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Nancy, France

Coordinates: 48°41′37″N 6°11′05″E / 48.6936°N 6.1846°E / 48.6936; 6.1846
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Nancy
Prefecture and commune
From top to bottom, left to right: The Hôtel de Ville within the Place Stanislas; Palais du Gouvernement; Museum of Fine Arts of Nancy; Arc Héré; and Porte de la Craffe
Coat of arms of Nancy
Coat of arms
Motto(s): 
Non inultus premor
(Latin for 'I am not injured unavenged')
Location of Nancy
Map
Nancy is located in France
Nancy
Nancy
Nancy is located in Grand Est
Nancy
Nancy
Coordinates: 48°41′37″N 6°11′05″E / 48.6936°N 6.1846°E / 48.6936; 6.1846
CountryFrance
RegionGrand Est
DepartmentMeurthe-et-Moselle
ArrondissementNancy
Canton3 cantons
IntercommunalityMétropole du Grand Nancy
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) Mathieu Klein[1] (PS)
Area
1
15.01 km2 (5.80 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[2]
104,260
 • Density6,900/km2 (18,000/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Nancéien (masculine)
Nancéienne (feminine)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
54395 /54000
Elevation188–353 m (617–1,158 ft)
(avg. 212 m or 696 ft)
Websitehttp://www.nancy.fr/
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Part of a series on
Lorraine
Flag of Lorraine since the 13th century
History
Culture
Religion
Law
Administrative divisions
Lorraine in the EU
Related topics

Nancy[a] is the prefecture of the northeastern French department of Meurthe-et-Moselle. It was the capital of the Duchy of Lorraine, which was annexed by France under King Louis XV in 1766 and replaced by a province, with Nancy maintained as capital. Following its rise to prominence in the Age of Enlightenment, it was nicknamed the "capital of Eastern France" in the late 19th century. The metropolitan area of Nancy had a population of 511,257 inhabitants at the 2018 census, making it the 16th-largest functional urban area in France and Lorraine's largest.[6] The population of the city of Nancy proper is 104,885.

The motto of the city is Non inultus premor (Latin for 'I am not injured unavenged')[7]—a reference to the thistle, which is a symbol of Lorraine. Place Stanislas, a large square built between 1752 and 1756 by architect Emmanuel Héré under the direction of Stanislaus I of Poland to link the medieval old town of Nancy and the new city built under Charles III, Duke of Lorraine in the 17th century, is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the first square in France to be given this distinction.[8] The city also has many buildings listed as historical monuments and is one of the European centres of Art Nouveau thanks to the École de Nancy. Nancy is also a large university city; with the Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brabois, the conurbation is home to one of the main health centres in Europe, renowned for its innovations in surgical robotics.

History

[edit]
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Nancy.

The earliest signs of human settlement in the area date to 800 BC. Early settlers were likely attracted by easily mined iron ore and a ford in the river Meurthe. Its name is first attested as Nanciaco, possibly from a Gaulish personal name. A small fortified town named Nanciacum (Nancy) was built by Gérard, Duke of Lorraine around 1050.

Nancy was burned in 1218 at the end of the War of Succession of Champagne, and conquered by Emperor Frederick II. It was rebuilt in stone over the next few centuries as it grew in importance as the capital of the Duchy of Lorraine. Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy, was defeated and killed in the Battle of Nancy in 1477; René II, Duke of Lorraine became the ruler.

Following the failure of both Emperor Joseph I and Emperor Charles VI to produce a son and heir, the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 left the throne to the latter's next child. This turned out to be a daughter, Maria Theresa of Austria. In 1736, Emperor Charles arranged her marriage to Duke François of Lorraine, who reluctantly agreed to exchange his ancestral lands for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

The exiled Polish king Stanislaus I (Stanisław Leszczyński in Polish), father-in-law of the French king Louis XV, was then given the vacant duchy of Lorraine. Under his nominal rule, Nancy experienced growth and a flowering of Baroque culture and architecture. Stanislaus oversaw the construction of Place Stanislaus, a major square and development connecting the old medieval with a newer part of the city. On the south side of the Place Stanislaus is the Hôtel de Ville, which was completed in 1755.[9] Upon Stanislaus' death in February 1766, Lorraine and Barrois became a regular government of the Kingdom of France.[10] A parlement for Lorraine and Barrois was established in Nancy in 1776.[10]

As unrest surfaced within the French Armed Forces during the French Revolution, a full-scale mutiny, known as the Nancy affair, took place in Nancy in the latter part of summer 1790. A few units loyal to the government laid siege to the town and shot or imprisoned the mutineers.

