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New Zealand women's national rugby union team

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Not to be confused with New Zealand women's national rugby sevens team, New Zealand women's national rugby league team, or New Zealand national rugby union team.

New Zealand
Shirt badge/Association crest
NicknameBlack Ferns
EmblemSilver-fern frond
UnionNew Zealand Rugby
Head coachAllan Bunting
CaptainRuahei Demant
Kennedy Simon
Most capsKendra Cocksedge (68)
Top scorerKendra Cocksedge (404)
First colours
Second colours
World Rugby ranking
Current3 (as of 30 September 2024)
Highest1 (2003–2012, 2013–2020)
Lowest3 (2024)
First international
 New Zealand 56–0 Netherlands 
(Christchurch, New Zealand; 26 August 1990)
Biggest win
 Germany 6–134 New Zealand 
(Amsterdam, Netherlands; 2 May 1998)
Biggest defeat
 England 56–15 New Zealand 
(Northampton, England; 7 November 2021)
World Cup
Appearances8 (First in 1991)
Best resultChampions (1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2017, 2021)
Websiteallblacks.com
Women's
World Rugby Rankings
Top 20 rankings as of 11 November 2024[1]
Rank Change* Team Points
1 Steady  England 097.56
2 Steady  Canada 089.31
3 Steady  New Zealand 088.64
4 Steady  France 085.11
5 Steady  Australia 078.10
6 Steady  Ireland 078.03
7 Steady  Scotland 076.82
8 Steady  Italy 074.75
9 Steady  United States 074.20
10 Steady  Wales 072.58
11 Steady  Japan 066.41
12 Steady  South Africa 066.18
13 Steady  Spain 065.42
14 Steady  Russia 061.10
15 Steady  Samoa 060.56
16 Steady  Netherlands 060.20
17 Steady  Fiji 059.14
18 Steady  Hong Kong 056.20
19 Steady  Kazakhstan 055.23
20 Steady  Sweden 052.72
*Change from the previous week

The New Zealand women's rugby union team, called the Black Ferns (Māori: Rarauhe Pango),[2][3] represents New Zealand in women's international rugby union, which is regarded as the country's national sport.[4] The team has won six out of nine Women's Rugby World Cup tournaments.

They have an 82 percent winning record in Test Match rugby, (updated 12 October 2024). Since their official international debut in 1990, the Black Ferns have lost to only five of the sixteen nations they have played against — Canada, England, France, Ireland and the United States. The team performs a haka before every match; this is a Māori challenge or posture dance. Traditionally the Black Ferns use the haka Ko Uhia Mai.

History

[edit]

Women's rugby in New Zealand was rising in the late eighties, but recognition and assistance from New Zealand Rugby Football Union (NZRFU) was not available.[5][6] It was not until 1989 that women's rugby started to get official recognition with the organisation of matches by provinces and clubs.[5][6] On 22 July that year, New Zealand fielded their first women's rugby union team against a touring United States side, the California Grizzlies.[7][6]

Team's name

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The team's name refers to the mamaku, the black tree fern, which is a taonga (treasure) of New Zealand. It also aligns with the colour black and the silver fern, which are iconic New Zealand sporting symbols. For example, the All Blacks is New Zealand's men's rugby team, the Black Caps is the men's cricket team, the White Ferns is the women's cricket team, while the Silver Ferns is the women's netball team.

World Cup wins

[edit]

The Black Ferns have participated in most Rugby World Cup events since its inauguration in 1991, only missing the 1994 championship in Scotland. Starting with the inaugural International Rugby Board (IRB)-sponsored tournament in 1998, the Black Ferns have gone on to win five more titles — including the 2002, 2006, 2010, 2017, and the 2021 tournament which was hosted in New Zealand.[8][9]

Funding

[edit]

While rugby is the most popular spectator game in New Zealand, the Black Ferns have suffered in the past from similar problems to any women's sport: under-funding, lack of support and lack of publicity. While the New Zealand Rugby Union (NZRU) and World Rugby have been criticised to an extent for not doing more to promote women's rugby, support is beginning to improve in those organisations, in large part due to the Ferns' successes.

