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Vice President of the Philippines

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Vice President of Republic of the Philippines
Pangalawang Pangulo ng Pilipinas
Vice presidential seal
Vice presidential flag
Incumbent
Sara Duterte
since June 30, 2022
Government of the Philippines
Office of the Vice President
Style
StatusSecond highest executive branch officer
Member ofCabinet
National Security Council
Seat11th Floor, Robinsons Cybergate Plaza, EDSA cor. Pioneer St., Mandaluyong 1550, Philippines
AppointerDirect popular vote, or, if vacant, President via congressional confirmation
Term lengthSix years, renewable once consecutively
Constituting instrument1987 Constitution of the Philippines
FormationNovember 15, 1935
First holderSergio Osmeña
SuccessionFirst
Salary₱353,476 monthly
Websiteovp.gov.ph
Politics of the Philippines
Government
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Constitutional commissions
Elections
Political parties
Administrative divisions
Related topics
flag Philippines portal

The Vice President of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangalawang Pangulo ng Pilipinas, also referred to as Bise Presidente ng Pilipinas) is the second-highest official in the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the first in the presidential line of succession. The vice president is directly elected by the citizens of the Philippines and is one of only two nationally elected executive officials, the other being the president.

The current office of the vice president was re-established under the 1987 Constitution, bearing similarities with the office as created in the 1935 Constitution that was abolished by the Marcos regime. The vice president may be elected to two consecutive six-year terms. The 15th and incumbent vice president Sara Duterte was inaugurated on June 19, 2022,[1][2] but her term officially began 11 days later on June 30, as per the constitution.

Title

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The official title of the office in Filipino is Pangalawang Pangulo, although Bise Presidente, derived from Spanish, is the usual title used in some of the major Philippine languages, such as Cebuano and Hiligaynon language. The text of the 1987 Constitution refers to the person and office of the vice-president, with a hyphen connecting the two words. However, the person and office is usually referred to today without the hyphen, as the vice president.

History

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Colonial era

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The first known vice president claiming to be part of a government was Mariano Trías, whose term started on March 22, 1897. He was elected during the elections of the Tejeros Convention, and was later elected vice president of the Supreme Council that oversaw negotiations for the Pact of Biak-na-Bato in 1897. This Supreme Council had no sovereignty, did not govern any state, and was just used for bargaining with the Spanish. This council was replaced later, with no such position existing during the country's declaration of independence in 1898, which had a dictatorial government. Officially, the country's first actual republic was founded in 1899, and it too had no vice president. Trias instead served in the cabinets of Apolinario Mabini and Pedro Paterno, as finance minister and war minister, respectively. Trias is not considered a Philippine vice president as the Supreme Council did not proclaim any sovereign state.

Conceptualization and the Commonwealth

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The 1935 Constitution, largely patterned after the U.S. Constitution,[3] provided the basis for the Commonwealth government. It also established the position of vice president, and as per Section 12, Subsection 3, the vice president may be appointed by the president to a cabinet position. But unlike their U.S. counterpart, the vice president is not the president of the Philippine senate as senators choose their president from among their ranks. The first person elected to the position of vice president under the constitution was Sergio Osmeña, elected together with Manuel L. Quezon in the first Philippine national elections.

Third Republic

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Since the inception of the 1935 constitution, the president and vice president came from the same ticket and political party, until the 1957 elections, which saw the first-ever split ticket that won the presidency and vice presidency.

Fourth Republic

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The 1973 Constitution abolished the office of the vice president and Fernando Lopez was therefore unable to finish his term. Subsequent amendments, particularly the 1984 amendments restored the vice presidency. Arturo Tolentino was officially proclaimed vice president-elect by the Regular Batasang Pambansa in 1986. He took his oath as vice president on February 16, 1986, before Chief Justice Ramon Aquino, but because of popular belief that the elections had been rigged, he never actually served out his term as vice president. Within a week after Tolentino's oath, the People Power Revolution resulted in the collapse of the Marcos regime.