  • Parade in 1909
    Parade in 1909
  • Nancy c. 1914
    Nancy c. 1914
  • Nancy in World War I
    Nancy in World War I

In 1871, Nancy remained French when Germany annexed Alsace-Lorraine. In 1909 it hosted the Exposition Internationale de l'Est de la France between May and November.

Nancy was occupied by German forces beginning in 1940 and renamed Nanzig. During the Lorraine Campaign of World War II, Nancy was liberated from Nazi Germany by the US Third Army in September 1944, at the Battle of Nancy.

In 1988, Pope John Paul II visited Nancy. In 2005, French President Jacques Chirac, German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder and Polish President Aleksander Kwaśniewski inaugurated the renovated Place Stanislas, which was recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983.

Geography

[edit]

Nancy is situated on the left bank of the river Meurthe, about 10 km upstream from its confluence with the Moselle. The Marne–Rhine Canal runs through the city, parallel to the Meurthe. Nancy is surrounded by hills that are about 150 m higher than the city center, which is situated at 200 m above mean sea level. The area of Nancy proper is relatively small: 15 km2. Its built-up area is continuous with those of its adjacent suburbs. The neighboring communes of Nancy are: Jarville-la-Malgrange, Laxou, Malzéville, Maxéville, Saint-Max, Tomblaine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy and Villers-lès-Nancy.

The oldest part of Nancy is the quarter Vieille Ville – Léopold, which contains the 14th century Porte de la Craffe, the Palace of the Dukes of Lorraine, the Porte Désilles and the 19th century St-Epvre basilica. Adjacent to its south is the quarter Charles III – Centre Ville, which is the 16th–18th century "new town". This quarter contains the famous Place Stanislas, the Nancy Cathedral, the Opéra national de Lorraine and the main railway station.

The population of the city proper experienced a small decrease in population since 2007, placing it behind Metz as the second largest city in the Lorraine.[11] However, the urban area of Metz experienced population decline from 1990 to 2010 while the urban area of Nancy grew over the same period, becoming the largest urban area in Lorraine and second largest in the "Grand Est" region of northeastern France. Within the Nancy metropolitan area in recent years, the city population declined slightly (2009–2014) at the roughly same time as a small increase in the population of its urban area (2006–2012).

Climate

[edit]

Nancy has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb), although a bit more extreme than most of the larger French cities.[12] By the standards of France it is a "continental" climate with a certain degree of maritime (unrelated to the Köppen classification, since generally the whole country has a predominant mechanism favored by the West winds).[13][14]

The temperatures have a distinct variation of the temperate zone, both during the day and between seasons but without being very different. Winters are cold and dry in freezing climates. Summers are not always sunny, but warm enough. Mists are frequent in autumn and the winds are light and not too violent. Precipitation tends to be less abundant than in the west of the country. Sunshine hours are almost identical to Paris and the snowy days are the same as Strasbourg (most similar weather conditions).[15] Although the lowest recorded temperature is officially −26.8 °C, some sources consider temperatures from −30 °C on 10 December 1879 before continuous data.[16]

Town Sunshine

(hours/yr) 		Rain

(mm/yr)		 Snow

(days/yr)		 Storm

(days/yr)		 Fog

(days/yr)
National average 1,973 770 14 22 40
Nancy 1,666 775.1 29.6 27.6 49.6[18]
Paris 1,661 637 12 18 10
Nice 2,724 767 1 29 1
Strasbourg 1,693 665 29 29 56
Brest 1,605 1,211 7 12 75


