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Paofu
Men and women dressed in jiaolingpao (cross-collar robe), Han Tomb Mural, Luoyang
Zhao Mengfu wearing a yuanlingpao (round collar robe), dated 1296.
Chinese name
Chinese袍服
Literal meaningGown or robe
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinPáofú
Pao
Chinese袍
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinPáo
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingpou4
Korean name
Hangul포
Hanja袍
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationPo
English name
EnglishRobe/ Chinese robe

Paofu (Chinese: 袍服; pinyin: páofú; lit. 'robe'), also known as pao (Chinese: 袍; pinyin: páo; lit. 'robe')[1][2]: 90  for short, is a form of a long, one-piece robe in Hanfu, which is characterized by the natural integration of the upper and lower part of the robe which is cut from a single fabric.[3] The term is often used to refer to the jiaolingpao and the yuanlingpao.[2]: 90  The jiaolingpao was worn since the Zhou dynasty[1] and became prominent in the Han dynasty.[4]: 13  The jiaolingpao was a unisex, one-piece robe;[5]: 234  while it was worn mainly by men, women could also wear it.[4]: 12  It initially looked similar to the ancient shenyi; however, these two robes are structurally different from each other.[4]: 10–13  With time, the ancient shenyi disappeared while the paofu evolved gaining different features in each succeeding dynasties; the paofu continues to be worn even in present day.[4]: 14  The term paofu refers to the "long robe" worn by ancient Chinese,[4]: 15 [6]: 217 [7] and can include several form of Chinese robes of various origins and cuts, including Changshan, Qipao, Shenyi, Tieli, Zhisun, Yesa.

Terminology

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See also: Ru (upper garment)

The term paofu (袍服) is composed of the Chinese characters pao《袍》, which literally means "robe", and fu《服》which literally means "clothing". The character pao《袍》is the same character which is used as an abbreviated synonym of paofu.

The Chinese character《袍》can be found in ancient texts dating prior to the Qin and Han dynasties, such as in the Lun Yu《論語》.[8] According to the Guangyun, the character《袍》can also refer to the changru (simplified Chinese: 长襦; traditional Chinese: 長襦; pinyin: chángrú; lit. 'long jacket').[9] The term changru which appear in the ancient texts has been described as the precursor of the chang ao by scholars.[10]: 48–50 

Naming based on design

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There are different types of paofu, which can be referred by different names and terms based on its style, cut, length, and specific features.

The term changpao is a generic term which refers to robes which are long in length and can include different forms of long robes, such as the ancient shenyi, the yuanlingpao.[4]: 14 

There are also specific terms which is used to described pao with or without lining or padding: for example, jiapao and mianpao,[4]: 12  yunpao (Chinese: 縕袍; lit. 'hemp robe') which is robe quilted with hemp.[11]

There are specific types of paofu, which can be named based on their specific cut, construction, accessories, and wearing styles, are the:

  • Baoyi bodai – a simple, loose-fitting robes with long, open sleeves, a style worn by men which provided a carefree look to its wearer.[4]: 14 
  • Daopao
  • Guipao[4]: 14 
  • Jiaolingpao – long robe with a cross-collar closing which closes to the right; worn since the Zhou dynasty.[1]
  • Panling lanshan vs Yuanlingpao vs Fanlingpao
  • Longpao (龙袍) – dragon robe.
  • Xi (襲) – an ancient term used to refer to the paofu which closed on the left side in a style called zuoren (左衽袍) as defined by the Shuowen jiezi.[12] It was typically worn by a deceased person.[13]
  • Zhiduo vs Zhishen

Construction and design

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Main article: Garment collars in Hanfu
A daopao, a form of paofu with a youren closure, Ming dynasty

The paofu and the shenyi are both one-piece robes as an result.[4]: 14  However, the difference between those two is the cut and construction of the garment.

The shenyi is composed of two parts: an upper garment called yi and a lower garment called chang, which are then sewn together into a one-piece robe;[4]: 10  and therefore, there is the presence of a middle seam where the two parts were connected together. The paofu, on the other hand, has its upper and lower part made out of a single fabric leading to the absence of middle seam between the upper and lower part.[3]

Typically the paofu closes on the right side in a style called youren and was a very important symbol of cultural identity for the Han Chinese.[14] The paofu could also be found closing on the left style called zuoren. The paofu with a zuoren closure was generally associated with the dress of ethnic minorities and the Hufu;[14] however, they could also be the funeral dress of the Han Chinese.[14] It was also a possible for some living Han Chinese to adopt paofu with a zuoren closure in geographical areas which were ruled by foreign nationalities.[15]

History

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Zhou dynasty

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Eastern Zhou silk painting featuring a man wearing shenyi and a guan with a dragon.

