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Northeast megalopolis

Coordinates: 41°N 74°W / 41°N 74°W / 41; -74
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"Bos-Wash Corridor" redirects here. For the origin of the term, see BosWash.

41°N 74°W / 41°N 74°W / 41; -74

Northeast megalopolis
Megaregion of the United States
Major cities of the Northeast megalopolis (from top to bottom): Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C.
Nickname(s): 
Northeast corridor, BosWash, Boston–Washington corridor, Eastern Seaboard,[1] Atlantic Seaboard
Map
Interactive map of the Northeast megalopolis
Federal districts Washington, D.C.
Largest city New York City (8,804,190)
Area
 • Total56,200 sq mi (146,000 km2)
Population
 (2022[2])
 • Total50,244,897
 • Density894/sq mi (345/km2)
GDP
[3]
 • Total$5.229 trillion (2022)[4]
 • Per capita$104,106 (2022)
Population density in the Northeast megalopolis on the Atlantic seaboard

The Northeast megalopolis, also known as the Northeast Corridor, Acela Corridor,[5] Boston–Washington corridor, BosWash, or BosNYWash,[6] is the world's largest megalopolis by economic output[7] and the most populous megalopolis exclusively within the United States, with slightly over 50 million residents as of 2022.

Located primarily on the Atlantic Coast in the Northeastern United States, the Northeast megalopolis extends from the northern suburbs of Boston to Washington, D.C., running roughly southwesterly along a section of U.S. Route 1, Interstate 95, and the Northeast Corridor train line.[8] It is sometimes defined more broadly to include other urban regions, including the Richmond and Hampton Roads regions to the south; Portland, Maine, and Manchester, New Hampshire, to the north; and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, to the west.[9]

The region includes many of the nation's most populated metropolitan areas, including those of New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C..[10] As of 2010, it contained more than 50 million people, about 17% of the U.S. population on less than 2% of the nation's land area, with a population density of about 1,000 people per square mile (390 people/km2), far more than the U.S. average of 80.5 per square mile[11] (31 people/km2). At least one projection estimates the area will grow to 58.1 million people by 2025.[12]

French geographer Jean Gottmann popularized the term "megalopolis" in his 1961 study of the region, Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States. Gottmann concluded that the region's cities, while discrete and independent, are uniquely tied to each other through the intermeshing of their suburban zones, taking on some characteristics of a single, massive city: a megalopolis, a term he co-opted from an ancient Greek town of the same name that named itself out of aspirations to become the largest Greek city.

Region

[edit]

The Northeast megalopolis includes many of the financial and political centers of influence in the United States, including the national capital of Washington, D.C., and all or part of 12 states (from north to south): Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia. The region is linked by Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1, which start in Miami and Key West, Florida, respectively, in the south, and terminate in Maine at the U.S.-Canadian border. It is also linked by the Northeast Corridor train line, the country's busiest passenger rail line, serving Amtrak and several commuter rail agencies.

As of 2019, the region is home to 52.3 million people, and its metropolitan statistical areas are contiguous from Washington, D.C., in the south to Boston in the north.[13] The region is not uniformly populated between the terminal cities, and there are regions nominally within the corridor yet located away from the main transit lines that have been bypassed by urbanization, such as the Quiet Corner in Connecticut.

The region accounts for 20% of the U.S. gross domestic product.[14] It is home to two of the world's largest stock exchanges, the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq, and the headquarters of the United Nations in New York City, and the executive, legislative, and judicial centers of the U.S. federal government, the White House, the U.S. Capitol, and the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, D.C. The region also is home to the headquarters of most of the nation and some of the world's largest media organizations, including ABC, NBC, CBS, NPR, PBS, Fox, Comcast, The New York Times Company, USA Today, New York Post, The Wall Street Journal, Newsday, The Washington Post, and The Boston Globe.