The NZRU started funding the Black Ferns in 1995, therefore giving a great boost to their game, while the Black Ferns have benefitted from being included in NZRU High Performance initiatives. Along with professional coaches, the team has had access to professional development resources such as analysis. In more recent times, the team's profile has risen greatly at a grassroots level, due in great part to their string of successes, and it is increasingly seen to be a national team on the same basis as any other.

Provincial championship

[edit]

In January 2010, the Women's Provincial Championship (WPC) came under severe threat after the NZRU announced that it would be shut down due to budget cuts. As the championship was a prime builder of training, skill and competition for New Zealand women's rugby, the decision was a shock for players and supporters, including former captain Farah Palmer – especially since it was a World Cup year.[10]

While NZRU said women's domestic rugby was one of many victims of the tight financial times, they faced widespread criticism for their decision. After the Black Ferns' 2010 World Cup victory, the NZRU immediately apologised and reinstated the WPC, which was renamed the Farah Palmer Cup in 2016 in honour of the Black Ferns' influential former captain.

International competitions

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The Black Ferns have won the Canada Cup in 1996, 2000, and 2005, and the Churchill Cup in 2004. From 2002 until their last game of 2009, the Black Ferns enjoyed a streak of 24 consecutive test match wins.

In 2018, after the success of the New Zealand women's national rugby sevens team, all Sevens and Black Ferns players have been offered semi-professional contracts. They also played the first Test series against Australian Wallaroos, which was played on the same night as the Men's Bledisloe Cup Tests.

The 2018 season finished with a 1–1 drawn series against France, with France becoming only the fourth team in the world to beat the Black Ferns. The Black Ferns' loss in the final game of the year ended a 17-month long winning streak and was also the final game for captain Fa’amausili, who retired from international rugby.[11]

In 2019, the Black Ferns won the annual Women's Rugby Super Series for the second time. On 31 October 2021, the Black Ferns played their 100th test match against England at Exeter.[12][13] They hosted the 2022 Pacific Four Series and won their first title after going undefeated in the series.[14][15]

New Zealand hosted the delayed 2021 Rugby World Cup after beating out neighbour Australia for the rights.[16] New Zealand automatically qualified for the 2021 event as host. The Black Ferns successfully defended their title and claimed their sixth World Championship after beating England in the final.[17]

2023

[edit]

The Black Ferns began 2023 with a new coach and a 50–0 thrashing of the Wallaroos in their first test for the year; the win saw them retain the O'Reilly Cup another year and top the Pacific Four Series on points difference.[18] Convincing wins against Canada and the United States in the rest of the series also added a second title to their acclaim.[19][20]

New Zealand hosted the inaugural WXV 1 competition on 20 October, they hosted Australia, Canada, England, France, and Wales in the top tier.[21][22] France ended their 16-game winning streak in their opening match with a 17–18 score.[19][23] A 70–7 drubbing of Wales saw them bounce back from their early defeat in their first test in Dunedin since 1997.[24][25] A title-decider with England saw a rematch of the 2022 World Cup final, the Red Roses overpowered the Black Ferns and went on to claim the inaugural WXV 1 title.[26][27]

Haka

[edit]
Main article: Haka in sports

The Black Ferns perform a haka (a Māori challenge) before every international match. The Black Ferns traditionally perform the haka Ko Uhia Mai, specially composed by the Māori rugby leader Te Whetū Tipiwai.

Record

[edit]

The first four games listed below – played at RugbyFest 1990 – are not generally accepted as being internationals by New Zealand authorities. However, in men's rugby it is general practice to award full international status to any games where ONE side considers a game to be an international. As a result all games in that tournament have been treated as full internationals in this article.