Climate data for Nancy-Tomblaine (Les Ensanges, altitude 217m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1927–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.8
(62.2) 		20.8
(69.4) 		26.0
(78.8) 		29.3
(84.7) 		33.0
(91.4) 		37.2
(99.0) 		40.1
(104.2) 		39.3
(102.7) 		34.4
(93.9) 		27.2
(81.0) 		22.7
(72.9) 		18.5
(65.3) 		40.1
(104.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.4
(41.7) 		7.1
(44.8) 		11.6
(52.9) 		15.8
(60.4) 		19.8
(67.6) 		23.5
(74.3) 		25.8
(78.4) 		25.4
(77.7) 		20.9
(69.6) 		15.5
(59.9) 		9.4
(48.9) 		6.0
(42.8) 		15.5
(59.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.6
(36.7) 		3.5
(38.3) 		6.9
(44.4) 		10.2
(50.4) 		14.2
(57.6) 		17.9
(64.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		19.6
(67.3) 		15.6
(60.1) 		11.3
(52.3) 		6.4
(43.5) 		3.5
(38.3) 		11.0
(51.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.2
(31.6) 		0.0
(32.0) 		2.1
(35.8) 		4.5
(40.1) 		8.7
(47.7) 		12.2
(54.0) 		14.2
(57.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		10.2
(50.4) 		7.1
(44.8) 		3.4
(38.1) 		1.0
(33.8) 		6.4
(43.5)
Record low °C (°F) −21.6
(−6.9) 		−24.8
(−12.6) 		−15.9
(3.4) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		1.6
(34.9) 		2.0
(35.6) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		−12.7
(9.1) 		−21.3
(−6.3) 		−24.8
(−12.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 64.4
(2.54) 		54.8
(2.16) 		54.1
(2.13) 		44.3
(1.74) 		67.9
(2.67) 		56.0
(2.20) 		63.0
(2.48) 		67.2
(2.65) 		61.1
(2.41) 		66.5
(2.62) 		68.9
(2.71) 		78.1
(3.07) 		746.3
(29.38)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0mm) 11.1 9.8 9.4 8.5 10.1 9.1 9.5 9.0 9.0 10.8 11.4 12.6 120.2
Average snowy days 8.0 6.7 4.5 1.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.4 6.1 30.7
Average relative humidity (%) 87 83 78 74 75 75 75 77 81 86 87 87 80
Mean monthly sunshine hours 52.4 80.1 139.6 181.2 205.6 223.5 234.8 219.4 171.9 104.6 52.1 43.2 1,708.3
Percent possible sunshine 17.0 29.0 33.0 39.0 42.0 45.0 50.0 49.0 44.0 33.0 21.0 18.0 35.0
Source 1: Météo France[19][20][21]
Source 2: NOAA (percent sunshine 1961-1990),[22] Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days 1961-1990)[23]
Climate data for Nancy-Ochey (Les Ensanges, altitude 336m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1966–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.0
(60.8) 		21.2
(70.2) 		25.7
(78.3) 		27.3
(81.1) 		32.2
(90.0) 		36.6
(97.9) 		39.6
(103.3) 		38.4
(101.1) 		34.2
(93.6) 		26.0
(78.8) 		22.0
(71.6) 		18.4
(65.1) 		39.6
(103.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.6
(40.3) 		6.2
(43.2) 		10.7
(51.3) 		14.9
(58.8) 		18.8
(65.8) 		22.5
(72.5) 		24.8
(76.6) 		24.5
(76.1) 		19.9
(67.8) 		14.6
(58.3) 		8.7
(47.7) 		5.3
(41.5) 		14.6
(58.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.1
(35.8) 		3.1
(37.6) 		6.5
(43.7) 		9.9
(49.8) 		13.7
(56.7) 		17.2
(63.0) 		19.3
(66.7) 		19.1
(66.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		10.9
(51.6) 		6.0
(42.8) 		3.0
(37.4) 		10.5
(50.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.4
(31.3) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		2.2
(36.0) 		4.9
(40.8) 		8.6
(47.5) 		11.8
(53.2) 		13.8
(56.8) 		13.7
(56.7) 		10.2
(50.4) 		7.2
(45.0) 		3.3
(37.9) 		0.7
(33.3) 		6.3
(43.3)
Record low °C (°F) −19.1
(−2.4) 		−16.2
(2.8) 		−15.5
(4.1) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		0.8
(33.4) 		4.5
(40.1) 		4.0
(39.2) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−13.2
(8.2) 		−15.8
(3.6) 		−19.1
(−2.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 66.7
(2.63) 		60.1
(2.37) 		58.8
(2.31) 		50.5
(1.99) 		74.0
(2.91) 		62.0
(2.44) 		68.8
(2.71) 		71.7
(2.82) 		66.9
(2.63) 		72.6
(2.86) 		75.5
(2.97) 		82.8
(3.26) 		810.4
(31.91)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.6 10.4 10.0 9.1 10.3 9.6 9.5 9.4 9.2 11.4 12.1 12.5 125.1
Average snowy days 6.9 7.1 4.6 1.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.5 5.9 28.9
Source: Météo-France,[24] Meteociel.fr (snowy days 1981-2010)[25]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1793 29,141—    
1800 28,227−0.45%
1806 30,532+1.32%
1821 29,241−0.29%
1831 29,122−0.04%
1836 31,445+1.55%
1841 35,901+2.69%
1846 38,795+1.56%
1851 40,289+0.76%
1856 48,199+3.65%
1861 49,305+0.45%
1872 52,978+0.66%
1876 66,303+5.77%
1881 73,225+2.01%
1886 79,038+1.54%
1891 87,110+1.96%
1896 96,306+2.03%
1901 102,559+1.27%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1906 110,570+1.52%
1911 119,949+1.64%
1921 113,226−0.58%
1926 114,491+0.22%
1931 120,578+1.04%
1936 121,301+0.12%
1946 113,477−0.66%
1954 124,797+1.20%
1962 128,677+0.38%
1968 123,428−0.69%
1975 107,902−1.90%
1982 96,317−1.61%
1990 99,351+0.39%
1999 103,605+0.47%
2007 105,349+0.21%
2012 105,067−0.05%
2017 104,286−0.15%
2021 104,260−0.01%
Source: EHESS[26] and INSEE (1968-2021)[27][28]

