rain and age in lieu of the gelatinous nature of the underlying cap cuticle.[8] It is commonly known as the yellow Pholiota,[9] the flaming Pholiota,[10] or the flame scalecap.[11]

Description

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Pholiota flammans often has a striking appearance. The cap is initially round, then convex and finally flattening with age. Its surface is bright yellow to orange, and covered with triangular scales (squamules) arranged in concentric rings.

Below the level of the ring, the stem is covered in concentrically arranged squamules.

The cap surface is dry, matt and felt-like, and in wet conditions may lose scales. The cap margin remain curved slightly inwards. The yellow gills are crowded together, attached to the stem, and have a notch where the gill attaches to the stem.[9] A bright yellow partial veil extending from the cap edge to the edge is present in immature species. As the cap expands and flattens with age, the partial veil tears, leaving a faint ring around the stem. The cylindrical straight or curved stem is itself covered in yellow squamules below the ring. The base of the stem, typically more orange in color than the upper portion,[9] is firmly attached to the dead wood from which the fungus arises. The section of stem above the ring bears little or no protuberances. The flesh is firm, full, yellow and does not change color when bruised or injured.

The dimensions of the fruit body are as follows: cap diameter up to 8 cm (3+1⁄8 in), stem up to 12 cm (4+3⁄4 in) tall and between 0.4 to 1 cm (1⁄8 to 3⁄8 in) cm thick.[12] As the fruit body matures, the gills darken to cinnamon brown following spore release. The spore mass is colored brown to rust.

Microscopic features

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Under a light microscope, the spores are seen to be smooth, elliptical to oblong in shape, with dimensions of 3–5 by 2–3 μm.[13] The basidia (the spore-bearing cells) are 4-spored, and have a narrow club-shape with dimension of 18–22 by 3.5–4.5 μm. The gill cystidia are seen to stain blue when cotton blue dye and lactate are applied.[12] The cap cuticle is made of an approximately 100 μm thick layer of gelatinous hyphae that are about 2–4 μm thick.[14] The gelatinous hyphae are only present on the cap surface, not the surface of the stem; these local differences in cell structure explain the ease with which the scales are sloughed off the cap, but not the stems of the fruit bodies.[15] The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the mycelia of this species grown in culture have been described in detail.[16]

Edibility

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Pholiota flammans fruit bodies bear no distinctive smell and taste mild to slightly bitter. While nonpoisonous,[17] some authors regard the mushroom as inedible,[9][18][19] while others consider it edible[13][20] or of unknown edibility.[21]

Similar species

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P. squarrosa is a lookalike species

Other members of the genus Pholiota may be mistaken for Pholiota flammans, especially Pholiota squarrosa which commonly forms large tufts at the base of deciduous as well as coniferous trees. P. squarrosa tends to be a less intense yellow color than P. flammans. P. adiposa is also similar, but prefers to grow on dead hardwoods;[13] unlike P. flammans, it has gelatinous scales on the stem as well as the cap.[11] P. aurivella is larger and less bright than P. flammans.[22]

The North American species once described by Alexander H. Smith, P. kauffmaniana, is closely related to P. flammans, but differs in having a more distinctly viscid cap.[23] Smith was later to revise his opinion on the existence of P. kauffmaniana as a unique species—he believed that environmental variations in humidity were the cause of differences in the cap cuticle gelatinization observed in Pholiotas collected from different North American locales.[14] P. kauffmaniana is now considered synonymous with P. flammans.[24]

Habitat and distribution

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Being saprobic, P. flammans is found exclusively on dead and decaying stumps and trunks of coniferous trees, with fruit bodies appearing in tufts or singly, from summer to autumn.[10] It is a fungus with a wide geographical distribution in boreal and temperate regions,[24] and may be considered common[24] to rare[12] depending upon the region in which it occurs. It is found throughout Europe (from the British Isles to Russia) and North America (southern Canada and the United States[21]). The species has also been collected in Asia, including India[25] and China.[26]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Batsch AJGK (1783). Elenchus fungorum (in Latin). p. 87.
  2. ^ Fries EM (1821). Systema Mycologicum (in Latin). Lundae: Ex officina Berlingiana. p. 244. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
  3. ^ Jamieson A, Ainsworth R, Morell T (1828). Latin dictionary: Morell's abridgment. London: Moon, Boys & Graves. p. 210. Retrieved 2009-10-31. latin dictionary.
  4. ^ Kummer P (1871). Der Führer in die Pilzkunde [Mushroom-hunter's guide] (in German). p. 84.
  5. ^ Quélet, L (1886). Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia Vigentium (in Latin). Lutetiae, Octavii Doin. p. 68. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
  6. ^ "Pholiota flammans taxon record details at Index Fungorum". CAB International. Retrieved October 31, 2009.
  7. ^ Murrill WA (1912). "The Agaricaceae of the Pacific Coast: II". Mycologia. 4 (5): 231–62. doi:10.2307/3753448. JSTOR 3753448.
  8. ^ Singer R (1986). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy. 4th rev. ed. Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. p. 580. ISBN 3-87429-254-1.
  9. ^ a b c d Bessette A, Bessette AR, Fischer DW (1997). Mushrooms of Northeastern North America. Syracuse University Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-8156-0388-7. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
  10. ^ a b Kuo M (2005). "MushroomExpert: Pholiota flammans". MushroomExpert.com. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
  11. ^ a b McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 31. ISBN 0-395-91090-0. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
  12. ^ a b c Jordan M (2004). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. London: Frances Lincoln. p. 261. ISBN 0-7112-2378-5. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
  13. ^ a b c Arora D (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, Calif: Ten Speed Press. pp. 391–92. ISBN 0-89815-169-4. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
  14. ^ a b Smith AH (1968). The North American Species of Pholiota. New York, NY: Hafner Publishing Company. pp. 206–208. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
  15. ^ Sawyer WH (1917). "Development of some species of Pholiota". Botanical Gazette. 64 (3): 206–29. doi:10.1086/332114. JSTOR 2469479.
  16. ^ Klán J, Baudišová D, Rulfová I (1989). "Cultural, enzymatic and cytological studies in the genus Pholiota". Mycotaxon. 36 (1): 249–71.
  17. ^ Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
  18. ^ "Pholiota flammans". Fungi of Poland. grzyby.pl. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
  19. ^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
  20. ^ Boa E (2004). Wild Edible Fungi: A Global Overview Of Their Use And Importance To People (Non-Wood Forest Products). Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN. p. 114. ISBN 92-5-105157-7. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
  21. ^ a b V. B. McKnight; R. T. Peterson (1998). A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 272. ISBN 0-395-42101-2.
  22. ^ Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
  23. ^ Smith AH (1944). "New North American Agarics". Mycologia. 36 (3): 242–62. doi:10.2307/3754821. JSTOR 3754821.
  24. ^ a b c Bas C (1988). Flora Agaricina Neerlandica : Critical Monographs on Families of Agarics and Boleti Occurring in the Netherlands. Taylor & Francis. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-90-6191-860-8. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
  25. ^ Tewari VP, Singh RN (1973). "New records of Agaricales from India". Norwegian Journal of Botany. 20 (1): 21–25. ISSN 0300-1156.
  26. ^ Zhuang W (2001). Higher fungi of tropical China. Mycotaxon Ltd. p. 463. ISBN 978-0-930845-13-1.
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