Paracoccus carotinifaciens

Paracoccus carotinifaciens
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Pseudomonadota
Class:	Alphaproteobacteria
Order:	Rhodobacterales
Family:	Paracoccaceae
Genus:	Paracoccus
Species:	P. carotinifaciens
Binomial name
	Paracoccus carotinifaciens; Tsubokura et al., 1999

Paracoccus carotinifaciens is an aerobic gram-negative bacterium which belongs to the Proteobacteria class. This micro-organism is naturally found in aquatic soils.^[1] It generates a wide sprectrum of carotenoids from the xanthophyll group.

This species was identified in 1999^[1] in Japan and admitted as Paracoccus carotinifaciens by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes.

Characteristics

Paracoccus carotinifaciens contains many carotenoids, such as astaxanthin, adonirubin, and adonixanthin.^[2] Astaxanthin in Paracoccus carotinifaciens is found in a "free" form devoid of terminal modification and features predominantly a 3S,3'S-isomeric configuration, similar to the astaxanthin found in wild salmon or trout.^[3]

Applications

A selected strain of Paracoccus carotinifaciens, with higher concentration of carotenoids than the wild one, was developed through conventional selection methods without genetic engineering. The pigment derived from this strain is authorized to be used in animal feed for aquaculture (salmon, trout, red sea bream, shrimp) and for poultry (laying hen and broiler).^[4]^[5]^[6]

Under the EU regulations for organic production, Paracoccus carotinifaciens is accepted as a source of pigment for the aquaculture of salmonids (salmon and trout).^[7]^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b Tsubokura, Akira; Yoneda, Hisashi; Mizuta, Haruyoshi (1999-01-01). "Paracoccus carotinifaciens sp. nov., a new aerobic Gram-negative astaxanthin-producing bacterium". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 49 (1): 277–282. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-1-277. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 10028273.
^ Honda, Masaki; Kawashima, Yuki; Hirasawa, Kazuaki; Uemura, Takeshi; Jinkun, Sun; Hayashi, Yoshiaki (June 2020). "Possibility of Using Astaxanthin-Rich Dried Cell Powder from Paracoccus carotinifaciens to Improve Egg Yolk Pigmentation of Laying Hens". Symmetry. 12 (6): 923. Bibcode:2020Symm...12..923H. doi:10.3390/sym12060923. ISSN 2073-8994.
^ Hayashi, Masahiro; Ishibashi, Takashi; Kuwahara, Daichi; Hirasawa, Kazuaki (2021), Misawa, Norihiko (ed.), "Commercial Production of Astaxanthin with Paracoccus carotinifaciens", Carotenoids: Biosynthetic and Biofunctional Approaches, vol. 1261, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 11–20, doi:10.1007/978-981-15-7360-6_2, ISBN 978-981-15-7359-0, PMID 33783727, retrieved 2024-06-24
^ European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (October 2007). "Opinion of the Scientific Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP) on Safety and efficacy of Panaferd-AX (red carotenoid-rich bacterium Paracoccus carotinifaciens) as feed additive for salmon and trout: Opinion of the Scientific Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP) on Safety and efficacy of Panaferd-AX (red carote". EFSA Journal. 5 (10): 546. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2007.546.
^ Lerfall, Jørgen; Bendiksen, Eldar Åsgard; Olsen, Jan Vidar; Morrice, David; Østerlie, Marianne (2016-01-20). "A comparative study of organic- versus conventional farmed Atlantic salmon. I. Pigment and lipid content and composition, and carotenoid stability in ice-stored fillets". Aquaculture. 451: 170–177. Bibcode:2016Aquac.451..170L. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.09.013. hdl:11250/2473880. ISSN 0044-8486.
^ Inoue, Hiroki; Shimamoto, Saki; Takahashi, Hironori; Kawashima, Yuki; Wataru, Sato; Ijiri, Daichi; Ohtsuka, Akira (February 2019). "Effects of astaxanthin-rich dried cell powder from Paracoccus carotinifaciens on carotenoid composition and lipid peroxidation in skeletal muscle of broiler chickens under thermo-neutral or realistic high temperature conditions". Animal Science Journal. 90 (2): 229–236. doi:10.1111/asj.13141. ISSN 1344-3941. PMC 6590453. PMID 30556214.
^ Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1165 of 15 July 2021 authorising certain products and substances for use in organic production and establishing their lists (Text with EEA relevance), 2021-07-15, retrieved 2024-06-24
^ Johnston, Janice (2021-08-13). "In the pink - Panaferd-AX is the natural choice of pigment for salmonids". Fish Farmer Magazine. Retrieved 2024-06-24.

