Nyanyi Sunyi

Nyanyi Sunyi
	Cover, third printing
Author	Amir Hamzah
Language	Malay
Genre	Poetry collection
Publisher	Poedjangga Baroe
Publication date	November 1937
Publication place	Dutch East Indies
Media type	Print (softcover)
Pages	31 (third edition)

Njanji Soenji (Republican Spelling: Njanji Sunji; Perfected Spelling: Nyanyi Sunyi; Indonesian for "Songs of Solitude" or "Songs of Silence") is a 1937 poetry collection by Amir Hamzah. Written some time after the poet was forced to marry the daughter of the Sultan of Langkat instead of his chosen love in Java, this collection consists of 24 titled poems and pieces of lyrical prose, none of which are dated. First published in the magazine Poedjangga Baroe, the collection has been republished as a stand-alone book several times.

Analysis of Nyanyi Sunyi has focused on the theme of God and His relationship to humanity, as well as of aspects of human existence: fate, dissatisfaction, and escape. Literary critics H.B. Jassin and Zuber Usman view the collection as an attempt to address Amir’s worldly problems. The collection has been noted as difficult to read owing to its usage of rarely used Malay and Javanese terms and basis in Islamic culture and Malay history. Despite this, Nyanyi Sunyi has been described as freer in its form than traditional Malay poetry, with what poet Chairil Anwar termed "compactly violent, sharp, and yet short"^[1] sentences which brought a new style to the Indonesian language.

Background

Amir Hamzah (1911–1946) was a Dutch-educated Malay writer of noble descent and devout Muslim. He was well-oriented in traditional Malay literature, with favourites including historical texts such as Hikayat Hang Tuah, Syair Siti Zubaidah, and Hikayat Panca Tanderan. Amir likewise read works of Arabic, Persian, and Hindu literature.^[2] As a result, he had an extensive vocabulary.^[3]

Poet Laurens Koster Bohang considers the poems included in Nyanyi Sunyi as having been written between 1933 and 1937,^[4] while Dutch scholar of Indonesian literature A. Teeuw dates the poems to 1936 and 1937.^[5] The time was one of great emotional turmoil for Hamzah, who was required to marry the daughter of the Sultan of Langkat, who had funded his studies in Java. At the time Amir had reportedly fallen in love with a Javanese woman while studying, and was forced to leave her.^[6]

Njanji Sunji consists of twenty-four titled pieces and an untitled quatrain.^[7] Indonesian literary documentarian H.B. Jassin classifies eight of the works as lyrical prose, with the remaining thirteen as poems.^[8] None of the works in Nyanyi Sunyi (and indeed none of Amir's other works) are dated.^[9] At the end of the book is a couplet, reading "Sunting sanggul melayah rendah / sekaki sajak seni sedih",^[10] which American poet and translator Burton Raffel translates as "A flower floating in a loose knot of hair / Gave birth to my sorrowful poems".^[11]

The poems within the collection are:^[7]

Untitled poems

Untitled quatrain ("Sunyi Itu Duka"; "Silence is Sorrow")

Titled poems

"Padamu Jua" ("For You Too")
"Barangkali" ("Perhaps")
"Hanya Satu" ("Only One")
"Permainanmu" ("Your Games")
"Tetapi Aku" ("But I")
"Karena Kasihmu" ("Because of Your Love")
"Sebab Dikau" ("Because of You")
"Doa" ("Prayer")
"Hanyut Aku" ("I Float")
"Taman Dunia" ("World Park")
"Terbuka Bunga" ("Open Flowers")
"Mengawan" ("Climb to the Sky")
"Panji Dihadapanku" ("Banners in My Sight")
"Memuji Dikau" ("Praising You")
"Kurnia" ("Gift")
"Doa Poyangku" ("Prayer of My Ancestors")
"Turun Kembali" ("Descend Again")
"Batu Belah" ("Split Stone")
"Didalam Kelam" ("In Darkness")
"Ibuku Dehulu" ("My Mother, Before")
"Insyaf" ("Aware")
"Subuh" ("Morning Prayers")
"Hari Menuai" ("Harvest Day")
"Astana Rela" ("Palace of Resignation")

