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Pakistan International Airlines Flight 8303

Coordinates: 24°54′42″N 67°11′16″E / 24.91167°N 67.18778°E / 24.91167; 67.18778
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Pakistan International Airlines Flight 8303
AP-BLD, the aircraft involved, seen in 2016
Accident
Date22 May 2020 (2020-05-22)
SummaryBelly landing, subsequent crash during go-around after dual engine flameout
SiteModel Colony, near Jinnah International Airport, Karachi, Pakistan
24°54′42″N 67°11′16″E / 24.91167°N 67.18778°E / 24.91167; 67.18778
Total fatalities98
Total injuries9
Aircraft
Aircraft typeAirbus A320-214
OperatorPakistan International Airlines
IATA flight No.PK8303
ICAO flight No.PIA8303
Call signPAKISTAN 8303
RegistrationAP-BLD
Flight originAllama Iqbal International Airport, Lahore, Pakistan
DestinationJinnah International Airport, Karachi, Pakistan
Occupants99
Passengers91
Crew8
Fatalities97
Injuries2
Survivors2
Ground casualties
Ground fatalities1
Ground injuries7

Pakistan International Airlines Flight 8303 was a scheduled domestic flight from Allama Iqbal International Airport in Lahore to Jinnah International Airport in Karachi, Pakistan. On 22 May 2020, the Airbus A320 crashed into Model Colony, a densely populated residential area of Karachi only a few kilometres from the runway, while on a second approach after a failed landing attempt with landing gear not extended.

Due to pilot error, the aircraft was badly damaged in the first belly landing, with both engines flaming out during the go-around. Of the ninety-one passengers and eight crew on board the aircraft, ninety-seven were killed, and two passengers survived with injuries. Eight people on the ground were also injured in the accident, one of whom later succumbed to her injuries.

Accident

[edit]

The flight, piloted by Captain Sajjad Gul and First officer Usman Azam,[1][2] took off from Lahore at 13:05[3][4]: 10  and was near the end of its 90-minute journey,[5] when it crashed at around 14:45 (09:45 UTC)[6][7] into the densely-populated neighborhood of Model Colony[8] around 3 kilometres (2 miles) from the airport.[9][10] The aircraft's wings were reported as being on fire moments before the plane crashed into the rooftops of the houses and buildings in the area,[11][12][9] some of which caught fire.[13] The crash was captured on video by a CCTV camera of a nearby building, which shows the aircraft just before crashing into the neighborhood.[14]

The aircraft initially made an aborted landing attempt, apparently with the landing gear not extended.[15][3] One of the pilots subsequently radioed air traffic control (ATC) reporting landing gear issues and the failure of both engines.[5] ATC confirmed to the pilot that he was cleared to use either of the airport's two runways, requesting, "Confirm your attempt on belly?"[6][13] According to PIA's CEO, Arshad Malik, a technical fault prompted the aircraft to make a go-around rather than land, even though both runways were available.[11] One of the pilots told the controller, "we are returning back, sir, we have lost engines." Twelve seconds later, one of the pilots declared a mayday emergency,[3][16][17] which was the final communication with the aircraft.[15]

According to officials from Pakistan's Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), complications had arisen during the aircraft's first descent.[18] The landing gear was still in the retracted position when the aircraft attempted its first landing. Friction marks on the runway suggested there had been some ground contact; at the runway's 1,400-metre (4,500 ft) mark, the plane's left engine is believed to have scraped the runway; at the 1,700-metre (5,500 ft) mark, the right engine made contact. When the pilot went around, it is believed damage had already been caused to both engines from this contact, leading to engine failure after the go-around. This made it impossible for the aircraft to maintain altitude, causing it to crash during its return to the airfield.[18] This is supported by the conversation between the aircraft and air traffic control which indicates that the aircraft was constantly losing altitude.[7] Observers noted that the plane's ram air turbine was deployed, which supplies power to the aircraft's control systems when both engines have failed and without the auxiliary power unit (APU) running.[18]

The Economic Times, citing a report from air traffic control, reported that the pilots had ignored warnings from air traffic control about the height and speed of the aircraft on approach. At 14:30, the plane was 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) from Karachi, at Makli, flying at an altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m) instead of the recommended 7,000 feet (2,100 m), when ATC issued its first warning to reduce altitude. Instead of descending, one of the pilots responded by saying that he was satisfied with the descent profile. When only 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) from the airport, the aircraft was at an altitude of 7,000 feet instead of 3,000 feet (910 m). ATC issued a second instruction to turn to descend. One of the pilots responded again by stating that he was satisfied and able to handle the situation, and that he was prepared for landing.[19] The captain had a flying experience of 18,000 flight hours, including over 4,000 hours in the A320 family of aircraft.[20]

