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Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu

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United Bumiputera Heritage Party
Malay nameParti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu
ڤرتي ڤساک بوميڤوترا برساتو‎
Chinese name砂拉越土著保守联合党
Shālāyuè tǔzhù bǎoshǒu liánhé dǎng
AbbreviationPBB
PresidentAbang Abdul Rahman Johari Abang Openg
ChairpersonMohamad Asfia Awang Nassar
Secretary-GeneralAlexander Nanta Linggi
SpokespersonHaji Idris Buang
Deputy President1. Douglas Uggah Embas
2. Awang Tengah Ali Hasan
Vice-PresidentFadillah Yusof
Stephen Rundi Utom
Julaihi Narawi
Gerawat Gala
Gerald Rentap Jabu
Abdul Karim Rahman Hamzah
Annuar Rapaee
Abdul Rahman Junaidi
Women LeaderFatimah Abdullah
Youth LeaderMiro Simuh
Treasurer-GeneralAbdul Hamid Sepawi
FounderJugah Anak Barieng
Founded5 January 1973
Legalised30 April 1973
Merger ofParti Bumiputera Sarawak (BUMIPUTERA)1 2
Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak (PESAKA)3
HeadquartersKuching, Sarawak
NewspaperJiwa Bakti
Youth wingPemuda PBB
Women's wingWanita PBB
Membership452,280 (August 2023)
National affiliationBarisan Nasional
(1973–2018)
Gabungan Parti Sarawak
(2018–present)
PH–BN unity alliance
(2022–present) (alliance partner)
Colours  Yellow, red, white and black
Slogan• Striving for Unity
Berkorban Bersatu (in Malay)
• Bersatu, Bersetia, Berkhidmat
• Berjihadlah
• Bersatu untuk Rakyat Malaysia
AnthemMarch PBB (PBB March; Official anthem)
Ikrar Wanita (Women's Oath; Women Movement)
Dewan Negara:
4 / 70
Dewan Rakyat:
14 / 31
(Sarawak seats)
Sarawak State Legislative Assembly:
47 / 82
Premier of Sarawak:
1 / 10
Website
pbb.org.my
1 Parti Negara Sarawak and Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak merged to form Parti Bumiputera Sarawak.
2 Parti Bumiputera Sarawak consisted of local Sarawak Malay, Melanau, Kedayan, Brunei Malay and Orang Ulu members.
2 Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak consisted of Iban and Bidayuh members.
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Race and politics

The United Bumiputera Heritage Party (Malay: Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu; abbrev: PBB) is a political party in Malaysia. It is currently the largest political party in Sarawak. Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu was formed from the combination of three parties in Sarawak; Parti Negara Sarawak, Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak and Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak. The formation of the party was for the purpose of the improvement of the livelihood and protect the rights of the Bumiputera in many fields such as politics, economy and social. Formerly a part of Semenanjung-based coalition Barisan Nasional (BN), following the defeat of BN in the 2018 general election and in the aftermath of a meeting between all Sarawak-based BN coalition parties on 12 June 2018, PBB left the coalition to form a new Sarawak-based coalition, Sarawak Parties Alliance.[1]

The meaning of "Bumiputera"

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Main article: Bumiputera (Malaysia)

Bumiputera is a Malaysian political term and translates to son of earth. Being mentioned in the party's name, this directly relates to the ethnic groups that are seen as native to the state of Sarawak. Members of the party are solely of Sarawak Bumiputera ethnicity. In article 161a of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, 21 ethnic groups are classified as "rakyat peribumi Sarawak" (natives of Sarawak), among these are the Ibans, Bidayuhs, Melanaus, Orang Ulus and several other Dayak people, as well as local Muslim-Malays of Sarawak.

Predecessors

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Parti Negara Sarawak (PANAS)

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PANAS which was formed on 9 April 1960 by Datu Patinggi Abang Haji Mustapha, was the second political party to be formed after Sarawak United People's Party.[2]

Barisan Ra'ayat Jati Sarawak (BARJASA)

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BARJASA was formed on 4 December 1961 by Tuanku Bujang Tuanku Othman. Abdul Rahman Ya'kub and Abdul Taib Mahmud were among the earliest members of the party.

Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak (PESAKA)

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Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak was formed in Sibu in August 1962 to cater for the Ibans of Batang Rajang. Its promoters refused to join the Sarawak National Party, which they claimed only catered for Ibans from Saribas.