The global headquarters of many major financial firms, including JPMorgan Chase, Citigroup, Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Capital One, The Vanguard Group, and Fidelity, are located in the region. Among the world's 500 largest companies, 54 are based in the Northeast megalopolis. Among the 500 largest U.S.-based companies, 162 are headquartered in the region.[15] The region is the center of the global hedge fund industry, which is heavily based in New York City and the suburban Connecticut cities of Greenwich and Stamford.[16]

The Northeast megalopolis is home to hundreds of colleges and universities, including several that rank among the world's most elite universities, including Harvard and MIT, both in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Brown in Providence, Rhode Island, Yale in New Haven, Connecticut, Columbia in New York City, Princeton in Princeton, New Jersey, the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, and Georgetown in Washington, D.C.[17]

Population

[edit]
Largest combined statistical areas (CSAs) within the Northeast megalopolis[18]
Rank
(U.S.) 		Combined statistical area
(CSA) 		2020
census 		2010
census 		Change
1 New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA 22,431,833 22,327,454 +0.47%
3 Washington–Baltimore–Arlington, DC–MD–VA–WV–PA 10,028,331 9,050,192 +10.81%
7 Boston–Worcester–Providence, MA–RI–NH–CT 8,349,768 7,871,570 +6.08%
9 Philadelphia–Reading–Camden, PA–NJ–DE–MD 7,379,700 7,067,807 +4.41%
26 New Haven-Hartford-Waterbury, CT 2,659,617 2,627,399 +1.23%
35 Virginia Beach–Chesapeake, VA–NC 1,857,542 1,779,243 +4.40%
Total 50,047,174 48,096,266 +4.06%
Largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) within the Northeast Megalopolis[19]
2020 Rank Metropolitan statistical area
(MSA) 		2020 Census 2010 Census Change
1 New York–Newark–Jersey City, NY-NJ MSA 20,140,470 18,897,109 +6.58%
2 Washington–Arlington–Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV MSA 6,385,162 5,649,540 +13.02%
3 Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD MSA 6,245,051 5,965,343 +4.69%
4 Boston–Cambridge–Newton, MA-NH MSA 4,941,632 4,552,402 +8.55%
5 Baltimore–Columbia–Towson, MD MSA 2,844,510 2,710,489 +4.94%
6 Virginia Beach–Chesapeake–Norfolk, VA-NC MSA 1,780,059 1,676,822 +6.16%
7 Providence–Warwick, RI-MA MSA 1,676,579 1,600,852 +4.73%
8 Richmond, VA MSA 1,314,434 1,188,246 +10.62%
9 Hartford–West Hartford–East Hartford, CT MSA 1,213,531 1,212,381 +0.09%
10 Bridgeport–Stamford–Danbury, CT MSA 957,419 916,829 +4.43%
11 New Haven, CT MSA 864,835 862,477 +0.27%
12 Worcester, MA MSA 862,111 798,552 +7.96%
13 Allentown–Bethlehem–Easton, PA-NJ MSA 861,889 821,623 +4.90%
