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Pedro Montes

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In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Montes and the second or maternal family name is Gonzales.

Pedro Montes
Headshot of Pedro Montes
Official portrait, 2018
Senator for Oruro
In office
18 January 2015 – 3 November 2020
SubstituteLourdes Molina
Preceded byRoxana Camargo [es]
Succeeded byRubén Gutiérrez
Executive Secretary of the
Bolivian Workers' Center
In office
29 June 2006 – 23 January 2012
Preceded byJaime Solares
Succeeded byJuan Carlos Trujillo
Personal details
Born
Pedro Montes Gonzales

(1960-04-14) 14 April 1960 (age 64)
Catavi, Potosí, Bolivia
Political partyMovement for Socialism
Other political
affiliations		Revolutionary Workers'
Occupation
  • Mineworker
  • politician
  • trade unionist

Pedro Montes Gonzales (born 14 April 1960) is a Bolivian mineworker, politician, and trade unionist who served as senator for Oruro from 2015 to 2020. A member of the Movement for Socialism, he previously served as executive secretary of the Bolivian Workers' Center from 2006 to 2012.

Born in Catavi, Montes spent most of his life as a mineworker at complexes in Oruro and Potosí. Having got his start in the sector's organized labor movement in the mid-1980s, he progressively climbed the ranks of the country's largest workers' syndicates, holding membership within the Syndical Federation of Bolivian Mineworkers and serving as executive secretary of the Oruro Departmental Workers' Center. In 2006, he was elected chairman of the Bolivian Workers' Center, the country's national trade union center.

As head of one of the most powerful syndicates in the country, Montes collaborated closely with the socialist administration of President Evo Morales, whose government took a more cooperative approach towards organized labor. Although this alliance bore fruit in the form of concessions towards workers, Montes also drew criticism for being too appeasing towards the government, and he is cited as having significantly contributed to his organization's gradual co-option into Morales's party, the Movement for Socialism. In 2014, he was elected as a senator for the party.

Early life and career

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Pedro Montes was born on 14 April 1960 in Catavi,[1] a small mining community nestled in the rural foothills of Llallagua, part of the Bustillo Province of northern Potosí. The mineral-rich region is home to significant deposits of tin ore,[2] for which it became the site of one of the largest mining complexes in the country. Montes was raised in and around these mines; the son of a mineworker,[3] he was groomed to take up the trade at a young age and began replacing his father as a laborer for the Catavi Mining Company by 18. He got his career start working some of the lowest-ranking jobs within the mine's internal hierarchy, beginning as a minecart operator before later becoming a chasquiri—messenger and tool collector.[4]

Trade union career

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Montes began actively participating in Catavi's trade syndicates around 1984, the year he was elected to represent the Beza shaft as its sectional delegate.[4][5] His entrance into the sector began at a time of effervescence for the mining proletariat, hot off the successful fight for the recovery of Bolivian democracy, in which the labor movement was one of the main protagonists.[6] Montes had himself taken part in these conflicts, for which he suffered reprisals from the military regimes of the day.[1][5]

In the years following the recuperation of democracy, Montes continued to play an active role in labor disputes, such as during the 1985 struggle for an increased minimum wage.[1] With the collapsing price of tin in the mid-1980s, much of the labor movement's power came crashing down, and the mining population was significantly reduced. Montes became part of the small contingent of laborers that—willingly or not—continued working the mines after the crash.[7]

In 1988, Montes transferred to the Huanuni mine in Oruro, where he began scaling the ranks of the area's trade syndicates.[5] By the early 1990s, he had acceded to the directorate of the Syndical Federation of Bolivian Mineworkers, and he was later elected executive secretary of the Oruro Departmental Workers' Center.[4][7] During this time, he was thrice expelled from the state-owned Bolivian Mining Corporation, only gaining back membership through his personal relations with influential figures such as Oscar Salas.[8]

