Permanent makeup
 | This article possibly contains original research. (August 2022) |
Permanent makeup, also known as permanent cosmetics, derma-pigmentation, micro-pigmentation, semi-permanent makeup and cosmetic tattooing,[1] is a cosmetic technique which employs tattoos (permanent pigmentation of the dermis) as a means of producing designs that resemble makeup, such as eye-lining and other permanent enhancing colors to the skin of the face, lips, and eyelids. It is also used to produce artificial eyebrows, particularly in people who have lost them as a consequence of old age, disease, such as alopecia areata, alopecia totalis, chemotherapy, or a genetic disturbance, and to disguise scars and hypopigmentation in the skin such as in vitiligo.[2] It is also used to restore or enhance the breast's areola, such as after breast surgery, or to give an illusion of more hair volume to the scalp.
History
[edit]The most widely documented first use of permanent makeup treatment was done by the famous U.K. tattoo artist Sutherland MacDonald.[3] In 1902, at his parlor, #76 Jermyn Str., London, he "perfected his method of giving a lasting complexion of the utmost delicacy to pale cheeks."[4] The tattooist George Burchett, a major developer of the technique in the 1930s, described in his memoirs how beauty salons tattooed many women without their knowledge, offering it as a "complexion treatment... of injecting vegetable dyes under the top layer of the skin."[5][6] Permanent makeup became much more commonplace beginning in the 1970s and 1980s, and now it is considered very normal.[7]
Usage
[edit]Reasons for Application
[edit]One may opt for permanent makeup for a plethora of reasons. For some, it can replace the daily application of traditional makeup products in favor of a more lasting solution.[8] This is especially useful for older women whose eyesight might not be good enough to apply the makeup[9] or who have degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's which severely limits motor ability.[10] Others may have the procedure to restore color areas that have lost it due to disease. This includes micro pigmentation of the scalp for people with alopecia and areola recoloring for breast cancer patients. Permanent makeup is also a common practice in some African cultures, who use certain tattoos to signify status.[7]
Popular Areas
[edit]Some of the most common permanent makeup procedures for Americans are eyebrows and eyeliner. However, other types of permanent makeup include:
- Full lip color
- Lip liner
- Nipple/areola pigmentation
- Burn/scar camouflage/repigmentation
- Scalp tattooing
- Eyeshadow[1]
Results
[edit]Long-term results
[edit]The best possible colour results can perform for many years or may begin to fade over time. The amount of time required for this depends per person. While permanent makeup pigment remains in the dermis, its beauty-span may be influenced by several possible factors, including environmental, procedural and/or individual factors.[11] Sun exposure fades colour. The amount and colour of pigment deposit at the dermal level can affect the length of time that permanent makeup looks its best. Very natural-looking applications are likely to require a touch-up before more dramatic ones for this reason. Individual influences include lifestyles that find an individual in the sun regularly, such as with gardening or swimming. Skin tones are a factor in colour value changes over time.
Imperfections
[edit]There are cases of undesired results.[12] These may include typical regret associated with any kind of tattoos, changing makeup fashions, and the degrading of results over time.
Removal
[edit]As with tattoos, permanent makeup can be difficult to remove. Common techniques used for this are laser tattoo removal, dermabrasion (physical or chemical exfoliation), and surgical removal.[13] Different types of chemical removals have also become a popular option for permanent makeup removal.
Adverse effects and complications
[edit]As with tattoos, permanent makeup may have complications, such as migration, allergies to the pigments, formation of scars, granulomas and keloids, skin cracking, peeling, blistering and local infection.[14] While it is typically applied in sterile conditions similar to that of a tattoo,[15] the use of unsterilized tattooing instruments may infect the patient with serious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis. Removal problems may also ensue, due to patient dissatisfaction or regret, and they may be particularly difficult to remove in places such as eyelids and lips without leaving permanent sequelae. Compliance with 'standard precautions' and a uniform code of safe practice should be insisted upon by a person considering undergoing a cosmetic tattoo procedure.[16][17]
In the United States, the inks used in permanent makeup are subject to approval as cosmetics by the Food and Drug Administration. While certain pigments in tattoos lack FDA approval for use in permanent cosmetics, competing public health priorities and lack of safety problems has consequently caused loose regulations around what color pigments tattoo inks can contain. Thus, there is little regulation on the type of inks used, with some pigments not approved for skin contact or refined only to an industrial-grade level, i.e. printers’ ink, automobile paint, etc.[18]
It is essential that technicians use appropriate personal protective equipment to protect the health of the technician and the client particularly in the prevention of transmission of blood-borne pathogens.[19]
It is also essential that technicians have been properly trained in the application of pigment into the skin to avoid migration. Tattoo pigments can "migrate" when a technician "overworks" an area, especially around the eyes where the pigment can "bleed" into surrounding tissue. As a result of their lymphatic distribution, older patients may be at a higher risk for pigment migration following permanent eyelash makeup, [20]although migration is generally avoidable by not over-working swollen tissue. Understanding the need to minimize swelling and recognize a good stopping point is paramount to successful application. Removing migrated pigment is a difficult and complicated process.