14 Kiryas Joel–Poughkeepsie–Newburgh, NY MSA 679,221 670,301 +1.33%
15 Portland–South Portland, ME MSA 551,740 514,098 +7.32%
16 Springfield, MA MSA 465,825 463,490 +0.50%
17 Waterbury–Shelton, CT MSA 450,376 448,738 +0.37%
18 Reading, PA MSA 428,849 411,442 +4.23%
19 Manchester–Nashua, NH MSA 422,937 400,721 +5.54%
20 Trenton–Princeton, NJ MSA 387,340 366,513 +5.68%
21 Hagerstown–Martinsburg, MD-WV MSA 293,844 269,140 +9.18%
22 Norwich–New London–Willimantic, CT MSA 280,430 290,198 −3.37%
23 Atlantic City–Hammonton, NJ MSA 274,534 274,549 −0.01%
24 Barnstable Town, MA MSA 228,996 215,888 +6.07%
25 Kingston, NY MSA 181,851 182,493 −0.35%
26 Amherst Town–Northampton, MA MSA 162,308 158,080 +2.67%
27 Chambersburg, PA MSA 155,932 149,618 +4.22%
28 Vineland, NJ MSA 154,152 156,898 −1.75%
29 Lexington Park, MD MSA 113,777 105,151 +8.20%
Largest cities and towns in the Northeast megalopolis with populations over 100,000[20]
2020
rank 		City/Town Region 2020
census 		2010
census 		Change Land area 2020
population density
1 New York City  New York 8,804,190 8,175,133 +7.69% 301.5 sq mi (781 km2) 29,303/sq mi (11,314/km2)
2 Philadelphia  Pennsylvania 1,603,797 1,526,006 +5.10% 134.2 sq mi (348 km2) 11,937/sq mi (4,609/km2)
3 Hempstead  New York 793,409 759,757 +4.43% 191.7 sq mi (496. km2) 6,685/sq mi (2,581/km2)
4 Washington  District of Columbia 689,545 601,723 +14.60% 61.1 sq mi (158 km2) 11,281/sq mi (4,356/km2)
5 Boston  Massachusetts 675,647 617,594 +9.40% 48.3 sq mi (125 km2) 13,977/sq mi (5,397/km2)
6 Baltimore  Maryland 585,708 620,961 −5.68% 80.9 sq mi (210 km2) 7,235/sq mi (2,793/km2)
7 Brookhaven  New York 485,773 486,040 −0.05% 531.5 sq mi (1,376 km2) 1,873/sq mi (724/km2)
8 Virginia Beach  Virginia 459,470 437,994 +4.90% 244.7 sq mi (634 km2) 1,878/sq mi (725/km2)
9 Islip  New York 339,938 335,543 +1.31% 162.9 sq mi (422 km2) 3,275/sq mi (1,264/km2)
10 Newark  New Jersey 311,549 277,140 +12.42% 24.1 sq mi (62 km2) 12,904/sq mi (4,982/km2)
11 Oyster Bay  New York 301,332 293,214 +2.77% 169.4 sq mi (438 km2) 1,800/sq mi (690/km2)
12 Jersey City  New Jersey 292,449 247,549 +18.14% 14.8 sq mi (38 km2) 19,835/sq mi (7,658/km2)
13 Chesapeake  Virginia 249,422 222,209 +12.25% 338.5 sq mi (877 km2) 737/sq mi (285/km2)
14 Arlington[a]  Virginia 238,643 207,627 +14.94% 26 sq mi (67 km2) 9,200/sq mi (3,600/km2)
15 Norfolk  Virginia 238,005 242,803 −1.98% 53.3 sq mi (138 km2) 4,468/sq mi (1,725/km2)
16 N. Hempstead  New York 237,639 226,322 +5.00% 69.1 sq mi (179 km2) 4,441/sq mi (1,714/km2)
17 Richmond  Virginia 226,610 204,214 +10.97% 62.6 sq mi (162 km2) 3,782/sq mi (1,460/km2)
18 Babylon  New York 218,223 213,603 +2.16% 114.2 sq mi (295 km2) 4,170/sq mi (1,611/km2)