Among the initiators of the party were Penghulu Masam Anak Radin, Pengarah Banyang, Penghulu Chundi Anak Resa and Penghulu Umpau. Temenggong Jugah, Temenggong Oyong Lawai Jau and Jonathan Bangau joined later. While Jugah and Oyong Lawai Jau were incipiently members of PANAS, Bangau was from SUPP. Other Penghulus from other divisions such as Penghulu Tawi Sli (Second Division) and Penghulu Abok Anak Jalin (Bintulu) also joined PESAKA. PESAKA was therefore known as the Penghulus’ Party. However, the person who actually mooted the idea of forming PESAKA was Thomas Kana, a former dresser at Kuala Belait. He was made the first secretary-general of the party.

Formation of Parti Bumiputera

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To ensure the domination of Muslim Bumiputra in Sarawak politics, PANAS and BARJASA initiated a plan of merger a few months after the local council elections of Sarawak in 1963. Initially, both parties were willing to dissolve themselves in order to allow United Malays National Organisation to enter Sarawak. However, UMNO was not interested in accepting non-Muslim-Malay bumiputeras as members. Therefore, the Malaysian federal government recommended that the two parties combine to form a new separate party. After a series of negotiations, Parti Bumiputera Sarawak was formed on 30 March 1968. On the following day after the merger, Abang Ikhwan Zaini was elected as the president of Parti Bumiputera, Tuanku Haji Bujang as vice-president, and Taib Mahmud as the secretary-general of the party.[3] According to Sanib Said (former curator of Sarawak State Museum):

The formation of Parti Bumiputera was gratefully accepted by the Muslim-Malays of Sarawak. Except for a few prominent dissenters, especially some of the former members of PANAS, the new party was supported by both the aristocrats and the young intelligentsia, the latter holding the more important posts in it. It may be justifiably said that at last the young intelligentsia had triumphed. But basically the formation of Parti Bumiputera was a final reconciliation between the two groups and it opened the way for a new era of Malay politics in Sarawak.[3]

Parti Bumiputera exercised a significant role in the Sarawak cabinet under the leadership of Sarawak chief minister Tawi Sli. Taib Mahmud dominated most of the decision making. Parti Bumiputera and Sarawak Chinese Association were the members of Sarawak Alliance. During the 1970 Sarawak state election, Parti Bumiputera won 12 seats while SCA won 3 seats out of a total of 48 seats. However, not a single party command a majority in Council Negri (now Sarawak State Legislative Assembly). Abdul Rahman from Parti Bumiputera was able to convince SUPP to form a state government with him as the chief minister.[3]

Formation of PBB

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Parti Bumiputera had already initiated negotiations with PESAKA about the merger of both parties in 1968. However, PESAKA refused to enter into a merger in fear that Muslim bumiputera members from Parti Bumiputera would dominate the new party, leaving its Iban and Bidayuh members sidelined. PESAKA decided to join Sarawak Alliance without a merger to preserve their interests in Sarawak politics. However, in the 1970 state election, PESAKA won only 8 seats, whereas 12 seats were won by Parti Bumiputera and another 12 seats by SNAP. PESAKA was not able to nominate a new chief minister from their own party unlike in 1966. Ultimately another negotiation was held between PESAKA and Parti Bumiputera in September 1972 and both sides eventually agreed to a merger on 5 January 1973. The new Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu party was then officially registered on 30 April 1973.[3]

The party was divided into two wings namely:[3]

  • BUMIPUTERA wing which consisted of Muslim-Malay, Melanau, Kedayan, Brunei-Malay, Jatti Mereik, and Orang Ulu members
  • PESAKA wing which consisted of Iban, Bidayuh, Kenyah, and Kelabit members

Objectives of PBB

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  • To protect and defend Malaysia's independence, sovereignty, and character.[3]
  • To uphold both the federal and state constitution.
  • To combating against corruption, racism, illegal money laundering, and political power abuse among all party's members.
  • To protect and defend the principles enshrined in the federal and state constitution, especially on position, fundamental rights, and special privileges of Bumiputera.
  • To protect and guarantee the future rights of bumiputera.[3]
  • To develop all Sarawakian, specifically, and also all Malaysian, generally, in all various fields, mostly in education, politics, financial, economic & trades, social, public safety, youth & women communities, cultures & arts, and sports.
  • To promote and protect the feeling of harmony and unity spirits of all Sarawakians towards creating a strong united region in Sarawak.
  • To promoting the harmonious, peaceful, safe and prosperous Malaysia to all around the world.
  • To protect the rule of parliamentary democracy.
  • To protect, strengthen, and giving justice for the region of Sarawak, as based on Malaysia Agreement 1963 (MA63).
  • To support and defend the United Nation's charter.
  • To take effective steps in eradicating subversive movements which could compromise Malaysia's security.[3]