Main sights

[edit]
The Ducal Palace of Nancy

The old city center's heritage dates from the Middle Ages to the 18th century. The cathedral of Nancy, the Triumphal Arch and the "Place de la Carrière" are a fine examples of 18th-century architecture.[29] The Palace of the Dukes of Lorraine is the former princely residence of the rulers. The palace houses the Musée Lorrain.

A historic church is the Church of Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours, Nancy, final resting place of the last duke Stanislas. Other notable churches are the Church of Saint-François-des-Cordeliers and the Basilica of Saint-Epvre, which have historical ties to the ducal House of Lorraine.

Notre-Dame Cathedral of Nancy

The Place Stanislas[30] named after king of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania and duke of Lorraine Stanislaus I, Place de la Carrière, and Place d'Alliance were added on the World Heritage Sites list by the UNESCO in 1983.

The "École de Nancy", a group of artists and architects founded by the glassmaster and furniture maker Émile Gallé, worked in the Art Nouveau style at the end of the 19th century and the early 20th century. It was principally their work which made Nancy a center of art and architecture that rivaled Paris and helped give the city the nickname "Capitale de l'Est". The city still possesses many Art Nouveau buildings (mostly banks or private homes). Furniture, glassware, and other pieces of the decorative arts are conserved at the Musée de l'École de Nancy, which is housed in the 1909 villa of Eugène Corbin, a Nancy businessman and supporter of the Art Nouveau there. The Musée des Beaux-Arts has further collections of the Art Nouveau movement.

A major botanical garden, the Jardin botanique du Montet, is located at Villers-lès-Nancy. Other gardens of interest include the city's earliest botanical garden, the Jardin Dominique Alexandre Godron, and various other public gardens and places of interest including the Pépinière and Parc Sainte-Marie (public gardens). The town also has an aquarium. The surroundings of the train station are a busy commercial area.

Culture

[edit]
Place Stanislas – Arc Héré

The city is known for its World Heritage buildings at the Place Stanislas, which was opened April 2005 by Jacques Chirac after refurbishment.

Museum of the École de Nancy

At the turn of the 20th century, Nancy was a major center of the Art Nouveau with the École de Nancy. The city possesses a unique and interesting Musée de l'École de Nancy (School of Nancy Museum) with artworks by Émile Gallé, Louis Majorelle, Daum, Caravaggio,[31] and others. Nancy also has other museums:

The city is also the seat of the Diocese of Nancy and the home of the Opéra national de Lorraine. There is a network of libraries, the central of which is Bibliothèque municipale de Nancy.

Nancy is known for its macarons and bergamotes, candies flavored with bergamot essential oil.

Macarons de Nancy
Bergamotes de Nancy

Universities and colleges

[edit]
Faculty of Law, Economics and Management of the University of Lorraine

Nancy has a large number of institutions of higher learning:

Sports

[edit]
Cours-Léopold

Nancy is home to two of the three professional sport clubs in Lorraine: AS Nancy-Lorraine in football and SLUC Nancy in basketball. AS Nancy-Lorraine's Hall of Fame includes triple-Ballon d'Or and UEFA President Michel Platini, Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger, 1998 World Champion Aimé Jacquet, 2000 European Champion Roger Lemerre, 1998 African Ballon d'Or Mustapha Hadji, Irish legend Tony Cascarino, 1986 European Cup winner Sacha Zavarov and 1958 World Cup Semi-finalist Roger Piantoni.

AS Nancy-Lorraine won the French cup 1978 with captain Michel Platini who scored the only goal of the final (Nancy 1–0 Nice). More recently AS Nancy-Lorraine won the "Coupe de la Ligue" (French League Cup) in 2006 and reached fourth place in the French football league in 2007/2008.

SLUC Nancy won the last Korac European Cup in 2002, reached the finals of French championship of basketball (Pro A) four consecutive times and finally won his first trophy in 2008. Also winner of "Semaine des As" in 2005 and champion of 2nd league (pro B) in 1994.