[auto-1] Tsubokura, Akira; Yoneda, Hisashi; Mizuta, Haruyoshi (1999-01-01). "Paracoccus carotinifaciens sp. nov., a new aerobic Gram-negative astaxanthin-producing bacterium". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 49 (1): 277–282. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-1-277. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 10028273.

[2] Honda, Masaki; Kawashima, Yuki; Hirasawa, Kazuaki; Uemura, Takeshi; Jinkun, Sun; Hayashi, Yoshiaki (June 2020). "Possibility of Using Astaxanthin-Rich Dried Cell Powder from Paracoccus carotinifaciens to Improve Egg Yolk Pigmentation of Laying Hens". Symmetry. 12 (6): 923. Bibcode:2020Symm...12..923H. doi:10.3390/sym12060923. ISSN 2073-8994.

[3] Hayashi, Masahiro; Ishibashi, Takashi; Kuwahara, Daichi; Hirasawa, Kazuaki (2021), Misawa, Norihiko (ed.), "Commercial Production of Astaxanthin with Paracoccus carotinifaciens", Carotenoids: Biosynthetic and Biofunctional Approaches, vol. 1261, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 11–20, doi:10.1007/978-981-15-7360-6_2, ISBN 978-981-15-7359-0, PMID 33783727, retrieved 2024-06-24

[4] European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (October 2007). "Opinion of the Scientific Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP) on Safety and efficacy of Panaferd-AX (red carotenoid-rich bacterium Paracoccus carotinifaciens) as feed additive for salmon and trout: Opinion of the Scientific Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP) on Safety and efficacy of Panaferd-AX (red carote". EFSA Journal. 5 (10): 546. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2007.546.

[5] Lerfall, Jørgen; Bendiksen, Eldar Åsgard; Olsen, Jan Vidar; Morrice, David; Østerlie, Marianne (2016-01-20). "A comparative study of organic- versus conventional farmed Atlantic salmon. I. Pigment and lipid content and composition, and carotenoid stability in ice-stored fillets". Aquaculture. 451: 170–177. Bibcode:2016Aquac.451..170L. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.09.013. hdl:11250/2473880. ISSN 0044-8486.

[6] Inoue, Hiroki; Shimamoto, Saki; Takahashi, Hironori; Kawashima, Yuki; Wataru, Sato; Ijiri, Daichi; Ohtsuka, Akira (February 2019). "Effects of astaxanthin-rich dried cell powder from Paracoccus carotinifaciens on carotenoid composition and lipid peroxidation in skeletal muscle of broiler chickens under thermo-neutral or realistic high temperature conditions". Animal Science Journal. 90 (2): 229–236. doi:10.1111/asj.13141. ISSN 1344-3941. PMC 6590453. PMID 30556214.

[7] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1165 of 15 July 2021 authorising certain products and substances for use in organic production and establishing their lists (Text with EEA relevance), 2021-07-15, retrieved 2024-06-24

[8] Johnston, Janice (2021-08-13). "In the pink - Panaferd-AX is the natural choice of pigment for salmonids". Fish Farmer Magazine. Retrieved 2024-06-24.

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