19 Yonkers  New York 211,569 195,976 +7.96% 18.0 sq mi (47 km2) 11,750/sq mi (4,540/km2)
20 Worcester  Massachusetts 206,518 181,045 +14.07% 37.4 sq mi (97 km2) 5,528/sq mi (2,134/km2)
21 Huntington  New York 204,127 203,264 +0.42% 137.1 sq mi (355 km2) 2,162/sq mi (835/km2)
22 Providence  Rhode Island 190,934 178,042 +7.24% 18.4 sq mi (48 km2) 10,373/sq mi (4,005/km2)
23 Newport News  Virginia 186,247 180,719 +3.06% 69.0 sq mi (179 km2) 2,700/sq mi (1,000/km2)
24 Paterson  New Jersey 159,732 146,199 +9.26% 8.4 sq mi (22 km2) 18,986/sq mi (7,331/km2)
25 Alexandria  Virginia 159,467 139,966 +13.93% 15.0 sq mi (39 km2) 10,681/sq mi (4,124/km2)
26 Springfield  Massachusetts 155,929 153,060 +1.87% 31.9 sq mi (83 km2) 4,893/sq mi (1,889/km2)
27 Ramapo  New York 148,919 126,595 +17.63% 61.8 sq mi (160 km2) 2,400/sq mi (930/km2)
28 Bridgeport  Connecticut 148,654 144,229 +3.07% 16.1 sq mi (42 km2) 9,290/sq mi (3,590/km2)
29 Elizabeth  New Jersey 137,298 124,969 +9.87% 12.3 sq mi (32 km2) 11,145/sq mi (4,303/km2)
30 Hampton  Virginia 137,148 137,436 −0.21% 51.5 sq mi (133 km2) 2,665/sq mi (1,029/km2)
31 Stamford  Connecticut 135,470 122,643 +10.46% 37.6 sq mi (97 km2) 3,601/sq mi (1,390/km2)
32 Lakewood  New Jersey 135,158 92,843 +45.58% 24.7 sq mi (64 km2) 5,476/sq mi (2,114/km2)
33 New Haven  Connecticut 134,023 129,779 +3.27% 18.7 sq mi (48 km2) 7,170/sq mi (2,770/km2)
34 Allentown  Pennsylvania 125,845 118,032 +6.62% 17.5 sq mi (45 km2) 7,165/sq mi (2,766/km2)
35 Hartford  Connecticut 121,054 124,775 −2.98% 17.4 sq mi (45 km2) 6,965/sq mi (2,689/km2)
36 Cambridge  Massachusetts 118,403 105,162 +12.59% 6.4 sq mi (17 km2) 18,512/sq mi (7,148/km2)
37 Smithtown  New York 116,296 117,801 −1.28% 111.4 sq mi (288 km2) 1,000/sq mi (400/km2)
38 Manchester  New Hampshire 115,644 109,565 +5.55% 33.1 sq mi (86 km2) 3,497/sq mi (1,350/km2)
39 Lowell  Massachusetts 115,554 106,519 +8.48% 13.6 sq mi (35 km2) 8,490/sq mi (3,280/km2)
40 Waterbury  Connecticut 114,403 110,366 +3.66% 28.5 sq mi (74 km2) 4,011/sq mi (1,549/km2)
41 Edison  New Jersey 107,588 99,967 +7.62% 30.1 sq mi (78 km2) 3,578/sq mi (1,381/km2)
42 Brockton  Massachusetts 105,643 93,810 +12.61% 21.3 sq mi (55 km2) 4,952/sq mi (1,912/km2)
43 Columbia[b]  Maryland 104,681 93,810 +11.59% 31.9 sq mi (83 km2) 3,278/sq mi (1,266/km2)
44 Woodbridge  New Jersey 103,639 99,585 +4.07% 23.3 sq mi (60 km2) 4,456/sq mi (1,720/km2)
45 Quincy  Massachusetts 101,636 92,271 +10.15% 16.6 sq mi (43 km2) 6,133/sq mi (2,368/km2)
46 Lynn  Massachusetts 101,253 90,329 +12.09% 10.7 sq mi (28 km2) 9,249/sq mi (3,571/km2)
47 New Bedford  Massachusetts 101,079 95,072 +6.32% 20.0 sq mi (52 km2) 5,054/sq mi (1,951/km2)
  1. ^ County
  2. ^ Census Designated Place

