Nucular
Nucular is a common, proscribed pronunciation of the word "nuclear". It is a rough phonetic spelling of /ˈnjuːkjələr/. The Oxford English Dictionary's entry dates the word's first published appearance to 1943.[1]
Dictionary notes
[edit]This is one of two contentious pronunciations that receive particular mention in the FAQ of the Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Though disapproved of by many, pronunciations ending in \-kyə-lər\ have been found in widespread use among educated speakers, including scientists, lawyers, professors, congressmen, United States cabinet members, and at least two United States presidents and one vice president. While most common in the United States, these pronunciations have also been heard from British and Canadian speakers.[2][3]
The American Heritage Dictionary notes:
The pronunciation (noo'kyə-lər), which is generally considered incorrect, is an example of how a familiar phonological pattern can influence an unfamiliar one ... [since] much more common is the similar sequence (-kyə-lər), which occurs in words like particular, circular, spectacular, and in many scientific words like molecular, ocular, and vascular.[4]
The Oxford English Dictionary notes:
The colloquial pronunciation British /ˈnjuːkjʊlə/, U.S. /ˈn(j)ukjələr/ (frequently rendered in written form as nucular[...]) has been criticized in usage guides since at least the mid 20th century [...] although it is now commonly given as a variant in modern dictionaries.[5]
In his 1999 book The Big Book of Beastly Mispronunciations, logophile Charles Harrington Elster wrote that the vast majority of those he spoke to while writing his book as well as 99% of the 1985 usage panel of Morris & Morris's Harper Dictionary of Contemporary Usage specifically condemned the use of the word and characterized it as a mispronunciation. Elster's own view on the matter derives from the root of the word: "nucleus". Arguing by analogy, Elster suggests that "Molecular comes from molecule, and particular comes from particle, but there is no nucule to support nucular."[6][7]
Notable users
[edit]The U.S. presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush[8] and vice president Walter Mondale used this pronunciation.[9] In his 2005 book Going Nucular, linguist Geoffrey Nunberg suggested that the presidents' reasons for their differing pronunciations may be distinct. Whereas Eisenhower's pronunciation most likely arose from lack of familiarity (he first learned the word in midlife), Bush's usage may represent a calculated effort to appeal to populist sentiment,[10] though Nunberg's theory here is rejected by linguist Steven Pinker.[9] This analysis is repeated in the second edition of Elster's Big Book of Beastly Mispronunciations.[6]
Oxford professor Marcus du Sautoy used this pronunciation in a BBC documentary,[11] and Orson Welles said "nucular" while speaking at the 1982 "No Nukes" rally in Central Park.[citation needed]
The nuclear physicist Edward Teller, "father" of the American hydrogen bomb, supposedly used "nucular", and it does have some currency in the American nuclear research establishment.[12] But in a 1965 interview on Project Plowshare, Teller used the standard pronunciation.[13]
In popular culture
[edit] |
In popular culture, this pronunciation has often been used to signify inferiority, low intellect or foolishness.
In Woody Allen's 1989 film Crimes and Misdemeanors, Mia Farrow's character says she could never fall for any man who says "nucular".[14] The pronunciation is satirized in the 1996 science fiction film Mars Attacks!. It is used earnestly by Indiana Jones in the 2008 film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull after he survives an atomic bomb test by crawling inside a lead-lined refrigerator. In Get Smart, also released in 2008, the President, a clear parody of George W. Bush, says "nucular", only for the exasperated Chief of CONTROL to loudly correct him.
In Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted, Skipper corrects Gloria's standard pronunciation of the word "nuclear" to "nucular".[15]
In Don Delillo's 1997 novel Underworld, Marvin mentions nuclear weapons and it is said "He pronounced it nucular".[16]
Homer Simpson (a nuclear power plant employee) of the American animated TV series The Simpsons[17] and Peter Griffin of the animated comedy series Family Guy[18] both say "nucular" (in these episodes, Homer and Peter both "correct" someone else's correct pronunciation of the word).
Motivation
[edit]Pinker has proposed[19] a phonotactic explanation for the conversion of nuclear to nucular: the unusual and disfavored sequence [kli.ər] is gradually transformed to a more acceptable configuration via metathesis.[citation needed] But Arnold Zwicky notes that [kli.ər] presents no difficulty for English speakers in words such as pricklier and deems the postulation of metathesis unnecessary. He suggests a morphological origin, combining the slang nuke with the common sequence -cular (molecular, particular, etc.).[20] Supporting Zwicky's hypothesis, Geoffrey Nunberg quotes a government weapons specialist: "Oh, I only say 'nucular' when I'm talking about nukes."[21] Nunberg argues that this pronunciation by weapons specialists and by politicians such as Bush may be a deliberate choice. He suggests that the reasons for this choice are to assert authority or to sound folksy.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]
- ^ "nucular, adj.2". OED Online. September 2013. Oxford University Press. Accessed 10 September 2013.
- ^ "nuclear - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". M-w.com. 2012-08-31. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
- ^ "Your pronunciations of "often" and "nuclear" are wrong! How can you say they are correct?". Merriam-Webster online. Retrieved 2006-10-23.
- ^ "Nuclear - Definition from the American Heritage Online Dictionary". Ahdictionary.com. 2013-01-09. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
- ^ "nuclear, adj. (and adv.) and n.". OED Online. September 2013. Oxford University Press. Accessed 10 September 2013.
- ^ a b Elster, Charles Harrington. The Big Book Of Beastly Mispronunciations: The Complete Opinionated Guide for the Careful Speaker. Houghton Mifflin. Pp.347-350. ISBN 978-0-618-42315-6. 2006.
- ^ Do you Speak American? PBS. 2005.
- ^ Kate Taylor (18 September 2002). "Why Does Bush Go "Nucular"?". Slate.
- ^ a b Pinker, Steven. Pinker contra Nunberg re nuclear/nucular. LanguageLog. http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=730
- ^ Nunberg, Geoffrey. Going Nucular: Language, Politics. and Culture in Confrontational Times. PublicAffairs. Pp.297-298. ISBN 1586483455. 2009.
- ^ BBC documentary, "Faster Than the Speed of Light"
- ^ Muller, Richard A (2008). Physics for Future Presidents: The Science behind the Headlines. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 153. ISBN 9780393066272.
- ^ Nunberg, Geoffrey (October 2, 2002). "Going Nucular". Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ^ Ricky Catto (2012-10-19). nuculer - nuclear (Madagascar 3). Retrieved 2024-07-25 – via YouTube.
- ^ Delillo, Don (November 2007). Underworld. ISBN 9781416595854. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
- ^ "Nucular". YouTube. 2012-07-25. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
- ^ "The 'S' is silent". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
- ^ Pinker, Steven (Oct 4, 2008). "Everything You Heard Is Wrong". Retrieved 2013-11-15.
- ^ Zwicky, Arnold (March 21, 2005). "Axe a stupid question". Retrieved 2008-09-14.
- ^ Nunberg, Geoffrey (October 2, 2002). "Going Nucular". Retrieved 2008-09-14.