Fifth Republic

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The People Power Revolution installed Corazon Aquino into the presidency. On February 25, 1986, Aquino and her running mate, Salvador Laurel, were sworn in as president and vice-president, respectively.[4] Since the promulgation of the 1987 constitution, only two elections have produced a president and a vice president from the same ticket: Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and Noli de Castro in 2004 and Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte in 2022.

Powers and roles

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Aside from being mandated to assume the presidency in case of the death, disability, or resignation of the incumbent president, the 1987 Constitution did not lay out any explicit powers for the vice president, giving rise to the office being called a "spare tire".[5] Article 7, Section 3 of the Constitution provided, however, that the vice president may be appointed to a cabinet position, without the need for confirmation. Appointments usually must be confirmed by the Commission on Appointments, as per Article 7, Section 16 of the Constitution.

Cabinet member

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Since the inception of the 1935 Constitution, vice presidents have been appointed to Cabinet positions, with a few rejecting the offer made by the seating president. Osmeña was given the highest-ranking cabinet portfolio with inauguration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in November 1935. Prior to independence in 1946, that cabinet portfolio was Secretary of Public Instruction, which had once been reserved only for the vice governor-general (an American). Vice President Osmeña held that position from 1935 to 1939, and a similar portfolio in the War Cabinet during World War II.

No. Name Concurrent appointment Term began Term ended President Era
1 Sergio Osmeña Secretary of Public Instruction November 15, 1935 April 18, 1939[6] Manuel L. Quezon Commonwealth
Secretary of Public Instruction, Health, and Public Welfare December 24, 1941 August 1, 1944
2 Elpidio Quirino Secretary of Foreign Affairs July 15, 1946 April 17, 1948 Manuel Roxas Third Republic
3 Fernando Lopez Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources December 14, 1950 1953 Elpidio Quirino
4 Carlos P. Garcia Secretary of Foreign Affairs December 30, 1953 March 18, 1957 Ramon Magsaysay
5 Diosdado Macapagal No position offered Carlos P. Garcia
6 Emmanuel Pelaez Secretary of Foreign Affairs December 30, 1961 July 1963[7] Diosdado Macapagal
7 Fernando Lopez Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources December 30, 1965 1971 Ferdinand Marcos
Office abolished Fourth Republic
8 Salvador Laurel Secretary of Foreign Affairs March 25, 1986 September 17, 1987[8] Corazon Aquino Fifth Republic
9 Joseph Ejercito Estrada Chairman of the Presidential Anti-Crime Commission June 30, 1992 June 4, 1997[9] Fidel V. Ramos
10 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Secretary of Social Welfare and Development June 30, 1998 October 12, 2000[10] Joseph Ejercito Estrada
11 Teofisto Guingona Jr. Secretary of Foreign Affairs February 9, 2001 July 15, 2002[11] Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
12 Noli de Castro Chairperson of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council June 30, 2004 June 30, 2010
13 Jejomar Binay June 30, 2010 June 22, 2015[12] Benigno Aquino III
14 Leni Robredo July 7, 2016 December 5, 2016[13] Rodrigo Duterte
15 Sara Duterte Secretary of Education June 30, 2022 July 19, 2024 Bongbong Marcos

After independence, the highest-ranking cabinet position became that of secretary of foreign affairs (it is still the highest-ranking cabinet portfolio in official protocol to this day), which was given to Vice President Elpidio Quirino. Vice President Fernando Lopez declined the foreign affairs portfolio when he became Quirino's vice president in 1949 and instead served as secretary of agriculture and natural resources during his two non-consecutive terms. However, Vice Presidents Carlos P. Garcia and Emmanuel Pelaez also held the foreign affairs portfolio, a tradition revived in the Fifth Republic, as well as Vice Presidents Salvador Laurel and Teofisto Guingona Jr. after the position's restoration in 1986. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo served as secretary of social welfare and development and incumbent Sara Duterte served as the secretary of education. Other Cabinet positions with no secretary title was given to Vice President Joseph Estrada as chairman of the Presidential Anti-Crime Commission and to Vice Presidents Noli de Castro, Jejomar Binay, and Leni Robredo as chairman of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council.