The narrow streets and alleys comprising the area impeded the rescue services.[5] ISPR, the Pakistani military's media wing, reported that special forces of the Pakistan Army and Pakistan Rangers had set up a cordon.[5][12] Video footage of the crash scene showed emergency teams trying to reach the scene amid the rubble, clouds of black smoke and flames in the background.[13]

Residents said it is not uncommon for aircraft on final approach to pass so close to building rooftops that they "feel ... we can touch it", given the proximity of the runways. Jinnah Airport is surrounded by urban areas on all sides save for the north side, which leads to a scenario very similar to San Diego or Kai Tak with jets having to pass low over urban buildings before landing on one of the two runways.[21] Edhi Foundation's Faisal Edhi said at least 25 houses suffered damage due to the crash.[12] PIA's spokesman Abdullah Hafiz Khan has said that 18 houses were destroyed or badly damaged.[22] According to a witness statement collected by Reuters, the plane hit a mobile phone tower in the vicinity of the airport as it crashed.[11]

Aircraft

[edit]
AP-BLD, when it was still in service with China Eastern Airlines
AP-BLD, when it was still in service with China Eastern Airlines

The aircraft involved was an Airbus A320-214,[23] built by Airbus Industrie in 2004, with registration AP-BLD and MSN 2274, and owned by GE Capital Aviation Services (GECAS).[24][8] The plane was powered by two CFM International CFM56-5B4/P engines,[25][24] which were most recently installed in February and May 2019.[18] The landing gear was installed in October 2014 and was next due for major servicing or replacement after 10 years in 2024.[18]

The PIA's engineering department reported that the last routine maintenance check on the plane was conducted on 21 March 2020, and the most comprehensive check was last performed on 19 October 2019, during which no defects were found in its engines, landing gear or avionics.[25][18] From 22 March to 7 May 2020, the plane had remained grounded owing to flight cancellations amid the global COVID-19 pandemic. From 7 May onward, the plane had conducted six flights.[18] The Civil Aviation Authority had declared the aircraft fit for flight until 5 November. On the day prior to the incident, the plane had operated a flight from Muscat to Lahore[25] and had logged 47,124 flight hours.[18]

Victims

[edit]
Passengers and crew by nationality[26]
Nationality Passengers Crew Total
Pakistan 90 8 98
United States 1 0 1
Total 91 8 99

Pakistan International Airlines released details of the flight manifest which shows 91 passengers (51 men, 31 women, and 9 children); there were also 8 crew members.[5][9][27][28][15] The death toll was confirmed as 97, consisting solely of those on board the plane[11][29] but later one of those injured on the ground died.[30] One of the passengers was an American citizen.[31] Among those killed was Pakistani model and actress Zara Abid.[32][33] Five officers from the Pakistan Army and one from the Pakistan Air Force were also among the victims.[34][35]

Meeran Yousaf, the spokesman of Sindh Health Department, has said eight residents of the Model Colony were injured in the crash and most victims' corpses had suffered burns.[22] Most of the injured were women and children.[22] Faisal Edhi said 25–30 people were hospitalized, mostly due to burns.[36][37][38] Ten days after the accident, one of the injured residents, a child maid, died in the hospital due to burn injuries.[39][30]

DNA testing was used to identify some of the victims.[30] As of 10 June 2020, 95 people have been identified, per Federal Aviation Minister Ghulam Sarwar Khan.[40][needs update] Edhi Foundation has reported about 19 bodies being taken away by relatives by force from its morgue, without providing proof to establish identity or waiting for identification through DNA testing.[41] Some families of the victims have alleged that the DNA identification tests carried out by the authorities were improper, accusing them of delay and misidentification.[42]

Aftermath

[edit]

The Sindh Minister of Health and Population Welfare declared a state of emergency for Karachi's hospitals, while Prime Minister Imran Khan ordered all available resources to the crash site, as did the chief of staff of the Pakistan Air Force.[11] Khan also announced an inquiry,[43] while PIA was reported to have shut down its website.[5] The President, Arif Alvi, tweeted his condolences.[13] Public figures across Pakistan expressed their sadness and shock at the incident.[44] Many international leaders and celebrities also sent their condolences.[45][46]