Party structure

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The party structure of PBB is in many ways resembles to that of the national party United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) due to the influence exerted by Abdul Rahman Ya'kub. PBB has four levels of bureaucracy namely:[3]

  • General Assembly (similar to UMNO General Assembly)
  • Supreme Council (similar to UMNO Supreme Council)
  • Branches (set up in each state constituencies in Sarawak, similar to UMNO divisions which is set up in each parliamentary constituency in Malaysia except for the state of Sarawak.)
  • Sub-branches (similar to UMNO branches)
  • Each level will have its own youth and women wings

The party's general assembly is held every 3 years to assemble all party leaders and grassroot members to discuss party policies, responsibility of Supreme Council, and to elect party leaders into Supreme Council but does not influence party directions and policies. The party constitution was amended so that "the party's system of representation of at general assemblies in line with the system used by UMNO". Therefore, a chairman will be in-charge of the general assembly, allowing the party president take an active role during the assembly. The party's first ever general assembly was held from 13 to 14 July 1974, less than a month before the 1974 Malaysian general election. All the party's top posts were not contested at that time. In this general assembly, Abang Abu Bakar and Salleh Jafaruddin (Rahman's nephew) from bumiputera wing were elected to the party's executive committee. Alfred Jabu Numpang, from PESAKA wing was also elected to become youth chief of the party. He would later become deputy chief minister of Sarawak under the chieftainship of Taib Mahmud.[3]

The Supreme Council consisted of:[3]

  • Yang di-Pertua (also known as president)
  • Deputy Yang di-Pertua (also known as Deputy president)
  • Vice-Yang di-Pertuas (also known as vice-presidents, consisted of 9 people)
  • Secretary-general
  • Deputy secretary-general
  • Assistant secretary-general (5 people)
  • Treasurer
  • Assistant treasurer
  • Publicity chief
  • Assistant publicity chief
  • Appointed executive committee members (11 people)
  • Elected executive committee members (20 people)

During the formation of PBB, both Parti Bumiputera and PESAKA agreed to elect a PESAKA leader to become the president of the party. The party had 7 vice-presidents instead of the current 9 members. 4 vice-president posts will be given to Bumiputera wing while 3 will be given to PESAKA wing. The secretary-general post will be given to Bumiputera wing while assistant secretary-general posts will be divided among Bumiputera wing (1 person) and PESAKA wing (3 people). The rest of the party posts were given to Bumiputera wing while youth chief post will be given to PESAKA wing.[3]

Leadership structure

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List of party leaders

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Yang di-Pertua of Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu

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Order Portrait Name Term of office Elected
1 Jugah Anak Barieng 30 April 1973 September 1975
2 Abdul Taib Mahmud October 1975 1978
3 Abdul Rahman Ya'kub 1978 26 March 1981
4 Abdul Taib Mahmud 26 March 1981 28 February 2014
5 Adenan Satem 1 March 2014 11 January 2017
6 Abang Abdul Rahman Johari Abang Openg 14 January 2017 Incumbent

After the formation of PBB, Temenggong Jugah Anak Barieng was appointed as the first president of the PBB while Taib Mahmud was appointed deputy president and Abdul Rahman Ya'kub was appointed the secretary-general of the party. In September 1975, Abdul Rahman suddenly announced his retirement from politics due to criticisms to his administration of the Sarawak state. Few weeks later, Temenggong Jugah also announced his retirement as the president of PBB. In October 1975, Taib Mahmud was appointed to the president of PBB to fill the vacancy left by Temenggong Jugah while Leonard Linggi, the son of Temenggong Jugah, was appointed to the secretary-general post, replacing Abdul Rahman. However, Abdul Rahman remained as the executive member of PBB and the leader of Sarawak Barisan Nasional (BN). Alfred Jabu moved his rank to the deputy president post while Celestine Ujang fill the youth chief post left vacant by Alfred Jabu.[3]

Two months later, Abdul Rahman changed his mind while he announced that he would not retire in the next five years. Abdul Rahman decided to take over the PBB presidency from Taib. For Taib, this was a dilemma but all the other party posts have been occupied. Taib demanded his uncle Abdul Rahman to create another deputy president post for him by changing the party constitution. Finally during the 1977 PBB general assembly meeting, another deputy president post was created and given to Taib while Abdul Rahman became the president of the party.[3]

Rahman retired from politics on 26 March 1981 and his nephew Taib Mahmud succeeded him as the PBB president for the second time. After holding the post for 33 years, Taib Mahmud retired from politics while allowing his former brother-in-law, Adenan Satem to take over the party on 1 March 2014 and he would hold the post until his death on 11 January 2017.