In the Zhou dynasty, paofu was one of the basic clothing worn by the Han Chinese people, along with the Chinese trousers, called ku.[1] The style of paofu which was widely worn in this period is the jiaolingpao, which was a long robe with an overlapping front closing on the right side, a style called jiaoling youren.[1] The jiaolingpao was made with 2-length of fabric which started from the back hem and continued down to the front hem without discontinuity over the shoulders; they were then sewed at the central region of the back and under the arms which often allowed for side vents on the lower side seams to be formed.[1] To form the sleeves, 2 additional pieces of fabrics were sewed together at the shoulder regions of the garment.[1] It was left open in the front, and it could be closed at the waist with a tie or with a belt.[1] Other pieces of fabric could be added to make the width at the sides bigger or to create the overlapping front of the robe.[1]

Han dynasty

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See also: Shenyi
Woman wearing a floor-length jiaolingpao revealing her undergarments, Han dynasty.
A male servant wearing a mid-calf length jiaolingpao, Han dynasty.
Reconstruction of Han dynasty shenyi.

The jiaolingpao became a prominent form of attire in the Han dynasty; it was mainly worn by men, although it was sometimes worn by women. Even with the rising popularity of jiaolingpao, women continued to wear shenyi.[4]: 12  In the Han dynasty, jiaolingpao was typically worn by the members of royalty and by the aristocrats as an outerwear.[16] It was also the uniform of government officials.[16] Around the 206 BC, the jiaolingpao worn by elders had large sweeping sleeves which would be tied tightly to the wrist.[17]: 529  The jiaolingpao could be found in different length; the jiaolingpao, which could reach down to the ankles, were usually worn by scholars or elderlies whereas knee-length jiaolingpao were worn by warriors and heavy labourers.[4]: 13 [6]: 217  Elderlies started to wear the ankle-length jiaolingpao after 206 BC.[6]: 217 

The jiaolingpao in the Han dynasty had linings; and it could be called jiapao or mianpao based on whether it was padded.[4]: 12 [5]: 234  It was padded or quilted for warmth.[6]: 217  The sleeves were typically very wide and would become cinched at the wrists.[4]: 12–13  The collar was jiaoling youren, and it was cut lower than the shenyi, and it was also low enough to expose the undergarments of its wearer.[4]: 13 [5]: 234  It was also typically decorated with an embroidered dark-coloured band at the collar, front hem, and at the wrists.[4]: 13 

Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern dynasties

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Main articles: Yuanlingpao, Panling Lanshan, and Swallow-tailed Hems and Flying Ribbons clothing

By the Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern dynasties, the jiaolingpao of the Han dynasty evolved into the baoyi bodai (simplified Chinese: 褒衣博带; traditional Chinese: 褒衣博帶; pinyin: bāoyībódài; lit. 'loose clothing long belt') and into the more complex and elaborate women's paofu, guipao.[4]: 14 

Baoyi bodai

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Baoyi bodai-style paofu from the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, a tomb of the capital region of the Southern dynasties (5th-6th. c.).

The baoyi bodai was a type of loose paofu with long ribbons for men.[4]: 14  The baoyi bodai gave its wearer a casual and simple appearance.[4]: 14  Loose type of clothing was often worn during leisure times as found in the depictions of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo groove where men had their upper clothing open, allowed their inner garment to be exposed, a knotted belt or sash which would tied to the upper garment at the chest level, and their skirts and lower garment would be held by a belt made of clothing which would be knotted at the front of the lower garment.[18]: 315 

Men wearing loose jiaolingpao depicted in the Nymph of the Luo River by Gu Kaizhi
Loose jiaolingpao with large sleeves, by Gu Kaizhi.[19]: 58 

The baoyi bodai-style appears to have been a Northern Chinese style instead of a Southern Chinese style.[18]: 315  The baoyi bodai-style eventually became fashionable in the South.[20] Loose jiaolingpao with flowing, loose sleeves was a popular style among men from diverse social strata in the Eastern Jin and in the Southern dynasties period; a bixi was sometimes attached to the waist of the paofu.[19]: 56 

The baoyi bodai style also appeared on the images of Buddha which dates from the late 5th century AD.[18]: 315  The baoyi bodai style appears to have been a direct consequence of Emperor Xiaowen's Sinicization reforms in 486 AD.[20] The popularity of the baoyi bodai style was very high, and it eventually replaced the Indian-style clothing (i.e. sanghati) which used to be depicted on the Buddha.[21]: 435 [20]

Sui and Tang dynasties

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A woman wearing a jiaolingpao, Tang dynasty

In the Tang dynasty, the jiaolingpao evolved into a paofu with a round collar,[4]: 14  referred as yuanlingpao or panling lanshan. However, Tang dynasty women also continued to wear long and loose jiaolingpao which was tied and knotted with a large sash at the hipline.[22]: 4 

Song dynasty

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Yuan dynasty

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Ming dynasty

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In Ming dynasty, the jiaolingpao continued to be worn by commoner men; it was worn with an undershirt, loose trousers (ku), and a sash around the waist.[22]: 28  Other specific forms of paofu also coexisted such as: daopao, yuanlingpao, zhiduo, zhishen, and panling lanshan, etc.[23]

Qing dynasty

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Main article: Qizhuang

Derivatives and influences

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Japan

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The kimono was based on a type of Chinese pao which was popular in the 8th century AD Japanese court.[24]