Among the vice presidents, Diosdado Macapagal alone was not given any cabinet position, since he was the first elected vice president that did not originate from the same party as the incumbent president.

Successor to the Philippine president

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Vice President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo taking her oath as the 14th president of the Philippines following the events of EDSA 2, which ousted President Joseph Estrada

The vice president is first in the presidential line of succession. The Constitution provides several circumstances where the vice president (or the vice president-elect) shall assume the presidency or serve as acting president.

  • In case of the death, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of the president, the vice president shall assume the presidency.[14]
  • If the president-elect fails to qualify for office, the vice president-elect shall act as president until the president-elect is qualified.[15]
  • If in case of death, permanent disability, dismissed from service, resignation or failure to assume the post, the Senate president shall assume the vice presidency.
  • If a president is not chosen, then the vice president shall act as president until a president is chosen and qualified.[15]

There have been four cases where the vice president has assumed the presidency, three of which because of the president's death, and one because of the president's resignation:

Other roles

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Aside from their constitutional roles, the vice president may initiate various programs and services under the Office of the Vice President. The vice president also performs ceremonial functions, occasionally representing the president, the government, and the country in official gatherings and diplomatic functions. The vice president is also a member of the National Security Council.[17]

Election process

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Eligibility

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Article 7, Section 3 of the 1987 Constitution mandates that the vice president must bear the same qualifications as the president which is:

  • a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
  • a registered voter
  • be able to read and write
  • at least forty years of age on the day of the election
  • a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election

Natural-born Filipinos are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines at the time of their birth and those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority are considered natural-born Filipinos.[18]

Election

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Home provinces of the vice presidents

The vice president is elected in the same manner as, but separately from, the president: by direct vote every six years, usually on the second Monday of May.[19] The latest election was held in 2022.

Both the president and the vice president are elected by direct plurality vote where the candidate who garners the highest number of votes, whether a majority or not, wins the election.[20] While candidates usually run in tandem for the offices of president and vice president, under their own political parties, it is possible and not unusual for candidates from different parties to be elected as president and vice president; since the establishment of the Fifth Republic in 1986, only the elections of 2004 and 2022 had the winners come from a single ticket.

The returns of every election for president and vice president, duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province or city, shall be transmitted to Congress, directed to the president of the Senate. Upon receipt of the certificates of canvass, the president of the Senate shall open all the certificates in the presence of a joint public session of Congress not later than 30 days after election day. Congress then canvasses the votes upon determining that the polls are authentic and were done in the manner provided by law.

Inauguration

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Traditionally, the vice president takes the oath first, a little before noon for two reasons. First, according to protocol, no one follows the president (who is last due to his supremacy), and second, to establish a constitutionally valid successor before the president-elect accedes. During the Quezon inauguration, however, the vice president and legislature were sworn in after the president, to symbolize a new start. In 2016[21] and 2022,[22] the inaugurations for president and vice president were held separately. Vice President-elect Sara Duterte broke tradition by taking oath on June 19, 2022, or days ahead prior to her scheduled assumption of office on June 30.[23]

The vice president-elect recites an oath, similar to the one recited by the president-elect, as provided by the 1987 Constitution:

"I, (name), do solemnly swear (or affirm), that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President (or Vice President or Acting President) of the Philippines. Preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God." (In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted.) — Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 5

The Filipino text of the oath used for the inaugurations of presidents Fidel V. Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Benigno Aquino III, and Bongbong Marcos reads:

"Ako si (pangalan), ay taimtim kong pinanunumpaan (o pinatototohanan) na tutuparin ko nang buong katapatan at sigasig ang aking mga tungkulin bilang Pangulo (o Pangalawang Pangulo o Nanunungkulang Pangulo) ng Pilipinas, pangangalagaan at ipagtatanggol ang kanyang Konstitusyon, ipatutupad ang mga batas nito, magiging makatarungan sa bawat tao, at itatalaga ang aking sarili sa paglilingkod sa Bansa. Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos." (Kapag pagpapatotoo, ang huling pangungusap ay kakaltasin. — Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas, Artikulo VII, SEK. 5

Traditionally, the language that the incoming president uses for his oath shall also be the one used by the incoming vice president.