Overall

[edit]
See also: List of New Zealand women's national rugby union team matches

(Full internationals only, updated to 12 October 2024)[28]

Rugby: New Zealand Internationals From 1991
Opponent Played Won Lost Drawn Win% For Aga Diff
 Australia 27 27 0 0 100.00 1,071 197 +874
 Canada 18 17 1 0 94.44 718 176 +542
 England 33 19 13 1 57.38 734 596 +138
 France 12 7 5 0 58.33 362 195 +167
 Germany 2 2 0 0 100.00 251 6 +245
 Hong Kong 1 1 0 0 100.00 121 0 +121
 Ireland 3 1 2 0 33.33% 79 54 +25
 Japan 1 1 0 0 100.00 95 12 +83
 Kazakhstan 1 1 0 0 100.00 79 5 +74
 Samoa 2 2 0 0 100.00 140 12 +128
 Scotland 4 4 0 0 100.00 184 9 +175
 South Africa 1 1 0 0 100.00 55 3 +52
 Spain 1 1 0 0 100.00 46 3 +43
 United States 15 14 1 0 93.33 702 100 +602
 Wales 7 7 0 0 100.00 353 55 +298
World XV 2 2 0 0 100.00 75 19 +56
Summary 130 107 22 1 82.31 5,065 1,442 +3,623

Rugby World Cup

[edit]
Main article: New Zealand women at the Rugby World Cup
Rugby World Cup
Year Round Pld W D L PF PA Squad
Wales 1991 Third place* 3 2 0 1 48 21 Squad
Scotland 1994 Did not participate due to late tournament cancellation
Netherlands 1998 Champions† 5 5 0 0 344 32 Squad
Spain 2002 Champions† 4 4 0 0 202 12 Squad
Canada 2006 Champions† 5 5 0 0 202 34 Squad
England 2010 Champions† 5 5 0 0 186 33 Squad
France 2014 Fifth place 5 4 0 1 245 37 Squad
Ireland 2017 Champions† 5 5 0 0 299 61 Squad
New Zealand 2021 Champions† 6 6 0 0 268 87 Squad
England 2025 Qualified
Australia 2029 TBD
United States 2033
Total Champions† 38 36 0 2 1,749 317 Squad
  Champion   Runner-up   Third place   Fourth place
* Tied placing † Best placing Home venue

New Zealand have won the World Cup six times. They lost to eventual winners the United States in the semi-final of the inaugural competition held in Wales in 1991, but were absent from the following tournament in 1994, due to the late cancellation of the event. They defeated the United States in the final of the 1998 World Cup held in the Netherlands to claim their maiden title. They followed this up with three more consecutive titles, overcoming England in the final of the next three editions; 2002, 2006 and 2010, as well as in their fifth world title in 2017. They won their sixth World Title after defeating England 34–31 in the 2021 Rugby World Cup Grand Final.

In the 2014 Rugby World Cup, they lost a pool game to Ireland,[29] while the top two teams in another pool drew their match. This saw them miss out on the semi-finals by a single table point, before going on to heavily defeat Wales and the United States to finish the tournament in fifth.

Players

[edit]

Current squad

[edit]

On 16 August, Allan Bunting named the Black Ferns 30–player squad for their End of Year tour.[30]

Unavailable for selection due to injuries: Awhina Tangen-Wainohu (neck), Grace Gago (neck), Santo Taumata (knee), Sophie Fisher (neck).

