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Oghuz Khagan

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Oghuz Khan
Modern-day representation of Oghuz Khan as Dhu al-Qarnayn, with two horns, on a 100 manat banknote
Born
Central Asia
Known forbeing an eponymous ancestor of Oghuz Turks
TitleKhagan
PredecessorQara Khan
SuccessorDivision of Empire between his sons
ChildrenGun, Ay, Yildiz, Kok, Tagh, Tengiz
Parents

Oghuz Khagan or Oghuz Khan (Turkish: Oğuz Kağan or Oğuz Han; Azerbaijani: Oğuz Xan or Oğuz Xaqan; Turkmen: Oguz Han or Oguz Kagan) is a legendary khan of the Turkic people and an eponymous ancestor of Oghuz Turks.[1] Some Turkic cultures use the legend of Oghuz Khan to describe their ethnic and tribal origins. The various versions of the narrative preserved in many different manuscripts have been published in numerous languages as listed below in the references. The narratives about him are often entitled Oghuzname, of which there are several traditions, describing his many feats and conquests, some of these tend to overlap with other Turkic epic traditions such as Seljukname and The Book of Dede Korkut.

The name of Oghuz Khan has been associated with Maodun, also known as Mete Han; the reason being that there is a remarkable similarity between the biography of Oghuz Khagan in the Turkic mythology and the biography of Maodun found in the Chinese historiography, which was first noticed by the Russo-Chuvash sinologist Hyacinth.[2][3]

Sources

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Seljuks

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Oghuz Khan on the commemorative coin of Turkmenistan

The Seljuks originated from the Kinik branch of the Oghuz Turks,[4][5][6][7][8] who in the 9th century lived on the periphery of the Muslim world, north of the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea in their Yabghu Khaganate of the Oghuz confederacy.[9][10] During the 11th century, they established the Great Seljuk Empire under the command of the Seljuk chieftains Toghrul Beg and Chaghri Beg.[11]

Anushteginids

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There are certain historical sources that state that the Anushteginids, who ruled vast parts of Central Asia from 1077 to 1231 under the title of Khwarazmshahs, descended from the Begdili tribe of the Oghuz Turks.[12]

The dynasty was founded by commander Anush Tigin Gharchai, a former Turkic slave of the Seljuq sultans, who was appointed as governor of Khwarezm. His son, Qutb ad-Din Muhammad I, became the first hereditary Shah of Khwarezm.[13]

Qara Qoyunlu

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Qara Qoyunlu was a tribal confederation of Oguz Turkic nomadic tribes from the Oguz tribe of Yiva, which existed in the 14-15th centuries in Western Asia, on the territory of modern Azerbaijan, Armenia, Iraq, northwestern Iran and eastern Turkey.[14]

Aq Qoyunlu

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The Aq Qoyunlu Sultans claimed descent from Bayindir Khan, through a grandson of Oghuz Khagan.[15]

Ottomans

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Ottoman historian and ambassador to the Qara Qoyunlu, Şükrullah states that Ertuğrul's lineage goes to Gökalp, a son of Oghuz Khagan. The author states that the information was shown during a court of Jahan Shah, from a book written in Mongolian script.[16]

Yazıcıoğlu Ali, in early 15th century, traced Osman's genealogy to Oghuz Khagan, through his senior grandson of his senior son, so giving the Ottoman sultans primacy among Turkish monarchs.[17] Yazıcıoğlu quotes as follows:[18]

Ertugrul, from the tribe of Kayï, his son Osman Bey, and the beys on the frontier, held an assembly. When they had consulted each other and understood the custom of Oghuz (Khan), they appointed Osman khan.

Bayezid I advanced this claim against Timur, who denigrated the Ottoman lineage.[19]

According to Ottoman historian Neşri, Osman had a grandfather with a king's name and came from a lineage of the senior branch of Oghuz family:[20]

The experts in the knowledge of the foundation of the prophets and those who know the secrets of the meanings (human) works narrate that this great lineage (of the house of Osman) comes from Oghuz son of Kara Han, who was one of the children of Bulcas, son of Yafes, son of Noah, peace be upon him! As follows: Ertugrul son of Suleyman Shah son of Kaya Alp son of Kızıl Buğa ... son of Bulcas son of Yafes son of Noah.