Incumbency

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Term limits

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Under the 1935 Constitutions, the vice president, along with the president, set the vice president's term at six years, with possibility of re-election as only the president was barred from seeking re-election.[24] In 1940, it shortened the term from six to four years, again without limitations on the number of terms for the vice president. The president, however, was barred from serving more than two terms.[25] Under the provisions of these constitutions, only vice presidents Osmeña and Lopez have won re-election.

To date, only Fernando Lopez has served more than one term (a total of three terms), from 1949 to 1951, from 1965 to 1969, and again from 1969 until 1972 when the office was abolished. Under the 1987 Constitution, the vice president is barred from serving more than two consecutive terms.[20]

Impeachment

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Impeachment in the Philippines follows procedures similar to the United States. The House of Representatives, one of the houses of the bicameral Congress, has the exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment against the president, vice president, members of the Supreme Court, members of the Constitutional Commissions and the ombudsman. When a third of its membership has endorsed the impeachment articles, it is then transmitted to the Senate of the Philippines which tries and decide, as impeachment tribunal, the impeachment case. A main difference from US proceedings however is that only a third of House members are required to approve the motion to impeach the president (as opposed to the majority required in the United States). In the Senate, selected members of the House of Representatives act as the prosecutors and the senators act as judges with the Senate president and chief justice of the Supreme Court jointly presiding over the proceedings. Like the United States, to convict the official in question requires that a minimum of two-thirds (i.e., 16 of 24 members) of the senate vote in favor of conviction. If an impeachment attempt is unsuccessful or the official is acquitted, no new cases can be filed against that impeachable official for at least one full year.

The Constitution enumerates the culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, and betrayal of public trust as grounds for the impeachment of the vice president, as applicable for the president, the members of the Supreme Court, the members of the Constitutional Commissions, and the ombudsman.

Vacancy

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Vice President Teofisto Guingona was appointed by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.

Section 9 of Article VII of the 1987 Philippines Constitution provides that whenever the office of vice president is vacant, the president shall nominate a vice president from among members of the Senate and House of Representatives, who shall assume office upon confirmation by a majority vote of all members of both houses of Congress, voting separately.[15] When the vice president becomes the president by succession, the new president can nominate a member of the Congress subject to confirmation from the majority of all members of both houses of the Congress. The Senate president may not directly be in succession for the position of the vice presidency, unless nominated.

There is only one instance where a member of the Congress has assumed a vacancy in the vice president position, that is in the case of then-Senator Teofisto Guingona Jr., who was appointed as vice president of the Philippines by Arroyo on February 7, 2001.[26] Guingona is the only vice president not nationally elected to the position. He is also the oldest person to have held the position, being appointed at the age of 72. He also concurrently served as secretary of foreign affairs.

Official residence

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Historically, the vice president was not given an official residence. However, the vice president also held office along with the president at the Executive Building (now Kalayaan Hall) in the complex of Malacañang Palace from 1935 until 1972, when the position was abolished under martial law and the 1973 Constitution.

When the position was reinstated, Vice President Salvador H. Laurel held office at the former Legislative Building on Padre Burgos Avenue, Manila, until the building became the National Museum of Fine Arts of the National Museum of the Philippines. The vice president's office was transferred to the Philippine International Convention Center, and again to the PNB Financial Center, both in Pasay, Metro Manila in 2005.[27] In 2011, the Coconut Palace, also in Pasay, was designated as the principal workplace of the vice president of the Philippines. Beginning June 30, 2016, the office was transferred to the Quezon City Reception House in Quezon City.[28] In July 2022, the vice president's office was transferred to Cybergate Plaza in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila.[29][30][31] Vice President Sara Duterte plans to establish a permanent office for the position.[32]

Travel

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The official state car of the Vice President of the Philippines has been the Mercedes-Benz W140 S-Class from 1994 to 2016. Jejomar Binay, the Vice President between 2010 and 2016, used a bulletproof Toyota Land Cruiser 200 Series (which was replaced by the LC 300 Series in 2022) or a Lexus LX 570 on some occasions.