On very rare occasions, people with permanent makeup have reported swelling or burning in the affected areas when they underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).[21] However a detailed review of the cases within the medical literature involving cosmetic tattoos indicates that poor quality pigments, pigments adulterated with heavy metals, and pigments with diamagnetic properties may have been the causative factors in most of those cases.[22][23]
Topical anaesthetics are often used by technicians prior to cosmetic tattooing and there is the potential for adverse effects if topical anaesthetics are not used safely. In 2013 the International Industry association CosmeticTattoo.org published a detailed position and general safety precautions for the entire industry.[24]
The causes of a change of colour after cosmetic tattooing are both complex and varied. As discussed in the detailed industry article "Why Do Cosmetic Tattoos Change Colour",[25] primarily there are four main areas that have influence over the potential for a cosmetic tattoo to change colour;
- Factors related to the pigment characteristics
- Factors related to the methods and techniques of the tattooist
- Factors intrinsic to the client
- Factors related to the client's environment and medicines
Examples
[edit]
The eyebrow tattooing is an example of a "powdery filled" technique as opposed to individual hairline strokes since the client already has eyebrow hair but simply wanted an enhancement and shaping. The top eyeliner represents a thin eyeliner tattoo and a "lash enhancement" procedure that is used to define the eye without making it look excessively made up.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "Industry Profile Study: Vision 2009". Archived from the original on 2020-06-22. Retrieved 2014-07-18.
- ^ De Cuyper, Christa (2008-01-01). "Permanent makeup: indications and complications". Clinics in Dermatology. 26 (1): 30–34. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.10.009. ISSN 0738-081X. PMID 18280902.
- ^ "The man who started the tattoo craze in Britain is coming to a museum near you". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
- ^ "Tattoo trends: The inking of London from the Victorians to the present day". BBC News. 2016-01-28. Retrieved 2024-01-17.
- ^ Revolting Bodies: The Monster Beauty of Tattooed Women, Christine Braunberger, NWSA Journal Volume 12, Number 2
- ^ "Lip Tattooing Is the Latest Fad". Moder Mechanix. January 1933. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
- ^ a b AlQuorain, Nada A.; Yousef, Haneen A.; AlJabre, Salih H.; AlAkloby, Omar M.; Al-Natour, Sahar H. (2017-07-01). "Cosmetic lip tattoo sequelae: A case report and review of literature". Journal of Dermatology & Dermatologic Surgery. 21 (2): 87–90. doi:10.1016/j.jdds.2017.03.001. ISSN 2352-2410.
- ^ Ghafari, Ghazal; Newcomer, Jack; Rigali, Sarah; Liszewski, Walter (October 2024). "Permanent makeup: A review of its technique, regulation, and complications". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 91 (4): 690–698. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2024.01.098. PMID 38901732.
- ^ Wetzel, Christine L. (July–August 2012). "Permanent Cosmetics". Plastic and Aesthetic Nursing. 32 (3): 117–119. doi:10.1097/PSN.0b013e31826929c6. ISSN 2770-3509. PMID 22929199.
- ^ Ellin, Abby (February 23, 2011). "Tattoos as Makeup? Read the Fine Print". The New York Times. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
- ^ "Guidelines – Semi-Permanent Makeup - Society for Permanent Cosmetic, Micropigmentation, Permanent Makeup, Microblading and Cosmetic Tattoo Professionals". www.spcp.org. Archived from the original on 2020-03-30. Retrieved 2014-07-18.
- ^ FDA on Tattoos and Permanent Makeup
- ^ "Tattoo Lasers: Overview, Histology, Tattoo Removal Techniques". Medscape. 2022-11-29.
- ^ "FDA: Tattoo Pigment Recalls". Food and Drug Administration.
- ^ "Permanent Makeup (Micropigmentation): Get Facts About Risk". MedicineNet. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
- ^ "Members Code of Ethics & Conduct". CosmeticTattoo.org.
- ^ "SPCP Code of Ethics - Society for Permanent Cosmetic, Micropigmentation, Permanent Makeup, Microblading and Cosmetic Tattoo Professionals". www.spcp.org. Archived from the original on 2020-06-22. Retrieved 2014-07-18.
- ^ Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (11 September 2020). "Products - Tattoos & Permanent Makeup: Fact Sheet". www.fda.gov.
- ^ "Personal Protective Equipment - Are You Covered?". CosmeticTattoo.org.
- ^ Wollina, Uwe; Goldman, Alberto (2014). "Severe unexpected adverse effects after permanent eye makeup and their management by Q-switched Nd:YAG laser". Clinical Interventions in Aging. 9: 1305–1309. doi:10.2147/CIA.S67167. PMC 4136952. PMID 25143716.
- ^ Franiel, Tobias; Schmidt, Sein; Klingebiel, Randolf (1 November 2006). "First-Degree Burns on MRI due to Nonferrous Tattoos". American Journal of Roentgenology. 187 (5): W556. doi:10.2214/ajr.06.5082. PMID 17056894.
- ^ "Cosmetic Tattooing & MRI's - Diametric Particle Agitation Hypothesis (DPA)". CosmeticTattoo.org.
- ^ SPCP Research into Tattooing and MRIs Archived 2014-07-26 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Topical Anaesthetics & Cosmetic Procedures". CosmeticTattoo.org.
- ^ "Why Do Cosmetic Tattoos Change Colour? - Part 1". CosmeticTattoo.org.
External links
[edit]
- FDA: Tattoos and Permanent Makeup
- FDA: Think Before You Ink – Are Tattoos Safe?
- Paola Piccinini, Laura Contor, Ivana Bianchi, Chiara Senaldi, Sazan Pakalin: Safety of tattoos and permanent make-up, Joint Research Centre, 2016, ISBN 978-92-79-58783-2, doi:10.2788/011817.