Following the death of Adenan Satem, Abang Abdul Rahman Johari Abang Openg was appointed as the 6th President of PBB on 13 January 2017.

Elected representatives

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Dewan Negara (Senate)

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Senators

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Main article: Members of the Dewan Negara, 15th Malaysian Parliament

Dewan Negara (Senate)

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Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)

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Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament

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Main article: Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament

PBB has 14 MPs in the House of Representatives.

State No. Parliament Constituency Member Party
 Sarawak P193 Santubong Nancy Shukri PBB
P194 Petra Jaya Fadillah Yusof PBB
P197 Kota Samarahan Rubiah Wang PBB
P198 Puncak Borneo Willie Mongin PBB
P200 Batang Sadong Rodiyah Sapiee PBB
P201 Batang Lupar Mohamad Shafizan Kepli PBB
P204 Betong Richard Rapu PBB
P206 Tanjong Manis Yusuf Abd. Wahab PBB
P207 Igan Ahmad Johnie Zawawi PBB
P213 Mukah Hanifah Hajar Taib PBB
P215 Kapit Alexander Nanta Linggi PBB
P218 Sibuti Lukanisman Awang Sauni PBB
P221 Limbang Hasbi Habibollah PBB
P222 Lawas Henry Sum Agong PBB
Total Sarawak (14)

Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)

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Malaysian State Assembly Representatives

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Main article: List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2022–present)

Sarawak State Legislative Assembly

47 / 82
State No. Parliamentary Constituency No. State Constituency Member Party
 Sarawak P193 Santubong N03 Tanjong Datu Azizul Annuar Adenan PBB
N04 Pantai Damai Abdul Rahman Junaidi PBB
N05 Demak Laut Hazland Abang Hipni PBB
P194 Petra Jaya N06 Tupong Fazzrudin Abdul Rahman PBB
N07 Samariang Sharifah Hasidah Sayeed Aman Ghazali PBB
N08 Satok Ibrahim Baki PBB
P197 Kota Samarahan N15 Asajaya Abdul Karim Rahman Hamzah PBB
N16 Muara Tuang Idris Buang PBB
N17 Stakan Hamzah Brahim PBB
P198 Puncak Borneo N18 Serembu Miro Simuh PBB
N19 Mambong Jerip Susil PBB
N20 Tarat Roland Sagah Wee Inn PBB
P199 Serian N21 Tebedu Simon Sinang Bada PBB
N22 Kedup Maclaine Ben @ Martin Ben PBB
N23 Bukit Semuja John Ilus PBB
P200 Batang Sadong N24 Sadong Jaya Aidel Lariwoo PBB
N25 Simunjan Awla Idris PBB
N26 Gedong Abang Abdul Rahman Zohari Abang Openg PBB
P201 Batang Lupar N27 Sebuyau Julaihi Narawi PBB
N28 Lingga Dayang Noorazah Awang Sohor PBB
N29 Beting Maro Razaili Gapor PBB
P204 Betong N35 Saribas Ricky @ Mohamad Razi bin Sitam PBB
N36 Layar Gerald Rentap Jabu PBB
N37 Bukit Saban Douglas Uggah Embas PBB
P205 Saratok N38 Kalaka Mohamad Duri PBB
N40 Kabong Mohd Chee Kadirh PBB
P206 Tanjong Manis N41 Kuala Rajang Len Talif Salleh PBB
N42 Semop Abdullah Saidol PBB
P207 Igan N43 Daro Safiee Ahmad PBB
N44 Jemoreng Juanda Jaya PBB
P209 Julau N47 Pakan William Mawan Ikom PBB
P210 Kanowit N50 Machan Allan Siden Gramong PBB
P212 Sibu N55 Nangka Annuar Rapaee PBB
P213 Mukah N56 Dalat Fatimah Abdullah PBB
N57 Tellian Royston Valentine PBB
N58 Balingian Abdul Yakub Arbi PBB
P215 Kapit N62 Katibas Ambrose Blikau Enturan PBB
N63 Bukit Goram Jefferson Jamit Unyat PBB
P217 Bintulu N67 Jepak Iskandar Turkee PBB
N69 Kemena Stephen Rundi Utom PBB
P218 Sibuti N71 Bekenu Rosey Yunus PBB
N72 Lambir Ripin Lamat PBB
P220 Baram N77 Telang Usan Dennis Ngau PBB
N78 Mulu Gerawat Gala PBB
P221 Limbang N79 Bukit Kota Abdul Rahman Ismail PBB
N80 Batu Danau Paulus Gumbang PBB
P222 Lawas N82 Bukit Sari Awang Tengah Ali Hasan PBB
Total Sarawak (47)

