Battle of Nancy
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| Battle of Nancy | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Burgundian Wars | |||||||
 Rene takes the town of Nancy, by Pierre Jacobi (1519) | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Duchy of Burgundy |
Duchy of Lorraine Old Swiss Confederacy | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Charles the Bold † | René II, Duke of Lorraine | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 2,000–8,000 men[1] |
Lorraine: 10,000–12,000 men Swiss: 8,000–10,000 men[2] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown, presumably near total | Unknown | ||||||
The Battle of Nancy was the final and decisive battle of the Burgundian Wars, fought outside the walls of Nancy on 5 January 1477 by Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, against René II, Duke of Lorraine, and the Swiss Confederacy.
René's forces won the battle, and Charles' mutilated body was found three days later.
Background
[edit]Charles was besieging the city of Nancy, capital of Lorraine, since 22 October 1476 following its recapture by the forces of René II earlier in the year.[3] Despite the harsh winter conditions, Charles was determined to bring the siege to an end quickly as he was well aware that soon René would arrive with a relieving army when the weather improved. The exact number of the Burgundian forces vary, but contemporary observers put the numbers between 2,000 and 8,000.[1]
By late December René had gathered some 10,000–12,000 men from Lorraine and the Lower Union (of the Rhine), in addition to a Swiss army of 8,000–10,000.[2] René began his advance on Nancy early in January 1477, reaching Nancy early on the morning of 5 January. Informed of the approach of René's army, Charles drew up the bulk of his army in a defensive position south of Nancy on a heavily wooded slope behind a stream, at the narrowest part of the valley down which the Swiss would have to advance.
The Burgundian infantry companies and dismounted gendarme formed up in a large square formation with some 30 field guns in front at the top of the slope, while on either flank were mounted knights and coutilliers.
The Allied scouts soon recognized that a frontal assault on the Burgundian position would be disastrous. The largely Swiss vanguard of 7,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry were instructed to attack from the right flank, while the principal thrust would come from the 8,000 infantry and 1,300 cavalry of the center, which was dispatched on a difficult circuitous march round the left flank, over thickly wooded snow-covered slopes out of view of the waiting Burgundians. The small rearguard of 800 handgunners acted as reserve.
Battle
[edit]
After a march lasting some two hours, the center force emerged from the wooded slopes slightly to the rear of the Burgundian position and formed up in a wedge formation.[4] The early notes of the Swiss horns sounded three times, and the Swiss charged downhill into the Burgundian positions.[5] The artillery attempted to retrain on the center force but could not elevate enough to be effective; the single volley discharged killed but two men. Although the right-wing Burgundian cavalry held off the Swiss rivals, most of the Swiss infantry pushed on to engage the outnumbered Burgundian infantry square in a one-sided fight. The vanguard threw back the Burgundian left wing and put the artillery to flight. As Charles attempted vainly to stem the center force's advance by transferring troops from his left flank, the weight of numbers arrayed against him became overwhelming, and the Burgundy forces started to break apart and retreat.
It is thought that during the fight Charles said: "I struggle against a spider who is everywhere at once," signifying the large amount of Swiss infantry.[6]
Charles and his staff unsuccessfully attempted to rally the Burgundian army. His small band was carried with the fleeing army until eventually surrounded by the pursuing Swiss army. A halberdier swung at the Duke's head and landed a deadly blow directly on his helmet.[7] He was seen to fall but the battle continued, and his death went unnoticed by the opposing army. It was three days until the Duke's body was finally found and positively identified in the aftermath of the battle.
Most of Charles' army was killed during the battle and their retreat. Only the few who retreated over 50 km (31 mi) to Metz survived.[8] Contemporary chronicles record that the killing of retreating soldiers continued for three days after the battle and that for 5–6 leagues (15–18 miles [24–29 km]) the road was covered with the dead. Some of the soldiers who reached Metz were reportedly still so afraid of the pursuing army that they threw themselves into the moat in the hope that they could swim to the city.[1]
Commemoration
[edit]René II built the church of Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours on the site of the battle, and the Church of Saint-François-des-Cordeliers in Nancy itself. He furthermore built the basilica of Saint-Nicolas-de-Port to recognize the help of St. Nicholas in the battle. The city adopted the motto of non inultus premor ("I cannot be touched with impunity") and the heraldic device of a thistle as its coat of arms to commemorate the defeat of Charles the Bold.
René II also erected a cross to mark the spot where the body of Charles was found. The nearby étang Saint-Jean was drained in the 19th century, freeing the area of what is now Place de la Croix-de-Bourgogne in Nancy. The original cross was moved to the Lorraine museum. The current monument is a design by Victor Prouvé (1928).
Pierre de Blarru, canon of Saint-Dié, composed a vast poem called la Nancéide, in 5,044 Latin verses, on the war between Burgundy and Lorraine, culminating in the battle of Nancy (first printed in 1518).
Sir Walter Scott wrote a novel, Anne of Geierstein, which reaches its climax in the battle of Nancy (published in 1829).
Eugène Delacroix painted The Battle of Nancy in 1831.
In La Malgrange (Jarville), a tower was erected in 1877 to commemorate the attack of René II.
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Finding of Charles the Bold's corpse, after the battle (Charles Houry, 1862). -
Charles the Bold found after the Battle of Nancy (1865), Auguste Feyen-Perrin -
Monument to the Battle of Nancy, Place de la Croix-de-Bourgogne, Nancy. -
Charles the Bold by Peter Paul Rubens (c. 1618) -
Effigy of René II, Duke of Lorraine
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See also
[edit]- Battle of Grandson
- Battle of Morat
- Burgundian State
- Old Swiss Confederacy
- Battles of the Old Swiss Confederacy
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Vaughan, Richard (2002). Charles the Bold : the last Valois Duke of Burgundy. Woodbridge, Suffolk, U.K.: The Boydell Press. pp. 427–430. ISBN 0851159184. OCLC 49942757.
- ^ a b Nancy, Battle of in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- ^ Battle of Nancy in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
- ^ John Foster Kirk (1868). History of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. J.B. Lippincott & Co. pp. 537–542. ISBN 9780665334269.
- ^ John Foster Kirk (1868). History of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. J.B. Lippincott & Co. p. 487.
- ^ Nietzsche. On the Genealogy of Morality. Edited by Ansell-Pearson, Trans. by Diethe. 82
- ^ John Foster Kirk (1868). History of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. J.B. Lippincott & Co. p. 542. ISBN 9780665334269.
- ^ Smith, Robert D. (2005). The artillery of the Dukes of Burgundy, 1363–1477. Rochester, NY: Boydell Press. ISBN 1843831627. OCLC 60322326.