Cem Sultan, Bayezid II's brother, linked their genealogy to Oghuz Khagan that would prevail as a tool of legitimization of the sixteenth century onwards:[20]

Oghuz Khan, he has given the name, which means "saint", in his childhood because he was seen on the right path (i.e. God's). Because he recognized the Oneness of God, he fought with his father, and Oghuz's army killed the latter. This happened during Prophet Abraham's times.

Legend

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Oguzhan monument in Ashgabat

According to a Turkic legend, Oghuz was born in Central Asia as the son of Qara Khan, leader of the Turkic people. He started talking as soon as he was born. He stopped drinking his mother's milk after the first time and asked for kymyz (an alcoholic beverage made with fermented horse milk) and meat. After that, he grew up supernaturally fast and in only forty days he became a young adult. At the time of his birth, the lands of the Turkic people were preyed upon by a dragon named Kiyant. Oghuz armed himself and went to kill the dragon. He set a trap for the dragon by hanging a freshly killed deer in a tree, then killed the great dragon with a bronze lance and cut off its head with a steel sword.

After Oghuz killed Kiyant, he became a people's hero. He formed a special warrior band from the forty sons of forty Turkic begs (lords, chiefs), thus gathering the clans together. But his Chinese stepmother and half-brother, who was the heir to the throne, became intimidated by his power and convinced Qara Khan that Oghuz was planning to dethrone him. Qara Khan decided to assassinate Oghuz at a hunting party. Oghuz learned about this plan and instead killed his father and became the khan. His stepmother and half-brother fled to Chinese lands.

After Oghuz became the khan, he went to the steppes by himself to praise and pray to Tengri. While praying, he saw a circle of light coming from the sky with a supernaturally beautiful girl standing in the light. Oghuz fell in love with the girl and married her. He had three sons whom he named Gün (Sun), Ay (Moon), and Yıldız (Star) (all in Turkmen). Later, Oghuz went hunting and saw another mesmerizing girl inside a tree. He married her as well and had three more sons whom he named Gök (Sky), Dağ (Mountain), and Deniz (Sea) (in Turkmen).

After his sons were born, Oghuz Khan gave a great toy (feast) and invited all of his begs (lords). At the feast, he gave this order to his lords:

I have become your Khan;
Let's all take swords and shields;
Kut (divine power) will be our sign;
Gray wolf will be our uran (battle cry);
Our iron lances will be a forest;
Khulan will walk on the hunting ground;
More seas and more rivers;
Sun is our flag and sky is our tent.

Then, he sent letters to the Kings of the Four Directions, saying: "I am the Khan of the Turks. And I will be Khan of the Four Corners of the Earth. I want your obedience."

Altun Khan (Golden Khan), on the right corner of the earth, submitted his obedience, but Urum (Roman), Khan of the left corner, did not. Oghuz declared war on Urum Khan and marched his army to the west. One night, a large male wolf with grey fur (which is an avatar of Tengri) came to his tent in an aura of light. He said, "Oghuz, you want to march against Urum, I want to march before your army." So, the grey sky-wolf marched before the Turkic army and guided them. The two armies fought near the river İtil (Volga). Oghuz Khan won the battle. Then, Oghuz and his six sons carried out campaigns in Turkistan, India, Iran, Egypt, Iraq and Syria, with the grey wolf as their guide. He became the Khan of the Four Corners of the Earth.

