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Palpana

Coordinates: 21°32′48″S 68°31′21″W / 21.54667°S 68.52250°W / -21.54667; -68.52250
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Palpana
The volcano is visible in the upper center portion of the photo, which was taken from the summit of Ollagüe volcano. Salar de Ascotán (left) and Salar de Carcote (right) are also visible in the photo.
Highest point
Prominence1,947 m (6,388 ft)[1]
Parent peakAucanquilcha
ListingUltra
Coordinates21°32′48″S 68°31′21″W / 21.54667°S 68.52250°W / -21.54667; -68.52250[1]
Geography
Palpana is located in Chile
Palpana
Palpana
Parent rangeAndes
Climbing
First ascent13 October 1977 - José Ambrus and Jaime Sepúlveda (Chile)[2][3]

Palpana (from pparpana, ram[4]) is a volcano in the Andes of Chile. It has a summit elevation of 6,040 metres (19,820 ft).[5][a][b]

It is part of the dividing range between Upper Loa River basin and Salar de Ascotán basin. Together with Inacaliri and Azufre, it forms a 50 kilometres (31 mi) long volcanic chain constructed along the Inacaliri lineament.[12] The volcano rises above an ignimbrite plain that in the area reaches an altitude of 3,700 metres (12,100 ft)[13] and forms a chain of volcanoes with Inacaliri.[14]

A 1.3 by 1.8 kilometres (0.81 mi × 1.12 mi) wide crater surmounts the volcano and features late lava domes.[15] A lava dome cluster is recognizable in the central sector of the volcano, forming a flat area with a surface of 4.7 square kilometres (1.8 sq mi). The volcano contains basaltic rocks with an extrusion formed from more silicic rock. Layers of mafic andesite, scoria and some pumice extend outwards away from the central sector. The volcano rises 6,023 metres (19,760 ft) above its terrain and its average summit slope is 26°. The western flank underwent a collapse, leaving a 2.9 kilometres (1.8 mi) wide and 5.9 kilometres (3.7 mi) long scar and a deposit at the volcano's foot. Olivine and plagioclase phenocrysts are found in the andesites, the overall SiO2 content is 57.6-58.9% in samples from the southern ridge.[16][13][17][18] The volcano probably formed in a short timespan, given the mountainous composition and form.[19] Normal faults have affected the area.[20]

Palpana from the east

The volcano is no more than 1-2 mya old, but there is no evidence of postglacial material and erosion has carved radial ridges into the volcano.[16][20] Precise dating methods performed on the southeastern flank have found ages of 3.65±0.15 mya and 3.81±0.30 for lavas and scoria.[19] The snowline altitude in the area is 5,900–6,000 metres (19,400–19,700 ft)[21] Four moraine stages are found on the mountain, with the lowest moraines on the southern flank at 4,200 metres (13,800 ft) altitude.[13] Nowadays, block glaciers have been identified in the area,[22] one of which is found at 5,300 metres (17,400 ft).[13] The mountain is also one of the headwaters of the Loa River,[23] and water was transferred from Palpana to Antofagasta by pipeline.[24] A minor vegetation cover of 20-25% of the surface is present.[13]