Economy

[edit]

Total GDP of Northeast megalopolis is $5.2 trillion of which around $2.2 trillion is New York metropolitan area.[4] If Northeast megalopolis was a sovereign nation (2022), it would rank in terms of nominal GDP as the world's third largest economy, ahead of Japan ($4.231 trillion).

Largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) by GDP within the Northeast Megalopolis
2022
Rank 		Metropolitan statistical area
(MSA) 		GDP
(billions US$)[4]
1 New York–Newark–Jersey City, NY-NJ MSA 2,163.209
2 Washington–Arlington–Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV MSA 660.626
3 Boston–Cambridge–Newton, MA-NH MSA 571.667
4 Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD MSA 518.485
5 Baltimore–Columbia–Towson, MD MSA 241.339
6 Virginia Beach–Chesapeake–Norfolk, VA-NC MSA 116.686
7 Hartford–West Hartford–East Hartford, CT MSA 114.887
8 Richmond, VA MSA 109.513
9 Providence–Warwick, RI-MA MSA 105.571
10 Bridgeport–Stamford–Danbury, CT MSA 104.368
11 New Haven, CT MSA 61.456
12 Worcester, MA MSA 60.343
13 Allentown–Bethlehem–Easton, PA-NJ MSA 54.323
14 Trenton–Princeton, NJ MSA 49.620
15 Portland–South Portland, ME MSA 43.764
16 Kiryas Joel–Poughkeepsie–Newburgh, NY MSA 42.862
17 Springfield, MA MSA 40.110
18 Manchester–Nashua, NH MSA 34.533
19 Reading, PA MSA 23.751
20 Norwich–New London–Willimantic, CT MSA 22.049
21 Atlantic City–Hammonton, NJ MSA 16.851
22 Kingston, NY MSA 16.351
23 Hagerstown–Martinsburg, MD-WV MSA 13.990
24 Amherst Town–Northampton, MA MSA 9.175
25 Barnstable Town, MA MSA 9.053
26 Lexington Park, MD MSA 8.849
27 Vineland, NJ MSA 7.831
28 Chambersburg, PA MSA 7.457
Northeast megalopolis 5,228.729

History

[edit]
A satellite view of the Northeast megalopolitan region at night in November 2021

Due to its proximity to Europe, the Eastern coast of the United States was among the first regions of the continent to be widely settled by Europeans. Over time, the cities and towns founded on the East Coast had the advantage of age over most other parts of the U.S. However, it was the Northeast in particular that developed most rapidly, owing to a number of fortuitous circumstances.

While possessing neither particularly rich soil—one exception being New England's Connecticut River Valley—nor exceptional mineral wealth, the region still supports some agriculture and mining.[21] The climate is temperate and not particularly prone to hurricanes or tropical storms, which increase further south. However, the most important factor was the "interpenetration of land and sea,"[22] which makes for exceptional harbors, such as those at the Chesapeake Bay, the Port of New York and New Jersey, Narragansett Bay in Providence, Rhode Island, and Boston Harbor. The coastline to the north is rocky and little sheltered, whereas to the south it is smooth and does not feature as many bays or inlets that might function as natural harbors. Also featured are navigable rivers that lead deeper into the heartlands, such as the Hudson, Delaware, and Connecticut rivers, which all support large populations and were necessary to early settlers for development. Therefore, while other parts of the country exceeded the region in raw resource value, they were not as easily accessible, and often, access to them necessarily had to pass through the Northeast first.

Modern history

[edit]

The Northeast played a significant role in the foundation of the United States during the late colonial era and in the American Revolutionary War. Pre-revolutionary events like the Gaspee affair, the Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, and the First Continental Congress all occurred in the region. In 1775, the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the first major battle of the Revolution, occurred in Massachusetts a few miles away from Boston. Many of the most significant battles took place in the region, including the Battle of Bunker Hill, the Battle of Monmouth, the Battle of Trenton, the Battle of Princeton, as well as several significant military campaigns such as the Philadelphia Campaign, the New York and New Jersey Campaign, the Boston Campaign, and the Yorktown Campaign. The surrender of the British occurred in the south end of the megalopolis after the Siege of Yorktown in 1781. Other significant events that occurred during the Revolution at this time in the region include the Second Continental Congress, the creation of the Articles of Confederation, the signing of the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitutional Convention.

During the Civil War, while most of the region did not experience fighting, there were many significant battles in the southern end of the region, particularly in Virginia. Major battles such as the Battle of Gettysburg, the Battle of Antietam, the Battles of Bull Run, the Battle of Fredericksburg, the Battle of Chancellorsville, and the Battles of Petersburg all occurred in the region. Additionally, Richmond acted as the capital of the Confederacy.

