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Noble gas (data page)

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This page provides supplementary data about the noble gases, which were excluded from the main article to conserve space and preserve focus. Oganesson mostly not included due to the amount of research known about it.

Physical properties

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Solid

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Physical property Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon
Density, solid at triple point (g/dm³)[1] – 1444 1623 2826 3540 –
Crystal structure[2] hcp fcc fcc fcc fcc fcc

Liquid

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Physical property Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon
Density, liquid at boiling point and 1 atm (g/dm³)[1] 125.0 1207 1393.9 2415 3057 4400
Density, liquid at triple point (g/dm³)[1] – 1247 1415 2451 3084 –
Thermal conductivity, liquid at boiling point (mW m−1 K−1)[1] 31.4 129.7 121.3 88.3 73.2 –
Dielectric constant (liquid)[3][4] 1.057[5][6] 1.191[7][8] 1.325 [9] 1.664[10] 1.880[11] —

Gas

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Physical property Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon
Density, gas at 0 °C and 1 atm (g/dm³)[2] 0.1786 0.9002 1.7818 3.708 5.851 9.97
Thermal conductivity at 0 °C (J s−1 m−1 K−1)[12] 0.1418 0.0461 0.0169 0.00874 0.00506 0.0036[13]
Mean free path at STP (nm)[2] 192.66 135.36 68.33 52.34 37.88  –
Solubility in water at 20 °C (cm3/kg) [12] 8.61 10.5 33.6 59.4 108.1 230
Magnetic susceptibility (cgs units per mole)[2] −0.0000019 −0.0000072 −0.0000194 −0.000028 −0.000043 –
Heat capacity, Cp, gas at 1 atm (J mol−1 K−1)[1] 20.78 20.79 20.85 20.95 21.01 21
Sonic velocity at 0 °C and 1 atm (m/s)[1] 973 433 307.8 213 168 –
Thermal conductivity, gas at 0 °C and 1 atm (mW m−1 K−1)[1] 141.84 46.07 16.94 8.74 5.06 3.6[13]
Molar refraction (D line, cm3)[14] 0.521 1.004 4.203 6.397 10.435 –
Dielectric constant (gas)[15] 1.0000684[16] 1.00013[17] 1.000516[18] – – –
van der Waals constant a (L2bar/mol2)[15] 0.03412 0.2107 1.345 2.318 4.194 –
van der Waals constant b (L/mol)[15] 0.02370 0.01709 0.03219 0.03978 0.05105 –

Phase changes and critical properties

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Physical property Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon
Boiling point (°C)[2] −268.8 −245.9 −185.8 −151.7 −106.6 −61.7
Boiling point (K) 4.15 27.15 87.15 121.2 165.2 211.3
Melting point (°C)[2] −272 −248.5 −189.6 −157.4 −111.5 −71.0
Melting point (K) 1.15 24.65 83.55 115.75 161.65 202.15
Critical temperature (K)[2] 5.25 44.5 150.85 209.35 289.74 378.15
Critical pressure (atm)[2] 2.26 26.9 48.3 54.3 57.64 62
Critical density (g/mL)[2] 0.0693 0.484 0.536 0.908 1.100 –
Triple point temperature (K)[1] 2.19[19] 24.562 83.80 115.76 161.37 202
Triple point pressure (kPa)[1] 5.1[19] 43.37 68.90 73.15 81.66 70

Atomic properties

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Atomic property Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon Oganesson
Atomic number[12] 2 10 18 36 54 86 118
Standard atomic weight[12] 4.002602(2) 20.1797(6) 39.948(1) 83.80(1) 131.29(2) (222) (294)
Number of natural isotopes[12] 2 3 3 6 9 4 0
Outer shell electron configuration[12] 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 4s24p6 5s25p6 6s26p6 7s27p6
Atomic radius (pm)[2] 31 38 71 88 108 120 138
Ionization energy (kJ/mol)[12] 2372 2080 1520 1351 1170 1037 839
Static polarizability[2] (Å3) 0.204 0.392 1.63 2.465 4.01 – –
Average Valence Electron Energy (AVEE) 4.16 4.79 3.24 2.97 2.58 2.60 –

