Palaeophis

Palaeophis Temporal range: Ypresian - Priabonian, Possible Cenomanian - Maastrichtian record
Fossil vertebrae of Palaeophis maghrebianus from Khouribga (Morocco)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	†Palaeophiidae
Subfamily:	†Palaeophiinae
Genus:	†Palaeophis Owen, 1841
Type species
†Palaeophis toliapicus Owen, 1841
Species
Species †Palaeophis africanus Andrews 1924 †Palaeophis casei Holman 1982 †Palaeophis colossaeus Rage 1983 †Palaeophis ferganicus Averianov 1997 †Palaeophis grandis Marsh 1869 †Palaeophis littoralis Cope 1847 †Palaeophis maghrebianus Arambourg 1952 †Palaeophis nessovi Averianov 1997 †Palaeophis oweni Zigno 1881 †Palaeophis tamdy Averianov 1997 †Palaeophis toliapicus Owen 1841(type) †Palaeophis typhaeus Owen 1850 †Palaeophis vastaniensis Bajpai & Head 2008 †Palaeophis virginianus Lynn 1934 †Palaeophis zhylan Averianov 1997
Synonyms
Dinophis (Marsh, 1869) Titanophis (Marsh, 1878) Vialovophis (Averianov, 1997)

Palaeophis ('ancient snake') is an extinct genus of marine snake that is the type genus of the extinct snake family Palaeophiidae.

Described species within this genus lived in the Eocene epoch, with some unnamed or questionable records from Cenomanian and Maastrichtian. Fossils of species within this genus have been found in England, France, Denmark, Morocco and Mali. Remains have also been found in North America, including Maryland and Virginia (from the early Eocene Nanjemoy Formation), Georgia and Mississippi.

Description

Restoration of Palaeophis maghrebianus

Illustration of articulated vertebrae of P. toliapicus from Sheppy and Bracklesham, England, UK

These species varied broadly in size; Palaeophis casei is the smallest at 1.3 metres of length, while the largest species, Palaeophis colossaeus, is estimated to have been 8.1–12.3 m (27–40 ft) long based on isolated vertebrae, making it one of the largest known snakes. However, most species of the genus were not as big. There are many species of Palaeophis but they can be separated into two assemblages of species or grades. In which the primitive grade include species whose vertebrae are weakly laterally compressed and have less developed and low process of vertebrae. Subsequently the advanced grade are characterized by vertebrae presenting a strong lateral compression which translate to being much better adaption to aquatic life.

Biology

Species of Palaeophis were specialised aquatic animals, as their fossils occur primarily in marine strata, though at least some estuarine remains have also been found. Different species are thought to have occupied different ecological niches.

Studies on Palaeophis vertebrae show a high degree of vascularisation, suggesting that it had a considerably faster metabolism and growth rate than modern snakes. This may suggest that palaeophiids, like other marine reptiles such as mosasaurs, might have developed towards endothermy.