By 1800, the region included the only three U.S. cities with populations of over 25,000: Philadelphia, New York City, and Baltimore. By 1850, New York City and Philadelphia alone had over 300,000 residents while Baltimore, Boston, Brooklyn (at that time a separate city from New York), Cincinnati, and New Orleans had over 100,000: five were within one 400-mile strip while the last two were each four hundred miles away from the next closest metropolis. The immense concentration of people in one relatively densely packed area gave that region considerable sway through population density over the rest of the nation, which was solidified in 1800 when Washington, D.C., only 38 miles southwest of Baltimore, was made the nation's capital. According to Gottmann, capital cities "will tend to create for and around the seats of power a certain kind of built environment, singularly endowed, for instance, with monumentality, stressing status and ritual, a trait that will increase with duration."[23] The transportation and telecommunications infrastructure that the capital city mandated also spilled over into the rest of the strip.

Additionally, the proximity to Europe, as well as the prominence of Ellis Island as an immigrant processing center, made New York City and cities nearby a "landing wharf for European immigrants," who represented an ever replenished supply of diversity of thought and determined workers.[24] By contrast, the other major source of trans-oceanic immigrants was China, which was farther from the U.S. West Coast than Europe was from the East, and whose ethnicity made them targets of racial discrimination, creating barriers to their seamless integration into American society. By 1950, the region held over one-fifth of the total U.S. population, with a density nearly 15 times that of the national average.[25]

The region has been home to the richest city in the nation for over 200 years: Hartford, Connecticut held the title from the pre–Civil War industrial era until about 1929, and New York City has held it since.[citation needed] Loudoun and Fairfax County, Virginia are the wealthiest counties in the country, and Connecticut's Gold Coast has one of the highest population densities of families worth over $30 million USD.[citation needed]

Concept

[edit]
Map of the 11 megaregions of the United States with the Northeast megalopolis highlighted in red in the upper right

The concept of megalopolises originated with Jean Gottmann, a French geographer who wrote Megalopolis, a book whose central theory was that the cities between Washington, D.C., and Boston together form a sort of cohesive, integrated "supercity." He took the term megalopolis from a small Greek town that was settled in the Classical Era with the hope it would "become the largest of the Greek cities". The city still exists today, but is largely a sleepy agricultural community. However, the dream of the city's founders, Gottmann argued, was being realized in the Northeastern U.S. in the 1960s with the ascent of the region to global political, academic, and economic prominence.[26]

Gottmann defined two criteria for a group of cities to be a true megalopolis: "polynuclear structure" and "manifold concentration:" that is, the presence of multiple urban nuclei, which exist independently of each other yet are integrated in a special way relative to sites outside their area.

Twin cities, such as Minneapolis–Saint Paul in Minnesota, are not usually considered to form megalopolitan areas since in most cases, the two cities have become integrated enough that they effectively function as one single city in various ways, even though they may have distinct city borders and distinct central business districts. Large communities on the outskirts of major cities, such as Bethesda in Maryland (outside of Washington, D.C.) and Camden in New Jersey (outside of Philadelphia), may be clearly distinct areas with even their own downtowns. However, they tend to be independent of their host cities in few, if any, ways, still being considered suburbs or lesser cities that almost certainly would not have developed in the ways that they have without their host cities' presence.

On the other hand, while the major cities of the Northeast megalopolis all are distinct, independent cities, they are closely linked by transportation and telecommunications. Neil Gustafson showed in 1961 that the vast majority of phone calls originating in the region terminate elsewhere in the region, and it is only a minority that are routed to elsewhere in the United States or abroad.[27] In 2010 automobiles carried 80% of Boston-Washington corridor travel; intercity buses 8–9%; Amtrak 6%; and airlines 5%.[28] Business ventures unique to the region have sprung up that capitalize on the interconnectedness of the megalopolis, such as airline shuttle services that operate short flights between Boston and New York City and New York City and Washington, D.C. that leave every half-hour,[29] Amtrak's Acela Express high-speed rail service from Washington to Boston, and the Chinatown bus lines, which offer economy transportation between the cities' Chinatowns and elsewhere. Other bus lines operating in the megalopolitan area owned by national or international corporations have also appeared, such as BoltBus and Megabus. These ventures indicate not only the dual "independent nuclei"/"interlinked system" nature of the megalopolis, but also a broad public understanding of and capitalization on the concept.