PBB state governments

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State Leader type Member Party State Constituency
 Sarawak Premier Abang Johari Openg PBB Satok
State Leader type Member Party State Constituency
 Sarawak Deputy Premier I Douglas Uggah Embas PBB Bukit Saban
 Sarawak Deputy Premier II Awang Tengah Ali Hasan PBB Bukit Sari

General election results

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Election Total seats won Seats contested Total votes Share of votes Outcome of election Election leader
1964
(BARJASA)
5 / 159
 12 appointed by Council Negri Increase5 seats; Governing coalition
(Alliance Party) 		Abdul Rahman Ya'kub
1964
(PANAS)
3 / 159
 12 Increase3 seats; Opposition Abang Mustapha
1964
(Pesaka)
6 / 159
 19 Increase6 seats; Governing coalition
(Alliance Party) 		Jugah Barieng
1969
(Bumiputera)
5 / 144
 11 Decrease3 seats; Governing coalition
(Alliance Party) 		Abdul Rahman Ya'kub
1969
(Pesaka)
2 / 144
 8 30,765 1.28% Decrease4 seats; Governing coalition
(allied with Alliance Party) 		Jugah Barieng
1974
8 / 144
 7 83,722 Increase1 seat; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Jugah Barieng
1978
8 / 154
 7 52,222 Steady; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Abdul Rahman Ya'kub
1982
8 / 154
 8 28,700 Steady; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Abdul Taib Mahmud
1986
8 / 177
 5 48,367 1.02% Steady; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Abdul Taib Mahmud
1990
10 / 180
 5 101,243 Increase2 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Abdul Taib Mahmud
1995
10 / 192
 11 42,210 Steady; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Abdul Taib Mahmud
1999
11 / 193
 11 100,062 Increase1 seat; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Abdul Taib Mahmud
2004
11 / 219
 14 80,408 1.15% Steady; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Abdul Taib Mahmud
2008
14 / 222
 14 131,243 1.65% Increase3 seats; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Abdul Taib Mahmud
2013
14 / 222
 14 232,390 2.10% Steady; Governing coalition
(Barisan Nasional) 		Abdul Taib Mahmud
2018
13 / 222
 14 220,479 1.83% Decrease1 seat; Opposition coalition
(Barisan Nasional),
later Governing coalition
(Gabungan Parti Sarawak) 		Abang Johari Openg
2022
14 / 222
 14 343,954 2.22% Increase1 seat; Governing coalition
(Gabungan Parti Sarawak) 		Abang Johari Openg

State election results

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State election State Legislative Assembly
Sarawak Total won / Total contested
2/3 majority
2 / 3
1969/1970

(Bumiputera)

11 / 48
11 / 21
1969/1970

(Pesaka)

8 / 48
8 / 35
1974
18 / 48
18 / 32
1979
17 / 48
18 / 18
1983
19 / 48
19 / 20
1987
14 / 48
14 / 23
1991
27 / 56
27 / 31
1996
30 / 62
29 / 30
2001
30 / 62
30 / 30
2006
35 / 71
35 / 35
2011
35 / 71
35 / 35
2016
39 / 82
39 / 39
2021
47 / 82
47 / 47

References

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  1. ^ Sharon Ling; Geryl Ogilvy (12 June 2018). "Sarawak BN parties pull out of coalition to form independent state-based pact". The Star. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  2. ^ Tilman, R.O (October 1963). "Elections in Sarawak". Asian Survey. 3 (10). University of California Press: 507–518. doi:10.2307/3023452. JSTOR 3023452.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Syam, M.F (2012). In Domination and Contestation: Muslim Bumiputera Politics in Sarawak. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 79–81, 96–101. ISBN 978-981-4311-58-8. Google Book Search. Retrieved 23 June 2014.

Notes

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  • Chin, James. 2003: The Melanau-Malay Schism Erupts Again: Sarawak at the Polls. In: New Politics in Malaysia. Lok Kok Wah / Johan Saravanamuttu, Singapore: Institute of South East Asian Studies (ISBN 981-230-169-0), pp. 213–227
  • James Chin. “The More Things Change, The More They Remain The Same”, in Chin Kin Wah & D. Singh (eds.) South East Asian Affairs 2004 (Singapore: Institute of South East Asian Studies, 2004)
  • James Chin. “Autonomy: Politics in Sarawak” in Bridget Welsh (ed) Reflections: The Mahathir Years, (Washington DC: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004) pp. 240–251
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