Updated to: 12 October 2024

Player Position Date of birth (age) Caps Club/province
Luka Connor Hooker (1996-09-24)24 September 1996 (aged 27) 24 New Zealand Chiefs Manawa / Bay of Plenty
Georgia Ponsonby Hooker (1999-12-14)14 December 1999 (aged 24) 27 New Zealand Matatū / Canterbury
Atlanta Lolohea Hooker (2003-04-16)16 April 2003 (aged 21) 5 New Zealand Matatū / Canterbury
Kate Henwood Prop (1989-01-28) 28 January 1989 (age 35) 8 New Zealand Chiefs Manawa / Bay of Plenty
Tanya Kalounivale Prop (1999-01-20)20 January 1999 (aged 25) 18 New Zealand Chiefs Manawa / Waikato
Phillipa Love Prop (1990-04-08)8 April 1990 (aged 34) 28 New Zealand Matatū / Canterbury
Marcelle Parkes Prop (1997-09-09) 9 September 1997 (age 27) 7 New Zealand Matatū / Canterbury
Amy Rule Prop (2000-07-15)15 July 2000 (aged 23) 27 New Zealand Matatū / Canterbury
Chryss Viliko Prop (2000-12-25)25 December 2000 (aged 23) 10 New Zealand Blues / Auckland
Alana Bremner Lock (1997-02-10)10 February 1997 (aged 27) 25 New Zealand Matatū / Canterbury
Chelsea Bremner Lock (1995-04-11)11 April 1995 (aged 29) 20 New Zealand Chiefs Manawa / Canterbury
Maiakawanakaulani Roos Lock (2001-07-27) 27 July 2001 (age 23) 29 New Zealand Blues / Auckland
Ma'ama Mo'onia Vaipulu Lock (2002-11-26)26 November 2002 (aged 21) 5 New Zealand Blues / Auckland
Kaipo Olsen-Baker Loose forward (2002-05-01) 1 May 2002 (age 22) 10 New Zealand Matatū / Manawatū
Kennedy Simon(cc) Loose forward (1996-10-01) 1 October 1996 (age 28) 27 New Zealand Chiefs Manawa / Waikato
Layla Sae Loose forward (2000-10-22)22 October 2000 (aged 23) 11 New Zealand Hurricanes Poua / Manawatū
Liana Mikaele-Tu'u Loose forward (2002-03-02)2 March 2002 (aged 22) 26 New Zealand Blues / Auckland
Lucy Jenkins Loose forward (2000-11-30)30 November 2000 (aged 23) 7 New Zealand Matatu / Canterbury
Iritana Hohaia Scrum-half (2000-03-01)1 March 2000 (aged 24) 14 New Zealand Hurricanes Poua / Taranaki
Maia Joseph Scrum-half (2002-05-20) 20 May 2002 (age 22) 8 New Zealand Matatū / Otago
Ruahei Demant (cc) Fly-half (1995-04-21)21 April 1995 (aged 29) 41 New Zealand Blues / Auckland
Hannah King Fly-half (2004-01-13)13 January 2004 (aged 20) 7 New Zealand Hurricanes Poua / Canterbury
Sylvia Brunt Centre (2004-01-01)1 January 2004 (aged 20) 21 New Zealand Blues / Auckland
Amy du Plessis Centre (1999-07-07)7 July 1999 (aged 24) 19 New Zealand Matatū / Canterbury
Renee Holmes Utility back (1999-12-21)21 December 1999 (aged 24) 22 New Zealand Chiefs Manawa / Waikato
Ayesha Leti-I'iga Utility back (1999-01-03) 3 January 1999 (age 25) 24 New Zealand Hurricanes Poua
Patricia Maliepo Utility back (2003-03-13)13 March 2003 (aged 21) 10 New Zealand Blues / Auckland
Mererangi Paul Utility back (1998-10-29)29 October 1998 (aged 25) 12 New Zealand Chiefs Manawa / Counties Manukau
Ruby Tui Utility back (1991-12-13)13 December 1991 (aged 32) 19 New ZealandChiefs Manawa / Counties Manukau
Katelyn Vaha'akolo Utility back (2000-04-18)18 April 2000 (aged 24) 14 New Zealand Blues / Auckland

Notable players

[edit]
Main article: List of New Zealand women's national rugby union players

Four former Black Ferns have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame: Farah Palmer, Anna Richards, Huriana Manuel-Carpenter and Fiao'o Fa'amausili.[31]