Form

The poems in Nyanyi Sunyi, unlike much of Amir's earlier work, generally did not follow the traditional pantun and syair format of four lines of four words.^[12] Teeuw notes that some, such "Batu Belah", followed traditional European forms such as the ballad.^[13] Others were more free-form, leaning towards prose poetry.^[14]

Amir's diction depends heavily on old Malay terms which saw little contemporary use. He also borrows heavily from other Indonesian languages, particularly Javanese and Sundanes.^[15] The choice of words was influenced by the need for rhythm and metre, as well as symbolism related to particular terms.^[16] Ultimately, however, Amir is freer in his language use than traditional poets.^[17] Indonesian critic Bakri Siregar writes that the result is "a beautiful wordplay".^[a]^[14]

Translator John M. Echols writes that the poems are "difficult reading even for Indonesians",^[3] while poet Chairil Anwar described the works as "obscure poetry" which could not be understood by persons without an understanding of Islam and Malay history.^[1] Indonesian literary scholar Muhammad Balfas notes that the work also has many allusions to religious texts, both Islamic and Christian.^[17]

Anwar opined that Amir, through Nyanyi Sunyi, brought a new style to the Indonesian language, with its "compactly violent, sharp, and yet short" sentences.^[1] In a 1945 article he wrote (translation by Raffel), "Before Amir (Hamzah) one could call the old poetry a destructive force; but what a bright light he shone on the new language".^[1]

Themes

Religion and God are omnipresent throughout the collection, as evidenced from the first poem, "Padamu Jua".^[17] Amir often uses the word "Tuhan" ("God"). However, unlike his earlier poems which used it in a similar manner to "Dewa" ("Deity"), in Nyanyi Sunyi the word is used as understood in Abrahamic religions, such as Amir's own Islam;^[6] Amir shows influences from Sufism.^[18] In some cases, writes Teeuw, Amir treats God almost as a lover, using familiar terms such as "engkau" ("you") to address Him.^[19] However, Amir recognises that he cannot be one with God.^[19] Jassin writes that Amir seems aware of his own smallness before God, acting as a puppet for God's will;^[20] Teeuw notes that Amir recognises that he would not exist if God did not.^[19]

This is not to say that Amir accepts his lower position in relation to God; in several cases, Jassin writes, Amir shows a feeling of dissatisfaction over his own lack of power and protests God's absoluteness.^[21] Teeuw likewise notes a sense of dissatisfaction throughout the poems, writing that Amir seems to treat God as an entity that "only toys with humans, allowing them to be pushed aside and erased".^[b]^[13] Elsewhere Teeuw writes that Amir questions fate and the need for him to separate from his love.^[22]

Aside from themes of God and religion, Amir also shows an awareness of his own humanity, recognising his own instincts and drives.^[23] Jassin writes that "Amir's song is the song of a man's soul",^[c] showing sadness and joy which do not acknowledge class or creed.^[23] Teeuw notes a sense of distrust, a feeling that – having once lost his love – there is no reason Amir will not lose his next lover.^[13] Indonesian critic Zuber Usman, meanwhile, discusses the theme of love lost in relation to religion, writing that the loss of his Javanese lover led Amir closer to God.^[24]

Jassin writes that Amir uses "sunyi" ("silence") as a way to address his worldly problems: regarding time, his own identity, God, and love. According to Jassin, by the end of the compilation physical love has drifted towards a spiritual one, with the answers supplied originating from the supernatural.^[6] Ultimately, however, Jassin concludes that Amir's soul has not reached maturity; he considers the collection's last poem, "Astana Rela", as but a temporary escape.^[25] Jassin finds that the theme of religion is likewise meant as an escape from Amir's worldly sorrows,^[26] an opinion echoed by Usman.^[24]

Publication

Nyanyi Sunyi was first published in the November 1937 issue of Poedjangga Baroe, a literary magazine which Amir had helped establish.^[8] It was later published as a standalone book, and by 1949 it had seen its third printing.^[27]

In 1941 Amir published another collection of poems, entitled Buah Rindu ("Fruits of Longing"), which consisted mostly of his earlier works. Jassin notes that the works in Nyanyi Sunyi appear more developed and mature than those in the later collection.^[25] Teeuw notes that the later collection was more explicitly about romantic love, rather than the religious love of Nyanyi Sunyi.^[28]

References

Explanatory notes

^ Original: "... permainan kata jang indah."
^ Original: "... hanya memper-main²kan manusia, jang dibiarkanja ter-tunggu² dan terhapus."
^ Original: "Njanjian Amir adalah njanjian djiwa manusia."