Bolivian Workers' Center

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In June 2006, during its XIV National Congress, Montes capped off his union rise with his election as executive secretary of the Bolivian Workers' Center (COB).[9] His designation came at a time of weakness for the organization, which in recent years had lost influence to emerging peasant unions and organized social movements aligned with the Movement for Socialism (MAS-IPSP), whose leader, Evo Morales, was elected president the year prior.[7] The MAS had sought to have its own representative elected to head the COB, opening the door for amendments to the organization's statute that would allow aligned indigenous and peasant organizations membership.[5] Although Montes was adamant in his assertion that the COB would maintain its political independence from the government,[5] his tenure nonetheless saw the organization grow far closer to it than it had under previous leaders.[10][11][12] In 2007, for example, he joined the National Coordinator for Change, a political arm of the MAS; in 2008, he signed an alliance with the organization on behalf of the COB, and by 2009, most of the entity's forty member groups had originated from the COB.[13] In part, this burgeoning alliance had less to do with Montes and more with Morales, whose administration struck a markedly more conciliatory cord with the COB, which contrasted with the adversarial position taken by the liberal governments that preceded him.[7]

Pedro Montes wearing a hard hat adorned with a sticker of Evo Morales.
As head of the COB, Montes drew criticism for his alleged closeness with the government.

Still, under Montes, the COB played a visibly less active role in protesting government actions. It would not be until May 2010—four years into Morales's presidency—that the organization took the step of declaring a general strike, spurred by discontent with that year's comparatively low minimum wage increase.[14] Even then, the protest collapsed after Montes reached an agreement with the government, which left intact the previously announced salary hike in exchange for lowering the retirement age for miners.[15][16] The move drew the ire of more radical members of the labor movement, who accused him of selling out other sectors in favor of his own.[17] Some called for his removal;[18] María Elena Soria of the La Paz Federation of Urban Teachers declared that Montes had "sold himself body and soul to the ruling party."[19]

More importantly, Montes's deal fomented dissent within the COB's leadership, with his own second-in-command, General Secretary Felipe Machaca, expressing opposition to it.[20][21] By the end of the year, Machaca and other COB leaders had fully split with Montes, who they considered "servile" to the MAS. "Pedro Montes now defends the neoliberal model and has left the fight for ... the union's political independence," Machaca stated.[22][23] Montes, for his part, partially conceded on his affinity towards the government: "They can call me pro-government, but [at least] I'm not a rightist or a fascist";[22] however, he refuted more literal charges against him: "To accuse [me] of selling out, as if I had ever received anything from the government. Not one boliviano and not one cent, and this I can say with all my honor and with my head held high."[24]

In the ensuing years, Montes's COB found itself playing catchup to other sectors, which began independently mobilizing when faced with a grievance.[25] When Montes did enter his organization into the fray, internal and external pressures forced him to go on the offensive. Such was the case in 2010, when he became considerably more confrontational with the government regarding a dispute over the price of natural gas—a disposition spurred by a violent attack he suffered by workers discontent with his administration.[26][27] By 2011—faced with an upcoming national congress—Montes called for mass mobilizations demanding a higher minimum wage for certain public officials.[26] Although that crisis resulted in the postponement of the COB's next congress—thus extending Montes's term for another year—subsequent developments did not turn out in his favor.[28] When the COB did finally convene in early 2012, Montes sought a second term but was unexpectedly defeated by Juan Carlos Trujillo, putting an end to his tenure as the organization's executive secretary.[29]

Chamber of Senators

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Election

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Further information: 2014 Bolivian general election

Following the end of his term as head of the COB, Montes returned to Huanuni, where, in 2013, he launched a campaign for the post of general secretary of the sector's leading trade union: the Mixed Syndicate of Mineworkers of Huanuni.[30] His front, the Revolutionary Brigade of Syndical Unity,[31] won in a landslide, attaining over sixty percent of the roughly 4,000 union members' vote.[32][33] Sworn in on 31 October at a ceremony attended by Morales, Montes took his oath of office with his left fist raised—a symbolic gesture distinguishing MAS partisans.[34][35]