Pakistan had allowed domestic flights to resume, following suspension during the COVID-19 pandemic, six days earlier on 16 May.[5][note 1] Since the crash occurred during the last days of Ramadan, many people were expected to travel to celebrate Eid al-Fitr with their families.[6] The pandemic had already stretched the healthcare resources of the city and the crash intensified the burden. Consequently, one of the two survivors was moved to a public hospital in the city centre instead of hospitals closer to the crash site.[5]

The government announced a compensation of Rs. 1 million (₨ 10 lakh, US$6,250) each for the families of those killed, and Rs. 500,000 (₨ 5 lakh, US$3,125) each for the two survivors.[48][49] One of the survivors was identified as banker Zafar Masud, who is the CEO of the Bank of Punjab.[50]

On 25 June 2020, 150 of 434 pilots employed by PIA were indefinitely grounded for holding "either bogus or suspicious licenses".[51]

Five days later on 30 June, PIA was banned from flying into the European Union for six months for failing multiple safety tests and for failing to properly implement a safety management system, as stated in a letter sent to PIA from the European Union Air Safety Agency (EASA). The EASA stated that the decision could be appealed.[52] The EASA also banned the airline from flying to the United Kingdom.[53] On 9 July, PIA was banned from flying to the United States.[54][55]

Investigation

[edit]

The investigation was conducted by Pakistan's Aircraft Accident Investigation Board (AAIB). Airbus, the aircraft's manufacturer, stated they would be providing assistance to the investigation.[27][56][57] Subsequently, an 11-member Airbus team visited the crash site on 26 May.[58] The United States' National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) also stated they would assist in the investigation.[59]

The aircraft's flight data recorder (FDR) and cockpit voice recorder (CVR) were recovered[60][61] and flown to France.[62]

Ghulam Sarwar Khan, the federal minister for the Aviation Division, said that the full results of the inquiry would be made available within three months.[63] The engines had scraped the runway three times on the pilot's first attempt to land, causing friction and sparks.[4]: 12  The contact with the runway may have caused substantial damage to the engines' critical components located on the underside, consequently leading to failure.[64]

In a report published on 22 June 2020, both the air traffic controller on duty and flight crew's actions were reported to have been contributing factors which ultimately culminated in the crash.[65] In the report, the Captain was cited as being "overconfident".[66]

A fourteen-page preliminary report on the accident was released on 24 June. Extracts from the cockpit voice recorder suggest the pilots were preoccupied in a non-operational conversation about the COVID-19 pandemic.[67]

The aircraft was at an altitude of 9,800 feet (3,000 m) at navigation-waypoint MAKLI, whereas it was expected to be at 3,000 feet (910 m). The pilots disengaged the autopilot, and switched to "Open Descent" mode, in an effort to capture the ILS glide path, the aircraft momentarily achieved descent rates of over 7,000 feet per minute (2,100 m/min). The landing gear was extended at a height of 7,200 feet (2,200 m) when the aircraft was 10 nautical miles (12 mi; 19 km) from the runway but was inexplicably retracted by the time it came to 5 nautical miles (5.8 mi; 9.3 km). Landing was attempted without the landing gear extended.[68]

Before the first landing attempt (according to the CVR and FDR), multiple alerts including the over speed and gear unsafe warning, as well as ground proximity warning system (GPWS) all sounded, but were either missed or disregarded by the flight crew. One of the airport's CCTV cameras recorded the aircraft's first landing attempt and screenshots from the recording were used in the preliminary report. The recording shows the aircraft touching down on the runway on its engines, with sparks resulting from friction with the asphalt at high speed.[4]: 12 

After scraping the runway the crew initiated a go-around. A separate CCTV camera which recorded the impact showed that the aircraft's landing gear had been extended sometime between the first landing attempt and the crash.[14]

The AAIB finalized their final report on 20 April 2023, the accident was attributed to the flight crew violating standard operating procedures and ignoring instructions from ATC.[69]