Prominent people from Nancy

[edit]

Economy

[edit]

Business

[edit]
  • Bellieni, a nineteenth and twentieth century camera maker

Transport

[edit]

The main railway station is Gare de Nancy-Ville, with direct connections to Paris (high-speed rail line), Metz, Lyon, Strasbourg and several regional destinations. The motorway A31 connects Nancy with Metz, Luxembourg and Langres.

A nearby regional airport Lorraine Airfield provides scheduled air service to several cities within France.

Public transport within Nancy is provided by Service de Transport de l'Agglomération Nancéienne (STAN),[51] operated by Veolia Transport, operating around 20 conventional bus routes and, until early 2023, the Tram by STAN, a guided busway based on Bombardier Transportation's Guided Light Transit (GLT) technology and using articulated trolleybuses that was running for approximately 10 km on the East-West axis.

Heraldry

[edit]
The greater coat of arms

The coat of arms of Nancy displays a thistle, originally considered to be a symbol of Virgin Mary, and adopted as a personal symbol by René of Anjou and later by his descendant René II, Duke of Lorraine. Contrary to the Scottish thistle, the one of Lorraine is always shown with its roots. During the wars against Burgundy, the thistle became an emblem for the people of Lorraine as a whole. It officially became the attribute of the city of Nancy in 1575 when Charles III, Duke of Lorraine granted the city with its own coat of arms.[52]

At first, the coat of arms of Nancy had a chief of Lorraine, which meant that the upper part showed the ducal arms, namely three alerions on a red bend. Later, the chief of Lorraine was replaced by a more complex one which gathers the former possessions of the Dukes of Lorraine. The upper row comprises from left to right the arms of the Kingdom of Hungary, the Kingdom of Naples, the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Crown of Aragon, while the lower row comprises the Duchy of Anjou, the Duchy of Guelders, the Duchy of Jülich and the County of Bar. The inescutcheon is the coat of arms of Lorraine itself.[52]

The coat of arms displays the motto, which appeared in the end of the 16th century. It was initially "Nul ne s'y frotte" ("no one attacks it"), but it was changed to Latin "Non inultus premor" in 1616. The motto has a similar meaning to the Scottish one, "Nemo me impune lacessit", usually translated as "No one attacks me with impunity", which also makes reference to the thistle. The coat of arms further displays the Legion of Honour, awarded to the city after the First World War, and the War Crosses 14–18 and 39–45.[52]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ /ˈnænsi/ NAN-see, UK also /ˈnɒ̃si/, US also /nɒ̃ˈsiː, ˈnɑːnsi/ NAHN-see,[3][4][5] French: [nɑ̃si] ⓘ; German: Nanzig [ˈnantsɪç] ⓘ; Luxembourgish: Nanzeg [ˈnɑntsəɕ] ⓘ; Lorraine Franconian: Nanzisch.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
  2. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
  3. ^ "Nancy". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  4. ^ "Nancy". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  5. ^ "Nancy" (US) and "Nancy". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
  6. ^ "Évolution et structure de la population en 2017". INSEE.fr. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  7. ^ Sweet, Waldo E. (January 2002). Latin Proverbs: Wisdom from Ancient to Modern Times. ISBN 9780865165441.
  8. ^ "Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance in Nancy". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  9. ^ Base Mérimée: PA00106124, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)
  10. ^ a b Poupardin, René (1911). "Lorraine" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–12, see page 12, lines 3 and 4:= " At his death in February 1766 the two duchies of Lorraine and Bar became definitively incorporated in the kingdom of France.".
  11. ^ "Comparateur de territoire, Commune de Nancy (54395), Commune de Metz (57463)". INSEE. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  12. ^ "Nancy, France Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  13. ^ "France Climats". houot.alain.pagesperso-orange.fr. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  14. ^ "France – Climate". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  15. ^ "Climat et météo de Nancy (54000)". linternaute.com. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  16. ^ "Année 1879, almanach météo complet des ères géologiques à nos jours". prevision-meteo.ch. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  17. ^ Paris, Nice, Strasbourg, Brest
  18. ^ "Normales climatiques 1981-2010: Nancy". www.lameteo.org. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  19. ^ "Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1991-2020 et records" (PDF). Météo-France. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  20. ^ "Données climatiques de la station de Nancy" (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  21. ^ "Climat Lorraine" (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  22. ^ "Nancy-Tomblaine (07180) – WMO Weather Station". NOAA. Retrieved 28 March 2019. Archived 28 March 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
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