Montes's year-long tenure centered around the campaign for the 2014 general election, during which time the COB and its member organizations actively debated whether to contest the race independently or support Morales's reelection bid.[34] Ultimately, the organization postponed previous plans to form its own Workers' Party,[36] electing instead to align with the MAS in exchange for representation on the party's parliamentary lists.[37] In January, Huanuni's mineworkers signed their own alliance with the MAS,[38] for which Montes was incorporated onto the party's list as a candidate for a seat in the Senate in representation of Oruro.[39] Despite his relatively low placement—third of four available slots—Montes won, owing to the MAS's wide victory in the department, which granted it complete control over Oruro's Senate seats.[40][41]

Tenure

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As a senator, Montes played a prominent role within the MAS's internal structure. He served as leader of the party's caucus in the Chamber of Senators for the first two years of his term and was reelected for a third non-consecutive time in 2018. In all, he led the MAS caucus for three of the six years he was in office.[42][43][44] Upon the conclusion of his third leadership term in 2019, Montes positioned himself to be elected president of the Senate for its closing year,[45] but the post was instead granted to Adriana Salvatierra.[46]

Following the collapse of the Morales government later that year, Montes was elected to form part of the Senate's reconstituted directorate, where he served as first vice president.[47] Amid internal discontent over Senate President Eva Copa's more conciliatory stance towards the interim government of Jeanine Áñez, some MAS partisans put forward Montes as a viable replacement, given his closer relations with Morales.[48] Ultimately, however, challenges to Copa's presidency failed to manifest, and she was ratified as head of the Senate in early 2020, whereas Montes was replaced as first vice president by Senator Omar Aguilar.[49]

Montes was not nominated for reelection in either 2019 or the rerun general elections of 2020.[50][51] Nonetheless, at the end of his term, he remained in the Legislative Assembly, where he continued to exercise public functions as a minor official into 2021.[52]

Pedro Montes and an indigenous leader jointly hold up a certificate of recognition.
Montes delivers a certificate of recognition to an indigenous leader.

Commission assignments

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  • Chamber of Senators Directorate (First Vice President: 2019–2020)[53]
  • Territorial Organization of the State and Autonomies Commission
    • Departmental Autonomies Committee (Secretary: 2018–2019)[54]
  • Plural Economy, Production, Industry, and Industrialization Commission
    • Energy, Hydrocarbons, Mining, and Metallurgy Committee (Secretary: 2017–2018, 2019, 2020)[55]
  • Rural Native Indigenous Peoples and Nations and Interculturality Commission
    • Cultures, Interculturality, and Cultural Heritage Committee (Secretary: 2015–2017)[56]

Ideology and personal life

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I have a pending debt of honor to my family; I was an absentee for the union fight. Honor and respect to my wife, apologies to my children, but I hope that history judges my actions [favorably]. It was all for my conviction to class identity, my class consciousness, and my responsibility to the history of the mineworkers' movement.

— Pedro Montes[4]

Montes belongs to the second generation of COB leaders whose ideological formation derives from the paramount labor activists of the day, namely: Filemón Escóbar [es], Juan Lechín, Víctor López [es], Edgar Ramírez [es], Simón Reyes [es], and Oscar Salas.[8] In his youth, Montes was a member of Guillermo Lora's Revolutionary Workers' Party. Although distanced from it by the time of his assumption as leader of the COB, he nonetheless retained the "Trotskyist principles" he acquired as a member of the party.[5]

During his tenure as head of the COB, Montes also participated in sports organizing. In 2010, he was elected president of the board of directors of Club 31 de Octubre – Huanuni. The team, later renamed to Club Huanuni Mining Company [es], attained legal status in 2012. It is owned by the Huanuni mining district and represents the approximately 5,000 mineworkers employed by the Bolivian Mining Corporation.[4][57][58]