In his old age, Oghuz saw a dream. He called his six sons and sent them to the east and the west. His elder sons found a golden bow in the east. His younger sons found three silver arrows in the west. Oghuz Khan broke the golden bow into three pieces and gave each to his three older sons Gün, Ay, and Yıldız. He said, "My older sons, take this bow and shoot your arrows to the sky like this bow." He gave the three silver arrows to his three younger sons Gök, Dağ and Deniz and said, "My younger sons, take these silver arrows. A bow shoots arrows and you are to be like the arrow." Then, he passed his lands on to his sons, Bozoks (Gray Arrows - elder sons) and Üçoks (Three Arrows - younger sons) at a final banquet. (Abū’l-Ghāzī identifies the lineage symbols, tamga seals and ongon spirit guiding birds, as well as specifying the political hierarchy and seating order at banquets for these sons and their 24 sons). Then he said:

My sons, I walked a lot;
I saw many battles;
I threw so many arrows and lances;
I rode many horses;
I made my enemies cry;
I made my friends smile;
I paid my debt to Tengri;
Now I am giving my land to you.

Historical precursor and legacy

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Bust of Modun or (Mete Khan)

According to Abulgazi, Oguz Khan could have lived four thousand years before Prophet Muhammad during the time of the legendary ancient king Keyumars.[21] French academician of the 18th century J.-S. Bailly refers the period of Khan's life to the 29th century B.C.,[22] the Russian geographer and historian of the 18th century P.Rychkov and Soviet historian O. Tumanovich - to the 7th century B.C.[23][24] The French Encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert mentions that Oghuz Khan lived long before the Persian king Cyrus II.

Swedish geographer and cartographer of the 17th-18th centuries Philip Johan von Strahlenberg, based on the Ancient Greek historian Diodorus Siculus and other historians, concludes that Oghuz Khan was the leader of the ancient Scythian peoples, under whose leadership they conquered vast territories in the Middle East, Southeast Europe and Egypt in ancient times. Stralenberg also notes that among the Central Asian peoples, Oghuz Khan enjoys the same fame as Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar among Europeans.[25]

In scientific literature, the name of Maodun is usually associated with Oghuz Khagan. The reason for that is a striking similarity of the Oghuz-Kagan biography in the Turko-Persian manuscripts (Rashid al-Din, Hondemir, Abulgazi) with the Maodun biography in the Chinese sources (feud between the father and son and murder of the former, the direction and sequence of conquests, etc.), which was first noticed by N.Ya. Bichurin (Collection of information, pp. 56–57).[26][3]

Oghuz Khan is sometimes considered the legendary founder of most Turkic people, and ancestor of the Oghuz subbranch. Even today, subbranches of Oghuz are classified in order of the legendary six sons and 24 grandsons of Oghuz Khan. In history, Turkmen dynasties often rebelled or claimed sovereignty by saying their rank was higher than the existing dynasty in this tribal classification.

Oghuz Khan appears on the 100 manat banknote.[27]

Oğuz and Oğuzhan are a common masculine Turkish and Turkic given names, which come from Oghuz Khan.

Mary Province's district Oguzhan, in Turkmenistan, is named after him.[28]

The International airport in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan is named after Oghuz Khan.[29]