See also

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^ All flights had been suspended on 29 March;[5] international flights were not scheduled to resume until 1 June.[47]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ali, Mohammad (22 May 2020). "Captain Sajjad Gul Was Pilot, Usman Azam First Officer Of Unfortunate PK 8303". UrduPoint. Pakistan Point News. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  2. ^ "Names of Pilot, Crew Members of PIA's Crashed Flight". Abb Takk News. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  3. ^ a b c Rai, Arpan (22 May 2020). "'We lost an engine': PIA plane pilot calmly tells ATC moments before crash". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  4. ^ a b c "PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION REPORT - ACCIDENT OF PIA FLIGHT PK8303 AIRBUS A320-214 REG NO AP-BLD CRASHED NEAR KARACHI AIRPORT ON 22-05-2020" (PDF). Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority. Aircraft Accident Investigation Board Pakistan. 19 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Calder, Simon; Hamdani, Raza (22 May 2020). "Pakistan plane crash: Khan calls for an investigation after Airbus jet come down near Karachi, killing dozens". The Independent. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  6. ^ a b c Ellis-Petersen, Hannah; Baloch, Shah Meer (22 May 2020). "Dozens killed as passenger plane crashes near Karachi airport". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  7. ^ a b Hashim, Asad (22 May 2020). "Pakistan passenger plane crashes in southern city of Karachi". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  8. ^ a b "Pakistan plane crashes near Karachi, all 107 killed". The Economic Times. Associated Press. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  9. ^ a b c "Pakistani passenger jet crashes near Karachi airport". Deutsche Welle. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  10. ^ "Plane crashes into residential area in Pakistan". The West Australian. 22 May 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d e Naseer, Tahir; Hassan, Qazi; Siddiqui, Naveed (22 May 2020). "97 killed as plane crashes into residential area near Karachi airport". Dawn. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  12. ^ a b c "At least 57 dead as Pakistan plane crashes in residential area in Karachi". The Times of India. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  13. ^ a b c d "Scores feared dead as passenger jet crashes in Pakistan". CBS News. Agence France-Presse. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  14. ^ a b Dey, Stela (22 May 2020). "CCTV Video Shows PIA Plane Crashing Into Karachi Building". NDTV. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  15. ^ a b c "Pakistan plane crash: Dozens die as jet hits homes in Karachi". BBC News. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  16. ^ "Pakistan plane crash: At least two survivors after aircraft carrying 98 people crashes in Karachi". Sky News. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  17. ^ "Pakistan crash pilot sent Mayday with 'lost engines': liveatc.net". Reuters. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h Ahmed, Waqas (24 May 2020). "First landing attempt doomed PK8303: officials". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  19. ^ "Pak plane crash: Pilot ignored warning about plane height from air traffic control". The Economic Times. 25 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  20. ^ "Final death toll in Pakistan plane crash rises to 97". Kyodo News. 23 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  21. ^ "Pakistan Plane Crashed: 97 died, Law Enforcement Operation". EMEA Tribune News. 23 May 2020. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  22. ^ a b c Jawad, Adil (23 May 2020). "Turbulence, warnings before Pakistan plane crash killed 97". The Detroit News. Associated Press. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  23. ^ Zulfikar, Fahad (22 May 2020). "PIA plane carrying 99 on-board crashes in Karachi". Business Recorder. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  24. ^ a b "Accident Airbus A320-214 AP-BLD, Friday 22 May 2020". asn.flightsafety.org. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  25. ^ a b c Naseer, Tahir (23 May 2020). "Crashed Airbus last checked on Mar 21, returned from Muscat a day ago". Dawn. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  26. ^ Saifi, Sophia; Raja, Adeel; Smith-Spark, Laura (5 May 2020). "Dozens killed as Pakistani airliner crashes in Karachi". CNN.com.
  27. ^ a b "PK8303 Crisis Statement Page". Airbus.com. Airbus. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  28. ^ Kulkarni, Pranav (22 May 2020). "Pakistan International Airlines flight to over 100 people onboard crashes near Karachi Airport; several dead". Times Now. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  29. ^ "Pakistan says 97 killed and two survived Karachi plane crash, after ending rescue operation". South China Morning Post. Agence France-Presse. 23 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  30. ^ a b c "Girl, 12, injured in Pakistan plane crash succumbs to injuries". La Prensa Latina. 1 June 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  31. ^ Hansler, Jennifer. "One American was aboard the plane that crashed in Karachi, official says". CNN. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  32. ^ Pallavi, Krishna Priya (22 May 2020). "Pakistani model Zara Abid feared dead in PIA plane crash". India Today. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  33. ^ Mandhro, Sameer (23 May 2020). "Zara Abid not on the current list of crash survivors: Health Department". tribune.pk. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  34. ^ "Five Pakistan Army officers martyred in PIA plane crash". Daily Pakistan. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  35. ^ Tunio, Hafeez (24 May 2020). "Plane tragedy: The Eid surprise that never was". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  36. ^ "97 dead, 2 survived as Pakistan plane crashes into crowded Karachi colony". India Today. 23 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  37. ^ "'No Eid in our home': Pakistani families mourn crash victims". Reuters. 25 May 2020 – via www.reuters.com.