Electoral history

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Electoral history of Pedro Montes
Year Office Party Votes Result Ref.
Total % P.
2013 General secretary Revolutionary Brigade of Syndical Unity[α] 2,590 61.27% 1st Won [33]
2014 Senator Movement for Socialism 166,360 66.42% 1st Won [59][β]
Source: Plurinational Electoral Organ | Electoral Atlas

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ Front organized to contest union elections.
  2. ^ Presented on an electoral list. The data shown represents the share of the vote the entire party/alliance received in that constituency.

Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b c "¿Quién es quién?: Pedro Montes Gonzales" [Who's Who?: Pedro Montes Gonzales]. El Diario (in Spanish). La Paz. 9 August 2014. Archived from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  2. ^ Montoya, Víctor (17 December 2017). "Catavi: Gloria y olvido" [Catavi: Glory and Oblivion]. Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  3. ^ Romero Ballivián 2018, p. 386.
  4. ^ a b c d e La Cámara 2016, p. 20.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Pedro Montes: 'La COB no será cooptada por el MAS'" [Pedro Montes: "The COB Will Not Be Co-opted by the MAS"] (in Spanish). La Paz. Bolpress. 30 June 2006. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  6. ^ Romero Ballivián 2018, pp. 386–387.
  7. ^ a b c d Romero Ballivián 2018, p. 387.
  8. ^ a b Chávez Ballón, Eduardo (26 May 2013). "Pedro Montes Gonzales: De vuelta a interior mina" [Pedro Montes Gonzales: Back Inside the Mine]. La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  9. ^ "Un minero, un fabril y un campesino dirigen la COB" [A Miner, a Factory Worker, and a Farmer Lead the COB] (in Spanish). La Paz. Agencia de Noticias Fides. 29 June 2006. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  10. ^ Quispe, Jorge (13 October 2022). "Huarachi: Líder 'camaleónico' de la COB, en su peor hora" [Huarachi: The "Chameleon" Leader of the COB, in His Worst Hour]. Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  11. ^ "En 2009, el cobista Montes proclamó a Evo candidato" [In 2009, COB Leader Montes Proclaimed Evo's Candidacy]. Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. 30 April 2023. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  12. ^ Webber 2011, p. 218.
  13. ^ "El MAS mina las bases de los sindicatos" [The MAS Undermines the Unions' Bases]. La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. 19 April 2009. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2023 – via eju!.
  14. ^ Webber 2011, pp. 216–217.
  15. ^ Webber 2011, p. 222.
  16. ^ Bjork-James 2020, p. 200.
  17. ^ Webber 2011, p. 223.
  18. ^ "Dos sectores mantienen su protesta" [Two Sectors Continue Their Protests]. La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. 13 May 2010. Archived from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  19. ^ "Ejecutiva de la COB: 'Pedro Montes se vendió en cuerpo y alma al gobierno'" [COB Executive: "Pedro Montes Sold Himself Body and Soul to the Government"]. La Patria (in Spanish). Oruro. 3 May 2010. p. 5. Archived from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  20. ^ Webber 2011, p. 224.
  21. ^ "Un quiebre en la Central Obrera Boliviana suma problemas a Evo Morales" [A Split in the Bolivian Workers' Center Adds Problems for Evo Morales]. Infobae (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Associated Press. 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  22. ^ a b Staff writer (17 July 2010). Written at La Paz. "La COB critica a Pedro Montes por declararse oficialista" [The COB Criticizes Pedro Montes for Declaring Himself Pro-government]. Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  23. ^ Staff writer (2 February 2011). Written at La Paz. "Felipe Machaca se queja y denuncia que el MAS quiere echarlo de la COB" [Felipe Machaca Complains and Denounces That the MAS Wants to Kick Him from the COB]. Opinión (in Spanish). Cochabamba. Agencia de Noticias Fides. Archived from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  24. ^ Bjork-James 2020, p. 256.
  25. ^ Bjork-James 2020, p. 201.