Korea

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Chinese-style po (Korean: 포; Hanja: 袍; RR: po; MR: p'o) influenced by the Han dynasty coexisted together with the native Korean po during the Three Kingdom period.[16] The po influenced by the Han dynasty either had a straight collar crossing at the front, which is referred as jingnyeong gyoim (Korean: 직령교임; Hanja: 直領交衽; RR: Jiknyeonggyoim), or had a straight collar which does not overlap at the front, which is referred as jingnyeong daeim (Korean: 직령대임; RR: jingnyeongdaeim); the sleeves of the Chinese-style po were also long enough to cover the back of the hands; the robe could reach the ankle-level or longer, and could even trail on the ground.[16]

During the Goguryeo period, a form of paofu, which was the precursor of the durumagi, was adopted and worn by the upper class of Goguryeo in various forms for ceremonies and rituals.[25]

The dallyeong (Korean: 단령; Hanja: 團領; RR: danryeong; Korean pronunciation: [dallyeong]) originated from the Chinese's yuanlingpao; it was introduced from the Tang dynasty was introduced during the Silla period.[16]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bonds, Alexandra B. (2008). Beijing opera costumes : the visual communication of character and culture. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 52–54. ISBN 978-1-4356-6584-2. OCLC 256864936.
  2. ^ a b Burkus, Anne Gail (2010). Through a forest of chancellors : fugitive histories in Liu Yuan's Lingyan ge, an illustrated book from seventeenth-century Suzhou. Yuan, active Liu. Cambridge, Mass. ISBN 978-1-68417-050-0. OCLC 956711877.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ a b "Hanfu History | The Development of Chinese Robe System - 2022". www.newhanfu.com. 2020-11-04. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Hua, Mei; 华梅 (2004). Chinese clothing. 于红. Beijing: China International Press. ISBN 7-5085-0612-X. OCLC 61214922.
  5. ^ a b c Heather, Langford (2009). The textiles of the Han Dynasty & their relationship with society (Thesis). Australia: The University of Adelaide. hdl:2440/64723. OCLC 749107460.
  6. ^ a b c d Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015). World Clothing and Fashion An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317451679.
  7. ^ Zhou, Fang (2019). "On the Differences between the "Paofu" and "Ruqun" Types of Men's Costumes in the Cave Murals of Dunhuang--《Dunhuang Research》". en.cnki.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
  8. ^ "The Analects : 《子罕 - Zi Han》". ctext.org. Retrieved 2022-06-26.
  9. ^ "廣韻 : 下平聲 : 豪 : 袍 - Chinese Text Project". ctext.org. Retrieved 2022-06-14.
  10. ^ Finnane, Antonia (2008). Changing clothes in China : fashion, history, nation. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-14350-9. OCLC 84903948.
  11. ^ "Zhuangzi : Miscellaneous Chapters :《讓王 - Kings who have wished to resign the Throne》". ctext.org (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 2022-06-26.
  12. ^ "Shuo Wen Jie Zi : 卷九 : 衣部 - Chinese Text Project". ctext.org (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  13. ^ Ministry of Education (2021). "Dictionary review [襲 : ㄒㄧˊ] Ministry of Education 《Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary》". dict.revised.moe.edu.tw. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  14. ^ a b c Ma, Xiaofang (2018). "Study on the Aesthetics of Han Chinese Clothing Culture in the TV Play q Nirvana in Fireq". Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2018). Atlantis Press. pp. 639–643. doi:10.2991/iccessh-18.2018.143. ISBN 978-94-6252-528-3.
  15. ^ The Museum of Far East Antique Bulletin 70. Östasiatiska museet. 1998. p. 208.
  16. ^ a b c d e "Po(袍)". Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture.
  17. ^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015). World Clothing and Fashion : an Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-45167-9. OCLC 910448387.
  18. ^ a b c Dien, Albert E. (2007). Six dynasties civilization. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07404-8. OCLC 72868060.
  19. ^ a b 5000 years of Chinese costumes. Xun Zhou, Chunming Gao, 周汛, Shanghai Shi xi qu xue xiao. Zhongguo fu zhuang shi yan jiu zu. San Francisco, CA: China Books & Periodicals. 1987. ISBN 0-8351-1822-3. OCLC 19814728.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  20. ^ a b c Tsiang, Katherine R. (2002). "Changing Patterns of Divinity and Reform in the Late Northern Wei". The Art Bulletin. 84 (2): 222–245. doi:10.2307/3177267. ISSN 0004-3079. JSTOR 3177267.
  21. ^ Early medieval China : a sourcebook. Wendy Swartz, Robert Ford Campany, Yang Lu, Jessey Jiun-Chyi Choo. New York. 2014. ISBN 978-0-231-53100-9. OCLC 873986732.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  22. ^ a b Sun, Ming-ju (2002). Chinese fashions. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-42053-1. OCLC 55693573.
  23. ^ "Hanfu History | The Development of Chinese Robe System - 2021". www.newhanfu.com. 2020. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  24. ^ Sun, Ming-Ju (2007). Japanese kimono paper designs : coloring book. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-46223-3. OCLC 271671537.
  25. ^ Lee, Samuel Songhoon (2013). Hanbok: Timeless Fashion Tradition. Seoul Selection. pp. 13–14. ISBN 9781624120565. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
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