Parthian Dark Age

The so-called "Parthian Dark Age" refers to a period of three decades in the history of Parthian Empire between the death (or last years) of Mithridates II in 91 BC, and the accession to the throne of Orodes II in 57 BC,^[1]^[2] with various date ranges being mentioned by scholars.^[3]^[4]^[5] It is called a "Dark Age" due to a lack of clear information on the events of this period in the empire, except a series of, apparently overlapping, reigns.^[5]

No written source describing this period has survived, and scholars have been unable to clearly reconstruct the succession of rulers and their regnal years using the existing numismatic sources due to their ambiguities. No legal or administrative document from this period has been preserved.^[3] Multiple theories have been proposed to partially address this numismatic problem.^[1]

Based on the classical sources, the names of the rulers in this period are Sinatruces and his son Phraates (III), Mithridates (III/IV), Orodes (II), the sons of Phraates III, and a certain Darius (I),^[1] ruler of Media^[6] (or Media Atropatene?). Two other names, Gotarzes (I) and Orodes (I) are attested in dated cuneiform tablets from Babylon.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Vardanyan, Ruben (2006). "Some remarks on the arrangement of the Parthian "Dark Age" coin series" (PDF). Parthica: Incontri di Culture Nel Mondo Antico. 8. Retrieved 11 March 2020.^{[dead link]}
^ Sellwood, David (15 March 2011). "The Drachms of the Parthian "Dark Age"". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 108 (1): 2–25. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00132988. S2CID 161619682.
^ ^a ^b Boiy, T. (2004). Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon. Peeters Publishers. p. 184. ISBN 978-90-429-1449-0.
^ Kofoed, Jens Bruun (2005). Text and History: Historiography and the Study of the Biblical Text. Eisenbrauns. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-57506-094-1.
^ ^a ^b Sampson, Gareth C. (2008). The Defeat of Rome: Crassus, Carrhae and the Invasion of the East. Pen & Sword Military. p. 206. ISBN 978-1-84415-676-4.
^ "AZERBAIJAN iii. Pre-Islamic History – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. 8 February 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2020.

[Vardanyan-1] Vardanyan, Ruben (2006). "Some remarks on the arrangement of the Parthian "Dark Age" coin series" (PDF). Parthica: Incontri di Culture Nel Mondo Antico. 8. Retrieved 11 March 2020.^{[dead link]}

[2] Sellwood, David (15 March 2011). "The Drachms of the Parthian "Dark Age"". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 108 (1): 2–25. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00132988. S2CID 161619682.

[Boiy-3] Boiy, T. (2004). Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon. Peeters Publishers. p. 184. ISBN 978-90-429-1449-0.

[4] Kofoed, Jens Bruun (2005). Text and History: Historiography and the Study of the Biblical Text. Eisenbrauns. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-57506-094-1.

[Sampson-5] Sampson, Gareth C. (2008). The Defeat of Rome: Crassus, Carrhae and the Invasion of the East. Pen & Sword Military. p. 206. ISBN 978-1-84415-676-4.

[6] "AZERBAIJAN iii. Pre-Islamic History – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. 8 February 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2020.

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v t e Parthian Empire
Origins	Parni Dahae Parni conquest of Parthia
Dynasty	Armenia Iberia Caucasian Albania Chosroid Indo-Parthia
Noble clans	Seven Great Houses Ispahbudhan Karen Mihran Spandiyadh Suren Varaz Zik
Culture	Art Coinage Dress Language Music
Wars	Seleucid–Parthian Wars Battle of Ecbatana Roman–Parthian Wars Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 Antony's Atropatene campaign Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC Battle of Ctesiphon (165) Battle of Ctesiphon (198) Battle of Carrhae Battle of the Cilician Gates Battle of Mount Gindarus Battle of Amanus Pass Battle of Nisibis (217) Parthian war of Caracalla Armenian–Parthian War Bactrian–Parthian War
Related	Parthia Parthian army Parthian Dark Age Parthian shot Roman–Iranian relations
Lists	Parthian monarchs Rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms

See also

References