  • Farah Palmer won three Women's Rugby World Cups, in 1998, 2002 and 2006.[32] During her captaincy from 1997 to 2006, the Black Ferns lost only once. Palmer made her international debut against Australia in August 1996. She earned 35 caps, making her the fifth-most capped Black Ferns player. Palmer was awarded the IRB International Women's Personality of the Year in 2005. For the 5th Women's Rugby World Cup in Canada, Palmer fought her way back into the team and again led them to World Cup victory. After the win, she announced her retirement from the Black Ferns in September 2006.[33] The national provincial women's competition in New Zealand is named in her honour in recognition of her contribution to the game.[34] She was inducted into World Rugby's Hall of Fame in October 2014.[35]
  • Anna Richards was inducted into World Rugby's Hall of Fame in October 2014 along with Palmer.[36] She won 49 caps for the Black Ferns in a career that spanned two decades, from 1990 to 2010.[37][36] She played in the inaugural 1991 World Cup when New Zealand lost in the semi-finals.[37] Richards is also a four-time Women's Rugby World Cup winner – 1998, 2002, 2006 and 2010; she played in every final.[38]
  • Huriana Manuel-Carpenter represented New Zealand in both sevens and 15s.[39] In 2013, she captained the Black Ferns sevens side when they won the inaugural Women's Sevens Series title and the Sevens World Cup. She was also captain when the side successfully defended the series title in 2014.[40][41] She won a silver medal at the Rio Olympic Games. Manuel-Carpenter is also a two-time Rugby World Cup winner – 2006 and 2010.[40][41] Between 2005 and 2014 she scored 15 tries from 25 test appearances.[40] She is part of the first mother-and-daughter duo to have played for the Black Ferns.[41][39] She was inducted into World Rugby's Hall of Fame in October 2021.[42]
  • Fiao'o Fa'amausili was the most capped Black Fern at the time of her retirement in 2018. She recorded 50 wins from 58 games with 35 tests as captain. She scored 17 tries, the most by a forward, and won four World Cups out of the five that she has attended.[31]

Award winners

[edit]

The following New Zealand players have been recognised at the World Rugby Awards since 2001:[43]

Coaches

[edit]

The following table lists every head coach of the Black Ferns, from 1991 to the present day. Every Black Ferns head coach has been a New Zealander. Allan Bunting is the current head coach, as of 2024.

Name Years Tests Won Lost Drew Win %
Laurie O'Reilly 1991 3 2 1 0 66.66%
Vicky Dombroski 1994–1995 2 2 0 0 100%
Darryl Suasua 1996–2002 23 22 1 0 95.65%
Jed Rowlands 2003–2006 15 15 0 0 100%
Dale Atkins 2007–2008 4 4 0 0 100%
Brian Evans [a] 2009–2010 7 6 1 0 85.71%
Grant Hansen 2011 3 0 2 1 0.00%
Brian Evans 2012–2014 15 11 4 0 73.33%
Greg Smith [b] 2015 0 0 0 0 0.00%
Glenn Moore 2015–2021 31 24 7 0 77.41%
Wayne Smith 2022 12 12 0 0 100%
Allan Bunting 2023– 15 9 6 0 60.00%
Total 1991–Present 130 107 22 1 82.31%

See also

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Curtin, Jennifer (2016). "Before the 'Black Ferns': Tracing the Beginnings of Women's Rugby in New Zealand". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 33 (17): 2071–2085. doi:10.1080/09523367.2017.1329201. S2CID 148962837.