  26. ^ a b Achtenberg, Emily (20 May 2011). "Bolivia: The COB vs. the GOB". NACLA Report on the Americas. New York City: Routledge for the North American Congress on Latin America. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  27. ^ "Ejecutivo de la COB se recupera de agresión sufrida el jueves pasado" [COB Executive Recovers from Attack He Suffered Last Thursday] (in Spanish). La Paz. Agencia Boliviana de Información. 3 January 2011. Archived from the original on 10 January 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2023 – via eju!.
  28. ^ "Pedro Montes encabezará la COB durante un año más" [Pedro Montes to Head the COB for One More Year]. La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. 26 May 2011. Archived from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  29. ^ "Congreso de la COB sorprende y Juan Carlos Trujillo es el nuevo ejecutivo" [COB Congress Surprises: Juan Carlos Trujillo Is the New Executive]. Opinión (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 22 January 2012. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  30. ^ "Tres frentes postulan a elecciones del sindicato de trabajadores de Huanuni" [Three Fronts Run in the Elections of the Huanuni Workers' Syndicate]. La Patria (in Spanish). Oruro. 1 October 2013. p. 5. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  31. ^ "Mineros de Huanuni elegirán nuevo ejecutivo" [Huanuni Mineworkers to Elect New Executive]. La Patria (in Spanish). Oruro. 6 October 2013. p. 5. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  32. ^ "Montes es el nuevo ejecutivo de Huanuni" [Montes Is the New Executive of Huanuni]. La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. 12 October 2013. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  33. ^ a b "Mineros de Huanuni eligen a Pedro Montes como su ejecutivo sindical" [Huanuni Mineworkers Elect Pedro Montes as Their New Union Executive]. La Patria (in Spanish). Oruro. 12 October 2013. p. 4. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  34. ^ a b Staff writer (1 November 2013). Written at Huanuni. "Exlíder de la COB Pedro Montes retorna al sindicalismo como militante del MAS" [Ex-COB Leader Pedro Montes Returns to Syndicalism as a MAS Partisan]. La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023 – via eju!.
  35. ^ Pérez Munguía, Juan (9 June 2022). "¿Arce se distancia de Evo? Dejó de levantar el puño izquierdo y su nuevo ministro juró con la señal de la cruz" [Is Arce Distancing Himself from Evo? The Government Stopped Raising the Left Fist, and His New Minister Took the Oath with the Sign of the Cross]. Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  36. ^ "Dirigentes de la COB entierran al PT y se prorrogan por un año para hacer campaña por Evo Morales" [COB Leaders Bury the PT and Push It Back by One Year to Campaign for Evo Morales] (in Spanish). La Paz. Bolpress. 24 November 2013. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  37. ^ "La COB condiciona su apoyo al gobierno a espacios de poder" [The COB Conditions Its Support for the Government on Positions of Power]. Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. 2 December 2013. Archived from the original on 10 July 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  38. ^ "Mineros dicen que firmaron alianza con Evo Morales" [Mineworkers Claim They Signed an Alliance with Evo Morales]. El Día (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. 22 January 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  39. ^ "René Joaquino y Pedro Montes serán candidatos al Senado por el MAS" [René Joaquino and Pedro Montes to Be MAS Candidates for Senate]. El Día (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  40. ^ "Mineros molestos porque Montes va de tercer senador" [Mineworkers Annoyed That Montes Runs as Third Senator] (in Spanish). La Paz. ERBOL. 11 July 2014. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  41. ^ "El oficialismo controla el 66% del Senado y el 69,5% de los Diputados" [The Ruling Party Controls 66% of the Senate and 69.5% of the Chamber of Deputies]. Opinión (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 12 October 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  42. ^ Staff writer (17 January 2015). Written at Sucre. "MAS elige a Gonzales y Montaño para presidir cámaras legislativas" [MAS Elects Gonzales and Montaño to Preside over the Legislative Chambers]. Los Tiempos (in Spanish). Cochabamba. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  43. ^ "Legisladores ratifican al senador Pedro Montes como jefe de bancada del MAS" [Legislators Ratify Senator Pedro Montes as Leader of the MAS Caucus]. web.senado.gob.