Oligochlora

Oligochlora; Temporal range: Burdigalian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Oligochlora semirugosa holotype
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Halictidae
Tribe:	Augochlorini
Genus:	†Oligochlora; Engel, 1996
Subgenera and species
	Oligochlora (Oligochlora) O. eickworti; O. grimaldii; O. micheneri; O. semirugosa; ; Oligochlora (Soliapis) O. marquettorum; O. rozeni; ;

Oligochlora is an extinct genus of sweat bee in the Halictidae subfamily Halictinae.^[1] The genus currently contains six species, all of which are known from the early Miocene Burdigalian^[2] stage Dominican amber deposits on the island of Hispaniola.^[3]

History and classification

The genus was first described by Dr. Michael Engel in a 1996 paper published in the Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society.^[1] The genus name is a combination of "Oligo", from Oligocene a possible age of the amber and "chlora" from the genus Augochlora, the type genus of the tribe Augochlorini where Oligochlora is placed.^[1] Along with the genus description, the paper contained the description of the type species O. eickworti and the second species O. micheneri.^[1] Dr Engel described a third species, O. grimaldii in 1997.^[4] A fourth species, O. rozeni was published in 2000 and the genus was split into two subgenera, Oligochlora (Oligochlora) and Oligochlora (Soliapis).^[5] The subgenus Soliapis is named from the Latin words sola, meaning "alone", and apis, meaning "bee" in reference the lack of an acarinarium on O. rozeni.^[5] A fifth species, O. marquettorum was also published in 2000, jointly described by Dr. Engel and Molly G. Rightmyer and placed into O. (Soliapis). In 2009, with the publication of O. semirugosa by Dr. Engel, the total number of species was raised to six.^[2]

Description

Oligochlora is most similar to the extant genus Neocorynura, from which it can be separated by the shapes of the mesoscutum and preoccipital ridge^[1] or the monotypic genus Thectochlora which also has a mutualistic relationship with specialized acarid mites. The genus also superficially resembles the genus Corynura but differs in a number of features including the lack of eye hairs.^[1]

O. eickworti

O. eickworti is known from the holotype only, a single 7.6 millimetres (0.30 in) long female currently in the private collection owned by Ettore Morone of Turin, Italy as number "684".^[1] The species is named in honor of Dr. George Eickwort, who specialized in Halictidae systematics.^[1]

O. micheneri

The O. micheneri holotype is also a female in the Morone collection, as specimen number "167" and has a body length of approximately 7.8 millimetres (0.31 in).^[1] The head and metasoma are a brilliant metallic green with brown edges.^[1] Dr. Engel named O. micheneri for Dr. Charles D. Michener who devoted most of his research career studying bees.^[1]

O. grimaldii

Dr. Engel described O. grimaldii in the journal Apidologie in 1997 from a female specimen.^[4] The single 7.2 millimetres (0.28 in) long bee specimen is deposited in the American Museum of Natural History Department of Entomology as number "DR-14-839".^[4] The species has a heavily sclerotized black Sc+R vein and the remaining veins are brown.^[4] The species is named in honor of Dr. David Grimaldi for his contributions to insect paleontology and study of amber.^[4]

O. rozeni

O. rozeni is known from the 8.2 millimetres (0.32 in) long holotype female, number "M-2523" of the Morone collection.^[5] The species, named in honor of Jerome G. Rozen, Jr. of the American Museum of Natural History, is distinguishable from other members of the genus by the lack of and acarinarium on the upper side of the metasoma.^[5]

O. marquettorum

The first species to be described from more than one individual bee was O. marquettorum, which was described from both a holotype and a paratype, both females, preserved in a single amber specimen.^[6] Published in the May/June 2000 issue of the journal Apidologie, the amber containing the two bees is in the American Museum of Natural History as number "DR-14-1484".^[6] Lack of an acarinarium places O. marquettorum in O. (Soliapis) and the species can be distinguished from O. rozeni by the obtuse angle of the pronotum.^[6] The species is named in honor of George Edward Marquette and Jennie Smith Proskine Marquette, grandparents of M. Rightmyer.^[6]

O. semirugosa

O. semirugosa is the newest addition to the genus and the fourth species in the subgenus O. (Oligochlora).^[2] The holotype is a 7.9 millimetres (0.31 in) female specimen, number KU-DR-21 in the collections of the University of Kansas Natural History Museum, is named from the Latin semi meaning "half" or "partial" and rugosus meaning, "wrinkled".^[2] This name refers to the species' distinct rugulose gena which along with the pronotal angle, the partially and sculpturing of the face, mesosoma, and metasomal terga are unique.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Engel, M.S. (1995). "New Augochlorine Bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) in Dominican Amber, with a Brief Review of Fossil Halictidae". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 69 (4): 334–349. JSTOR 25085728.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Engel, M.S. (2009). "Two new halictine bees in Miocene Amber from the Dominican Republic (Hymenoptera, Halictidae)". ZooKeys (29): 1–12. Bibcode:2009ZooK...29....1E. doi:10.3897/zookeys.29.257. hdl:1808/5625.
^ Iturralde-Vinent, M.A.; MacPhee, R.D.E. (1996). "Age and Paleogeographical Origin of Dominican Amber". Science. 273 (5283): 1850–1852. Bibcode:1996Sci...273.1850I. doi:10.1126/science.273.5283.1850. S2CID 129754021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Engel, M.S. (1997). "A new fossil bee from the Oligo-Miocene Dominican amber (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)". Apidologie. 28 (2): 97–102. doi:10.1051/apido:19970207.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Engel, M.S. (2000). "Classification of the bee tribe Augochlorini (Hymenoptera, Halictidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 250: 1. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2000)250<0001:COTBTA>2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/1598. S2CID 85810077.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Engel, M.S.; Rightmyer, M. (2000). "A new augochlorine bee species in Tertiary amber from the Dominican Republic (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)". Apidologie. 31 (3): 431–436. doi:10.1051/apido:2000133.

[Engel1995-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Engel, M.S. (1995). "New Augochlorine Bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) in Dominican Amber, with a Brief Review of Fossil Halictidae". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 69 (4): 334–349. JSTOR 25085728.

[Engel2009-2] Engel, M.S. (2009). "Two new halictine bees in Miocene Amber from the Dominican Republic (Hymenoptera, Halictidae)". ZooKeys (29): 1–12. Bibcode:2009ZooK...29....1E. doi:10.3897/zookeys.29.257. hdl:1808/5625.

[IVMcP1996-3] Iturralde-Vinent, M.A.; MacPhee, R.D.E. (1996). "Age and Paleogeographical Origin of Dominican Amber". Science. 273 (5283): 1850–1852. Bibcode:1996Sci...273.1850I. doi:10.1126/science.273.5283.1850. S2CID 129754021.

[Engel1997-4] Engel, M.S. (1997). "A new fossil bee from the Oligo-Miocene Dominican amber (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)". Apidologie. 28 (2): 97–102. doi:10.1051/apido:19970207.

[Engel2000-5] Engel, M.S. (2000). "Classification of the bee tribe Augochlorini (Hymenoptera, Halictidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 250: 1. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2000)250<0001:COTBTA>2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/1598. S2CID 85810077.

[E&Rightmyer2000-6] Engel, M.S.; Rightmyer, M. (2000). "A new augochlorine bee species in Tertiary amber from the Dominican Republic (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)". Apidologie. 31 (3): 431–436. doi:10.1051/apido:2000133.

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