Footnotes

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  1. ^ Bonnefoy, Yves (1993). Asian Mythologies. University of Chicago Press. p. 337. Oghuz Khan , the eponymous ancestor of the Oghuz from whom the Seljukids and the Ottomans descended , probably owes his reputation to the importance...
  2. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Compilation of reports on peoples inhabiting Central Asia in ancient times", vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, pp. 56–57
  3. ^ a b Taskin V.S., "Materials on history of Sünnu", transl., 1968, Vol. 1, p. 129
  4. ^ Concise Britannica Online Seljuq Dynasty Archived 2007-01-14 at the Wayback Machine article
  5. ^ Merriam-Webster Online – Definition of Seljuk Archived 15 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ The History of the Seljuq Turks: From the Jami Al-Tawarikh (LINK)
  7. ^ Shaw, Stanford. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (LINK)
  8. ^ Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 209
  9. ^ Wink, Andre, Al Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World Brill Academic Publishers, 1 Jan 1996, ISBN 90-04-09249-8 p. 9
  10. ^ Islam: An Illustrated History, p. 51
  11. ^ Andre Wink, Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol.2, (Brill, 2002), 9.
  12. ^ Fazlallakh, Rashid ad-Din (1987). Oghuznameh (in Russian). Baku.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)"Similarly, the most distant ancestor of Sultan Muhammad Khwarazmshah was Nushtekin Gharcha, who was a descendant of the Begdili tribe of the Oghuz Turks."
  13. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, "Khwarezm-Shah-Dynasty", (LINK)
  14. ^ Peter B. Golden, «An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples», pp. 367–368
  15. ^ Cornell H. Fleischer, (1986), Bureaucrat and intellectual in the Ottoman Empire, p. 287
  16. ^ AYLA DEMİROĞLU (1988–2016). "BEHCETÜ't-TEVÂRÎH بهجة التواريخ Fâtih devri tarihçilerinden Şükrullah'ın (ö. 864/1459-60) Vezîriâzam Mahmud Paşa adına yazdığı Farsça umumi tarih.". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.
  17. ^ Colin Imber (2002). The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650. p. 95.
  18. ^ Halil İnalcık (1973). The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300-1600. p. 56.
  19. ^ Douglas Streusand (2010). Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. p. 66.
  20. ^ a b Marinos Sariyannis (2018). A History of Ottoman Political Thought Up to the Early Nineteenth Century. p. 61.
  21. ^ Абу-л-Гази (Abulgazi). Родословная туркмен (Genealogy of Turkmens). Изд. АН СССР. (USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House). 1958
  22. ^ Jean Sylvain Bailly. Histoire De L'Astronomie Ancienne, Depuis Son Origine Jusqu'À L'Établissement De L'École D'Alexandrie - Debure (Paris), 1775
  23. ^ Рычков П.И. История Оренбургская. [1730-1750] / П.И. Рычков; под ред. и с примеч. Н.М. Гутьяра, Секретаря Комитета, изд. Оренб. Губ. Стат. Комитета. - Оренбург : Тип.-лит. Евфимовского-Мировицкого, 1896. - 95 с.
  24. ^ Туманович О.Туркменистан и туркмены. (O.Tumanovich. Turkmenistan and Turkmens). Туркменское государственное издательство, Ашхабад, Туркменистан. (Turkmen state publishing house. Ashgabat, Turkmenistan). 1926
  25. ^ Записки капитана Филиппа Иоганна Страленберга об истории и географии Российской империи Петра Великого. Северо-восточная часть Европы и Азии (Memoirs of Captain Philip Johan Stralenberg on the history and geography of the Russian Empire of Peter the Great. Northeastern part of Europe and Asia.). М.-Л. АН СССР. (Moscow-Leningrad. USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House).1985
  26. ^ Bichurin N.Ya. (1851). Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times. Vol. 1. pp. 56–57.
  27. ^ "Banknotes of 2020 series". Central Bank of Turkmenistan.
  28. ^ Abasov, Rafis (2005). Historical Dictionary of Turkmenistan. Oxford, UK: The Scarecrow Press. p. 199.
  29. ^ "The President of Turkmenistan took part in the opening of new Ashgabat International Airport". Turkmenistan. The Golden Age. 17 September 2016. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.

See also

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References

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  • Abū’l Ghāzī. 1958. Rodoslovnaia Turkmen. Andrei N. Kononov, ed. Moscow: Nauka.
  • İlker Evrim Binbaş, Encyclopædia Iranica, "Oguz Khan Narratives" Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica, accessed 7 July 2012.
  • Golden, Peter B. 1992. An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples. Ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Light, Nathan. Genealogy, history, nation
  • Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity. Volume 39, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 33 – 53.
  • Pelliot, Paul. 1930. Sur la légende d'Uγuz-khan en écriture ouigoure. T'oung Pao. Second Series. 27: 4–5. pp. 247–358.
  • Rašīd ad-Dīn. Die Geschichte der Oġuzen des Rašīd ad-Dīn. Karl Jahn, trans. Vienna: 1969
  • Shcherbak, Aleksandr Mikhaǐlovich. Oguz-name. Muhabbatname. Moscow, 1959.
  • Woods, John E. 1976. The Aqquyunlu Clan, Confederation, Empire: a study in 15th/16th Century Turco-Iranian Politics. Minneapolis: Bibliotheca Islamica.
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