  38. ^ "Survivor recalls horror of Karachi crash - Chinadaily.com.cn". global.chinadaily.com.cn.
  39. ^ Ashfaque, Azfar-ul; Hasan, Shazia (2 June 2020). "Girl injured on ground when plane crashed loses battle with burns". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  40. ^ Ashfaque, Azfar-ul (11 June 2020). "Govt ready to include global pilots' body in crash probe". Dawn. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  41. ^ Butt, Tariq (27 May 2020). "19 bodies of PIA crash victims forcibly taken away from morgue: Edhi". Gulf Today. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  42. ^ "1Plane crash: Families question DNA sampling by Sindh forensic lab". Pakistan Today. 14 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  43. ^ Imran Khan [@ImranKhanPTI] (22 May 2020). "Shocked & saddened by the PIA crash. Am in touch with PIA CEO Arshad Malik, who has left for Karachi & with the rescue & relief teams on ground as this is the priority right now. Immediate inquiry will be instituted. Prayers & condolences go to families of the deceased" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  44. ^ "Pakistani celebrities express sorrow over loss of lives in PIA plane crash in Karachi". The News. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  45. ^ "'Devastating, heartbreaking': International, local leaders react to PIA plane crash". Dawn. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  46. ^ "Karachi Plane Crash: Anil Kapoor, Anupam Kher, Shabana Azmi and others mourn the loss of lives". India TV. 23 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  47. ^ Saifi, Sophia; Raja, Adeel; Laura, Smith-Spark (22 May 2020). "Dozens killed as Pakistani airliner crashes in Karachi". CNN. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  48. ^ "Aviation minister announces Rs1 million compensation for those killed in plane crash". Dawn. 23 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  49. ^ "Compensation announced for plane crash victims". Pakistan Observer. 24 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  50. ^ Ahmed, Ashfaq (22 May 2020). "Miracle escape: Zafar Masood, Chairman of Punjab Bank, survives in PIA plane crash in Karachi". Gulf News. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  51. ^ "Pakistan International Airlines grounds 150 pilots over "bogus" licenses after deadly crash". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  52. ^ "E.U. Bans PIA From Airspace for Six Months". Newsweek Pakistan. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  53. ^ "Pakistan International has been banned from flying to and from Europe for six months". The Independent. 30 June 2020. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  54. ^ "U.S. bans Pakistan International Airlines flights over pilot concerns". Reuters. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  55. ^ "US bans Pakistan's PIA flights over pilots' fake license". La Prensa Times. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  56. ^ Airbus [@Airbus] (22 May 2020). "We regret to confirm that an A320 operated by Pakistan International Airlines was involved in an accident during flight #PK8303 from Lahore to Karachi on May, 22 2020. Our thoughts are with all those affected. Airbus is providing assistance to the investigation" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  57. ^ "Airbus to provide full technical cooperation to PIA, Air France, and CFM International: letter". geo.tv. Geo TV. 24 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  58. ^ "Airbus experts visit PIA plane crash site in Karachi as probe opens". Dawn. 26 May 2020.
  59. ^ "NTSB Identification: DCA20WA108". ntsb.gov. National Transportation Safety Board. DCA20WA108. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  60. ^ "Black Box Of Crashed Pakistan Flight Found In Karachi". NDTV. Reuters. 24 May 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  61. ^ "Cockpit Voice Recorder Recovered From Debris Of Crashed Pak Plane". NDTV. Reuters. 28 May 2020.
  62. ^ "Black box of Pakistan flight PK8303 en route to France for air crash investigation". Gulf News. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  63. ^ "Govt vows impartial probe into plane crash within 3 months". The News. 24 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  64. ^ "Preliminary report of PIA plane crash raises new questions". The Hindu. PTI. 24 May 2020. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  65. ^ "PK-8303 crash: Investigators hold pilot responsible". Samaa TV. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  66. ^ IANS. "Pilots were overconfident and unfocused because of coronavirus: PIA crash report". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  67. ^ "PIA Plane Crash Investigation Report Public, Who was the responsible?". EMEA Tribune. 22 June 2020. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  68. ^ Dawn.com (24 June 2020). "Initial report finds human error on part of pilots, ATC officials in PIA crash: aviation minister". DAWN.COM.
  69. ^ "FINAL INVESTIGATION REPORT - ACCIDENT OF PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES FLIGHT PIA 8303 AIRBUS A320-214 AIRCRAFT REGISTRATION NUMBER AP-BLD CRASHED NEAR JINNAH INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT KARACHI ON 22ND MAY, 2020" (PDF). Aircraft Accident Investigation Board of Pakistan, Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority. 20 April 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2024 – via The Aviation Herald.
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