The mountain is worshipped by pastoralist people who inhabit the surrounding land, and remnants of a sanctuary have been found on its summit.[25]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Other data from digital elevation models: SRTM yields 6,034 metres (19,797 ft),[6] ASTER 6,024 metres (19,764 ft),[7] SRTM filled with ASTER6,034 metres (19,797 ft),[7] ALOS 6,024 metres (19,764 ft),[8] TanDEM-X 6,076 metres (19,934 ft)[9] and a handheld GPS survey by Maximo Kausch September 2012 6,050 metres (19,850 ft).[5]
  2. ^ The height of the nearest key col is 4,093 metres (13,428 ft),[10] leading to a topographic prominence of 1,947 metres (6,388 ft) with a topographical dominance of 32.24%. Its parent peak is Aucanquilcha and the Topographic isolation is 36.6 kilometres (22.7 mi).[11]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Argentina and Chile: North Ultra-Prominences" Peaklist.org. In the footnotes, Peaklist offers this comment:[1] Cerro Palpana: We believe this is marginally higher than the published 6023 meter elevation. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  2. ^ Echevarria. Chile Andinista.
  3. ^ "AAJ". AAJ: 580. 1978.
  4. ^ Latorre, Guillermo (1997). "Tendencias generales en la toponimia del Norte Grande de Chile" (PDF). Revista Onomázein (in Spanish). 2: 181–196. doi:10.7764/onomazein.2.08. S2CID 165281433. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  5. ^ a b "Andean Mountains - All above 5000m". Andes Specialists. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  6. ^ USGS, EROS Archive. "USGS EROS Archive - Digital Elevation - SRTM Coverage Maps". Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  7. ^ a b "ASTER GDEM Project". ssl.jspacesystems.or.jp. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  8. ^ "ALOS GDEM Project". Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  9. ^ TanDEM-X, TerraSAR-X. "Copernicus Space Component Data Access". Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  10. ^ "Andean Mountains - All above 5000m". Andes Specialists. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  11. ^ "Palpana". Andes Specialists. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  12. ^ de Silva, Shanaka L.; Francis, Peter William (1 January 1991). Volcanoes of the Central Andes. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 71. ISBN 9783540537069. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  13. ^ a b c d e Schröder, Hilmar (June 1999). "Vergleichende Periglazialmorphologie im Sommerregengebiet der Atacama". Erdkunde (in German). 53 (2): 119–135. doi:10.3112/erdkunde.1999.02.03. JSTOR 25647145.
  14. ^ Godoy, Benigno; Rodríguez, Inés; Pizarro, Marcela; Rivera, Germain (2017). "Geomorphology, lithofacies, and block characteristics to determine the origin, and mobility, of a debris avalanche deposit at Apacheta-Aguilucho Volcanic Complex (AAVC), northern Chile". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 347: 136–148. Bibcode:2017JVGR..347..136G. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.09.008. ISSN 0377-0273.
  15. ^ González-Maurel, Osvaldo; Deegan, Frances M.; le Roux, Petrus; Harris, Chris; Troll, Valentin R.; Godoy, Benigno (22 April 2020). "Constraining the sub-arc, parental magma composition for the giant Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex, northern Chile". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 6864. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.6864G. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63454-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7176692. PMID 32321945.
  16. ^ a b Huxley, Michael (1969). The Geographical Magazine (42 ed.). Geographical Press, University of Michigan. p. 802. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  17. ^ Francis, P. W.; Wells, G. L. (July 1988). "Landsat Thematic Mapper observations of debris avalanche deposits in the Central Andes". Bulletin of Volcanology. 50 (4): 258–278. Bibcode:1988BVol...50..258F. doi:10.1007/BF01047488. S2CID 128824938.
  18. ^ Wigger, Klaus-Joachim Reutter, Ekkehard Scheuber, Peter J. (1994). "Large- and Fine-Scale Geochemical Variations Along the Andean Arc of Northern Chile (17.5°– 22°S)". Tectonics of the Southern Central Andes Structure and Evolution of an Active Continental Margin. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 83–84. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-77353-2_5. ISBN 978-3-642-77353-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ a b Wörner, Gerhard; Hammerschmidt, Konrad; Henjes-Kunst, Friedhelm; Lezaun, Judith; Wilke, Hans (December 2000). "Geochronology (40Ar/39Ar, K-Ar and He-exposure ages) of Cenozoic magmatic rocks from Northern Chile (18-22°S): implications for magmatism and tectonic evolution of the central Andes". Revista Geológica de Chile. 27 (2). Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  20. ^ a b Godoy, Benigno; González-Maurel, Osvaldo; Harris, Chris; le Roux, Petrus; Lister, James (August 2023). "Oxygen and radiogenic isotopes require different contamination paths in the Azufre volcano, Central Andes, northern Chile". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 128: 2–3. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104451.
  21. ^ Singh, Ram Bali (1 January 1992). Dynamics of mountain geosystems. New Delhi: Ashish Pub. House. p. 165. ISBN 9788170244721. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  22. ^ Schröder, Hilmar (2001). "Kommentar Zu Den Anmerkungen Von Bettina Jenny, Klaus Kammer Und Bruno Messerli (erdkunde 55, 2001, 288–289)". Erdkunde (in German). 55 (3): 289–291. doi:10.3112/erdkunde.2001.03.07. JSTOR 25647397.
  23. ^ Billinghurst, Guillermo Eduardo (1 January 1893). La irrigación en Tarapacá (in Spanish). Imprenta y Librería Ercilla. p. 65.
  24. ^ Rudolph, William E. (1 January 1951). "Chuquicamata Twenty Years Later". Geographical Review. 41 (1): 88–113. doi:10.2307/211310. JSTOR 211310.
  25. ^ Ibacache D, Sebastián; Cantarutti R, Gabriel; Berenguer R, José; Salazar S, Diego (1 August 2016). "Adoratorios de altura y dominación incaica en el Alto Loa, norte de Chile". Intersecciones en Antropología. 17 (2): 173–186. ISSN 1850-373X.
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