The Vice President is also accompanied by a convoy of vehicles such as the Toyota Innova, Hilux, Fortuner, HiAce, Coaster, Land Cruisers, and Nissan Urvan, which contain personnel and security. In some instances, a Toyota Sequoia was also utilized by Vice President Duterte.[33]

Vice President Sara Duterte uses a Sikorsky S-76C++ helicopter. It has been criticized by some people, who argue that it is a waste of taxpayer money. However, the Vice President's office has defended the use of the helicopter, saying that it is necessary for her to travel quickly and safely around the country, and so she can visit her children anytime.[34][35]

Security

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The Vice Presidential Security and Protection Group (VPSPG) is tasked with providing the vice president and his or her immediate family security throughout their term in office. The Vice Presidential Security Detachment (VPSD), a detachment not part of the Presidential Security Group was previously responsible for the security of the vice president until it was renamed and reorganized into VPSPG in 2022. [36][37][38]

List of vice presidents

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Main article: List of vice presidents of the Philippines
Sara DuterteLeni RobredoJejomar BinayNoli de CastroTeofisto Guingona Jr.Gloria Macapagal ArroyoJoseph EstradaSalvador LaurelFernando LopezEmmanuel PelaezDiosdado MacapagalCarlos P. GarciaElpidio QuirinoSergio Osmeña


Post-vice presidency

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Several vice presidents either lose re-election alongside their running mate or ascend to the presidency. After having been re-elected in 1941, Osmeña ascended to the presidency after President Quezon's death. Vice presidents Quirino and Garcia never ran for re-election as vice president as they would ascend to the presidency following the president's death. Vice president Lopez did not run for re-election in 1953, opting to run for senator instead. After being elected in 1998, Arroyo ascended to the presidency after President Estrada was ousted in the Second EDSA Revolution. She later ran for re-election in 2004 and won. Five vice presidents ran for the presidency after their vice presidential term ended. Two of them, Macapagal in 1961 and Estrada in 1998 won. Three of them, Laurel in 1992, Binay in 2016, and Robredo in 2022 lost.

Four vice presidents ran for another office after their vice presidential term ended and two succeeded. In 1953, Lopez ran and won for senator, finishing first. He would go on to win the vice presidency once more in 1965 and 1969. President Macapagal's running mate Pelaez also did not seek re-election for vice president, but instead sought the nomination of the opposing Nacionalista nomination for president, which he would eventually lose to then-senator Marcos.[39] He would run for a seat in the House of Representatives in 1965 and won. In 2022, two vice presidents ran for senator; Binay lost, while de Castro withdrew less than a week after filing his candidacy. Only Teofisto Guingona Jr. did not pursue other office after his vice presidential term ended.