In 2007, Gottmann's "megalopolis" concept was largely supported by John Rennie Short, who authored an update to Gottmann's book, Liquid City: Megalopolis and the Contemporary Northeast. National Geographic Society released a map in 1994 of the region at the time of the American Revolutionary War and in present day, which borrowed Gottmann's book's title. U.S. Senator Claiborne Pell wrote a book, Megalopolis Unbound in 1966, which summarized and expanded on Gottman's original book to outline his vision for a cohesive transportation policy in the region, including his state of Rhode Island. In 1967, futurists Herman Kahn and Anthony Wiener coined the term "BosWash" to predict that the region would emerge as the sort of megalopolis initially described by Gottmann.[30]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Eastern Seaboard". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 25, 2015.
  2. ^ Excerpted from Table of United States Combined Statistical Areas
  3. ^ "Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area", fred.stlouisfed.org
  4. ^ a b c "Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area", fred.stlouisfed.org
  5. ^ After the Amtrak train lines connecting its cities, viz. Burns, Alexander (October 2, 2017). "Zippy Amtrak Train Gets Tangled in 'the Swamp'". The New York Times., Naughton, Kevin (April 27, 2020). "Keeping the lockdown: Science or Acela Corridor parochialism?". The Hill., Franck, Matthew (October 28, 2016). "Calling All Acela Corridor Conservatives". National Review.
  6. ^ Swatridge, L. A. (1971). The Bosnywash Megalopolis: A Region of Great Cities. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-092795-2.
  7. ^ Florida (February 28, 2019). "The Real Powerhouses That Drive the World's Economy". Bloomberg.com.
  8. ^ Rottmann, Jean (1961). Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund. p. 3.
  9. ^ "Northeast". America 2050. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
  10. ^ Gottman, J. (1957). "Megalopolis or the Urbanization of the Northeastern Seaboard". Economic Geography. 33 (3): 189–200 (p. 191). doi:10.2307/142307. JSTOR 142307.
  11. ^ Short, John Rennie (2007). Liquid City: Megalopolis and the Contemporary Northeast. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. p. 23.
  12. ^ Todorovich, Petra; Hagler, Yoav (January 2011). "High Speed Rail in America" (PDF). America 2050. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
  13. ^ "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas in the United States and Puerto Rico". United States Census Bureau. December 2009.
  14. ^ "America 2050 Prospectus" (PDF). Retrieved January 11, 2010.[dead link]
  15. ^ "Building America's Future Chairmen Bloomberg and Rendell Testify for Developing High-Speed Rail for the Northeast Corridor in Congressional Hearing". Building America's Future Educational Fund. January 27, 2011. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
  16. ^ "Home" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2009.
  17. ^ "2020 Best National Universities - US News Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. February 6, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
  18. ^ Excerpted from Table of United States Combined Statistical Areas
  19. ^ Excerpted from Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas
  20. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States". www.census.gov. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  21. ^ Gottmann (1961), p. 8.
  22. ^ Gottmann (1961), pp. 81–82.
  23. ^ Gottmann, Jean (1990). Harper, Robert A. (ed.). Since Megalopolis: The Urban Writings of Jean Gottman. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 0-8018-3812-6.
  24. ^ Gottmann (1961), p. 45.
  25. ^ Short (2007), p. 23
  26. ^ Gottmann (1961), p. 4.
  27. ^ Gottmann (1961), pp. 583–593.
  28. ^ O'Toole, Randal (June 29, 2011). "Intercity Buses: The Forgotten Mode". Policy Analysis (680).
  29. ^ Clabaugh (2002). "American Eagle plans N.Y.-D.C. shuttle". Washington Business Journal. Retrieved December 25, 2015.
  30. ^ Bell, Daniel; et al. (Summer 1967). "Toward the year 2000: work in progress". Dædalus. 96 (3). Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences: 718–719. ISBN 9780262522373. OCLC 36739595. Retrieved October 24, 2009.

Sources

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