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Raffel 1970, p. 175.
^ Jakarta City Government, Amir Hamzah.
^ ^a ^b Echols 1956, p. 14.
^ Jassin 1962, p. 8.
^ Teeuw 1980, p. 126.
^ ^a ^b ^c Jassin 1962, p. 13.
^ ^a ^b Hamzah 1949, p. 5–30.
^ ^a ^b Jassin 1962, p. 212.
^ Jassin 1962, p. 9.
^ Hamzah 1949, p. 31.
^ Raffel 1968, p. 15.
^ Jassin 1962, p. 12.
^ ^a ^b ^c Teeuw 1955, p. 117.
^ ^a ^b Siregar 1964, p. 116.
^ Rosidi 1976, p. 45.
^ Rosidi 1976, p. 46.
^ ^a ^b ^c Balfas 1976, p. 64.
^ Jassin 1962, p. 30.
^ ^a ^b ^c Teeuw 1955, p. 116.
^ Jassin 1962, p. 26.
^ Jassin 1962, p. 29.
^ Teeuw 1980, pp. 140.
^ ^a ^b Jassin 1962, p. 32.
^ ^a ^b Usman 1959, pp. 231–50.
^ ^a ^b Jassin 1962, p. 14.
^ Jassin 1962, p. 31.
^ Hamzah 1949, p. 1.
^ Teeuw 1955, p. 115.

Works cited

"Amir Hamzah". Encyclopedia of Jakarta (in Indonesian). Jakarta City Government. Archived from the original on 2 January 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
Balfas, Muhammad (1976). "Modern Indonesian Literature in Brief". In L. F., Brakel (ed.). Handbuch der Orientalistik [Handbook of Orientalistics]. Vol. 1. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-04331-2. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
Echols, John (1956). Indonesian Writing in Translation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. OCLC 4844111.
Hamzah, Amir (1949). Njanji Sunji [Song of Silence] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pustaka Rakjat. OCLC 65112881.
Jassin, H.B. (1962). Amir Hamzah: Radja Penjair Pudjangga Baru [Amir Hamzah: King of the Pudjangga Baru Poets] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gunung Agung. OCLC 7138547.
Raffel, Burton (1968) [1967]. Development of Modern Indonesian Poetry (2nd ed.). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-024-4.
Raffel, Burton (1970). Complete Prose and Poetry of Chairil Anwar. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-061-9.
Rosidi, Ajip (1976). Ikhtisar Sejarah Sastra Indonesia [Overview of the History of Indonesian Literature] (in Indonesian). Bandung: Binacipta. OCLC 609510126.
Siregar, Bakri (1964). Sedjarah Sastera Indonesia [History of Indonesian Literature]. Vol. 1. Jakarta: Akademi Sastera dan Bahasa "Multatuli". OCLC 63841626.
Teeuw, A. (1955). Pokok dan Tokoh [Tenets and Figures] (in Indonesian). Vol. 1. Jakarta: Pembangunan. OCLC 428077105.
Teeuw, A. (1980). Sastra Baru Indonesia [New Indonesian Literature] (in Indonesian). Vol. 1. Ende: Nusa Indah. OCLC 222168801.
Usman, Zuber (1959). Kesusasteraan Baru Indonesia dari Abdullah Bin Albdalkadir Munshi sampai kepada Chairil Anwar [Modern Indonesian Literature from Abdullah Bin Albalkadir Munshi to Chairil Anwar] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gunung Mas. OCLC 19655561.