See also

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References

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Wikisource has original text related to this article:
  1. ^ "Sara Duterte bares details of June 19 inauguration in Davao City". MSN. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  2. ^ Calvelo, George (June 19, 2022). "IN PHOTOS: Sara Duterte takes oath as 15th VP of the Philippines". ABS-CBN News.
  3. ^ "The Constitution of the Philippine Commonwealth". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. September 7, 2012. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  4. ^ The Vice Presidency : A Brief History, Office of the Vice President of the Philippines.
  5. ^ "Spare Tire? Here's How Vice Presidents of the Philippines Defined Their Roles". Reportr.world. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
  6. ^ Oaminal, Clarence Paul. "Don Sergio Osmeña Sr., the first Secretary of the Public Instruction". Philstar.com. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
  7. ^ "Official Week in Review: July 28 – August 3, 1963 | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
  8. ^ Mydans, Seth (September 17, 1987). "No. 2 in the Philippines Quits Cabinet Position". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
  9. ^ Faraon, Larry. "VP Joseph Estrada, PACC chief". Daily Tribune. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
  10. ^ Merez, Arianne (July 26, 2018). "Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's rise, fall and return to power". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
  11. ^ Villanueva, Marichu A. "Guingona quits DFA post". Philstar.com. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
  12. ^ "Binay resigns from Aquino Cabinet". Rappler. Archived from the original on August 13, 2020. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
  13. ^ Jesus, Julliane Love De (December 5, 2016). "LOOK: Robredo formally resigns as HUDCC chair". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
  14. ^ 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 8.
  15. ^ a b c Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE VII". Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  16. ^ "Philippine Supreme Court Decision. G.R. Nos. 146710-15. March 2, 2001". Supreme Court of the Philippines.
  17. ^ Executive Order No. 34, s. 2001 (September 17, 2001), Reconstituting the National Security Council and for other purposes, Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  18. ^ 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 2
  19. ^ 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 3.
  20. ^ a b 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 4.
  21. ^ ABS-CBN News (June 15, 2016). "Duterte, Robredo to hold separate inauguration rites". ABS-CBN News. Philippines: ABS-CBN Corporation. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
  22. ^ Patinio, Ferdinand (May 17, 2022). "Sara Duterte may take oath ahead of June 30: Comelec". Philippine News Agency. Philippines. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
  23. ^ Baclig, Cristina Eloisa (June 23, 2022). "VP inaugurations: Making and breaking traditions". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
  24. ^ "The 1935 Constitution | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  25. ^ "1935 Constitution amended | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  26. ^ Danao, Marichu A. Villanueva1,Efren. "Guingona named VP". Philstar.com. Retrieved September 22, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ "For trivia-hunters, Benigno S. Aquino III and the presidency (updated)".
  28. ^ Jesus, Julliane Love De (June 14, 2016). "Robredo to hold office at QC Reception House". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
  29. ^ "Sara Duterte to transfer OVP to Mandaluyong, says source". GMA News. July 6, 2022. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
  30. ^ Santiago, Mary Ann (July 26, 2022). "Makakasamang opisyal sa OVP at DepEd, ipinakilala ni VP Sara". Balita (in Tagalog). Retrieved August 7, 2022.
  31. ^ Balancio, Joyce (July 26, 2022). "Sara Duterte names staff in OVP, DepEd". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved August 7, 2022.
  32. ^ Galvez, Daphne (July 27, 2022). "VP Duterte eyes permanent home, office for succeeding VPs, staff". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  33. ^ "Isang parking lot attendant, ikinatuwa ang muling pagkikita nila ng kanyang suki na si VP Sara Duterte | Hindi makapaniwala si Aling Gloria Magdael na muli silang magkikita ng kanyang suki sa parking lot noon — walang iba kundi si Vice President Inday Sara... | By SMNI News". www.facebook.com. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  34. ^ "Philanthropy People Post: Who Is Working Where, Who Has Been Appointed to a Board". Forefront Group. September 8, 2011. doi:10.1377/forefront.20110908.013508. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
  35. ^ Duterte, Sara (2022). "Facebook, Inday Sara Duterte". www.facebook.com. Retrieved August 28, 2023. Thank you, PBB, and your 250th PAW for ensuring that wherever I may be found in the country during the day, I am home in time to tuck my children to bed.
  36. ^ Punongbayan, Michael (June 27, 2022). "VP security group not new, just renamed – AFP". Philippine Star. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
  37. ^ Nepomuceno, Priam (June 25, 2022). "DND OKs activation of VP Security, Protection Group". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  38. ^ Sadongdong, Martin (June 25, 2022). "AFP activates VP security group for Sara Duterte". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  39. ^ Butwell, Richard (1965). "The Philippines: Prelude to Elections". Asian Survey. 5 (1): 43–48. doi:10.2307/2642180. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2642180.
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