Abundance

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Abundance Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon Oganesson
Solar System (for each atom of silicon)[20] 2343 2.148 0.1025 5.515 × 10−5 5.391 × 10−6 – –
Earth's atmosphere (volume fraction in ppm)[21] 5.20 18.20 9340.00 1.10 0.09 (0.06–18) × 10−19 0
Igneous rock (mass fraction in ppm)[12] 3 × 10−3 7 × 10−5 4 × 10−2 – – 1.7 × 10−10 0

Economic data

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Gas 2004 price (USD/m3)[1]
Helium (industrial grade) 4.20–4.90
Helium (laboratory grade) 22.300–44.90
Argon 2.70–8.50
Neon 60–120
Krypton 400–500
Xenon 4000–5000

Radon is available only in very small quantities, and due to its short half-life, is generally produced by a radium-226 source in secular equilibrium.[22] Oganesson is almost impossible to produce and with a very short half life, it is generally not readily available for purchase.

References and notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Shuen-Chen Hwang; Robert D. Lein; Daniel A. Morgan (2005). "Noble Gases". Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01. ISBN 978-0471238966.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Noble Gas". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
  3. ^ Amey, R. L. (1964). "Dielectric Constants of Liquefied Noble Gases and Methane". Journal of Chemical Physics. 40 (1): 146–148. Bibcode:1964JChPh..40..146A. doi:10.1063/1.1724850.
  4. ^ CRC handbook of chemistry and physics : a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data. Haynes, William M.,, Lide, David R., 1928-, Bruno, Thomas J. (2016-2017, 97th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida. 2016-06-22. ISBN 978-1-4987-5429-3. OCLC 957751024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. ^ at 1.5–2.5 K
  6. ^ Chase, C.E.; Maxwell, E.; Millett, W.E. (December 1961). "The dielectric constant of liquid helium". Physica. 27 (12): 1129–1145. Bibcode:1961Phy....27.1129C. doi:10.1016/0031-8914(61)90054-4.
  7. ^ at 26.11 K
  8. ^ "Dielectric Constant | The Elements Handbook at KnowledgeDoor". KnowledgeDoor. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
  9. ^ at 140 K
  10. ^ at 119.80K
  11. ^ at 161K
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  13. ^ a b Generalic, Eni,"Radon," EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements. 27 May 2013. KTF-Split. (accessed 30 May 2013).
  14. ^ Peter Häussinger; Reinhard Glatthaar; Wilhelm Rhode; Helmut Kick; Christian Benkmann; Josef Weber; Hans-Jörg Wunschel; Viktor Stenke; Edith Leicht; Hermann Stenger (2002). "Noble gases". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_485. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  15. ^ a b c Lide, D. R. (Ed.) (1990). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (70th Edn.). Boca Raton (FL):CRC Press.
  16. ^ <3 × 106 Hz at 140 °C
  17. ^ 106 Hz at 0°C
  18. ^ 1015 Hz at 20°C
  19. ^ a b Lambda point for pure 4He from Yunus A. Cengel, Robert H. Turner. Fundamentals of thermal-fluid sciences. McGraw-Hill, 2004, p. 78. ISBN 0-07-297675-6
  20. ^ Lodders, Katharina (July 10, 2003). "Solar System Abundances and Condensation Temperatures of the Elements" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 591 (2): 1220–1247. Bibcode:2003ApJ...591.1220L. doi:10.1086/375492. S2CID 42498829. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 7, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
  21. ^ "The Atmosphere". National Weather Service. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
  22. ^ Collé, R; Kishore, Raj (1997-06-11). "An update on the NIST radon-in-water standard generator: its performance efficacy and long-term stability". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 391 (3): 511–528. Bibcode:1997NIMPA.391..511C. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00572-X.
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