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Chamber of Senators. 19 January 2016. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  44. ^ "Montes es elegido jefe de bancada del MAS en Senado" [Montes Is Elected Leader of the MAS Caucus in the Senate] (in Spanish). La Paz. ERBOL. 16 January 2018. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  45. ^ "Perfilan a Montes como presidente del Senado" [Montes Is Profiled as President of the Senate]. El Diario (in Spanish). La Paz. 14 January 2019. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  46. ^ Cuiza, Paulo (19 January 2019). "Salvatierra jura a la presidencia del Senado y destaca el rol de mujeres y jóvenes en el proceso de cambio" [Salvatierra Swears In as President of the Senate, Highlights the Role of Women and Youths in the Process of Change]. La Razón (in Spanish). La Paz. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  47. ^ "La senadora del MAS Eva Copa preside la cámara alta de Bolivia" [MAS Senator Eva Copa Presides over the Upper Chamber of Bolivia] (in Spanish). La Paz. Urgente.bo. 15 November 2019. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  48. ^ "En el MAS piden cambiar a Copa por Montes en Senado" [In the MAS, Requests for Montes to Replace Copa in the Senate]. Página Siete (in Spanish). La Paz. 17 December 2019. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  49. ^ "Senado reconforma su directiva y ratifica a Eva Copa como presidenta" [Senate Recomposes Its Directorate and Ratifies Eva Copa as President]. Opinión (in Spanish). 21 January 2020. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  50. ^ "Lista Final de Candidaturas Habilitadas de las Organizaciones Políticas y Alianzas: Movimiento al Socialismo" (PDF). oep.org.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Plurinational Electoral Organ. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  51. ^ "Lista Final de Candidaturas Habilitadas de las Organizaciones Políticas y Alianzas: Movimiento al Socialismo" (PDF). oep.org.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Plurinational Electoral Organ. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  52. ^ Paredes, Ivan Alejandro (29 June 2021). "Siete exsenadores del MAS llegan al gobierno; Eva Copa también recluta a excolegas de la Asamblea" [Seven Former MAS Senators Are in Government; Eva Copa Also Recruits Ex-colleagues from the Assembly]. El Deber (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  53. ^ "La Cámara de Senadores modificó su Directiva: Gestión Legislativa 2019–2020". web.senado.gob.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Chamber of Senators. 14 November 2019. Archived from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  54. ^ "La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2018–2019". senado.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Chamber of Senators. 19 January 2018. Archived from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  55. ^ "La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2017–2018". web.senado.gob.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Chamber of Senators. 31 January 2017. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  56. ^ "La Cámara de Senadores conformó sus 10 Comisiones y 20 Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2015–2016". senado.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Chamber of Senators. 28 January 2015. Archived from the original on 26 July 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  57. ^ "Pedro Montes, el nuevo presidente del Club 31 de Octubre — Huanuni" [Pedro Montes, New President of Club 31 de Octubre — Huanuni]. La Patria (in Spanish). Oruro. 31 March 2010. p. 3. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  58. ^ "El Club Empresa Minera Huanuni ya cuenta con personería jurídica" [Club Huanuni Mining Company Attains Legal Status]. La Patria (in Spanish). Oruro. 4 April 2012. p. 3. Archived from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  59. ^ "Elecciones Generales 2014 | Atlas Electoral". atlaselectoral.oep.org.bo (in Spanish). La Paz: Plurinational Electoral Organ. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2022.

Bibliography

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