Notes

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  1. ^ Brian Evans took a break from coaching in 2011.
  2. ^ Greg Smith voluntarily stepped down as Black Ferns head coach without a single game.[44][45]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Women's World Rankings". World Rugby. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  2. ^ https://teara.govt.nz/mi/photograph/39666/black-ferns-haka [bare URL]
  3. ^ https://teara.govt.nz/mi/photograph/39665/black-ferns-versus-samoa [bare URL]
  4. ^ "Sport, Fitness and Leisure". New Zealand Official Yearbook. Statistics New Zealand. 2000. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2008. Traditionally New Zealanders have excelled in rugby union, which is regarded as the national sport, and track and field athletics.
  5. ^ a b Palmer, Farah (10 October 2013). "Opinion: Thanks JJ Stewart, and thanks Otago Spirit". Otago Daily Times Online News. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  6. ^ a b c Harvey, Helen (10 May 2019). "Women's rugby: From hand-me-down jerseys to professional contracts". Stuff. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  7. ^ "31 years since first official New Zealand women's team took to the field". allblacks.com. 22 July 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  8. ^ Julian, Adam (8 November 2022). "A look back at Rugby World Cup finals history". allblacks.com. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  9. ^ Julian, Adam (12 November 2022). "Black Ferns crowned Rugby World Cup champions". allblacks.com. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  10. ^ Cleaver, Dylan (23 January 2010). "Rugby: NZRU plan 'will kill women's rugby'". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  11. ^ "Black Ferns fall to France in second test". Newshub. 18 November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  12. ^ "Black Ferns set to play historic 100th Test match". allblacks.com. 30 September 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  13. ^ Pearson, Joseph (31 October 2021). "Milestone match ends with heaviest defeat in history as Black Ferns lose 100th test against England". Stuff. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  14. ^ "Black Ferns win Pacific Four". Otago Daily Times Online News. 18 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  15. ^ "New Zealand win the Pacific Four Series 2022". www.world.rugby. 18 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  16. ^ "New Zealand to host 2021 Women's World Cup". The New Zealand Herald. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  17. ^ Pearson, Joseph (12 November 2022). "Black Ferns stun England to win Rugby World Cup for a sixth time in Eden Park thriller". Stuff. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  18. ^ "Mererangi Paul and Sylvia Brunt impress as Black Ferns beat Wallaroos". www.world.rugby. 29 June 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  19. ^ a b Julian, Adam (7 November 2023). "Looking back on the Black Ferns 2023 season". allblacks.com. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  20. ^ "Black Ferns secure second consecutive Pacific Four Series title". www.rugbypass.com. 17 July 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  21. ^ "New Zealand to host inaugural WXV tournament". www.rugby.com.au. 5 May 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  22. ^ Orchard, Sara (5 May 2023). "New Zealand to host England & Wales in WXV series". BBC Sport. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  23. ^ Pearson, Joseph (21 October 2023). "Black Ferns suffer first defeat in two years as France claim historic win in WXV1 opener". Stuff. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  24. ^ Julian, Adam (28 October 2023). "Black Ferns pile on the points in Dunedin". allblacks.com. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  25. ^ Cully, Paul (28 October 2023). "Ruby Tui scores four tries as Black Ferns thrash Wales in second WXV1 fixture". Stuff. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  26. ^ Julian, Adam (4 November 2023). "Black Ferns fall to England in WXV 1 decider". allblacks.com. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  27. ^ "How WXV 1 was won: England's journey to glory". www.world.rugby. 6 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  28. ^ "Black Ferns Test Match Record". All Blacks.
  29. ^ "Women's Rugby World Cup: Ireland stun New Zealand". BBC. 5 August 2014.
  30. ^ "AN EXPERIENCED BLACK FERNS SQUAD NAMED FOR THEIR END OF YEAR TOUR". All Blacks. 16 August 2024. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  31. ^ a b Julian, Adam (9 November 2022). "Fa'amausili on Hall of Fame induction and the Rugby World Cup". allblacks.com. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  32. ^ "Palmer leads by example in New Zealand". www.world.rugby. 19 May 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  33. ^ "Farah Palmer announces retirement". Archived from the original on 28 October 2006. Retrieved 2 December 2006.
  34. ^ "About the Farah Palmer Cup". Provincial Rugby. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  35. ^ "Farah Palmer – World Rugby – Hall of Fame". www.world.rugby. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  36. ^ a b Piddington, Stu (18 November 2014). "Anna Richards inducted to IRB's Hall of Fame". Stuff. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  37. ^ a b "Anna Richards: "I don't want to put a limit, you've got to dream"". www.world.rugby. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  38. ^ "Hall of Fame award a boost for women's rugby, says Anna Richards". South China Morning Post. 17 November 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  39. ^ a b "Huriana Manuel-Carpenter inducted into World Rugby Hall of Fame". RNZ. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  40. ^ a b c "Multi World Cup winner Huriana Manuel-Carpenter inducted into World Rugby Hall of Fame". Stuff. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  41. ^ a b c "Huriana Manuel-Carpenter to be inducted into World Rugby Hall of Fame". allblacks.com. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  42. ^ "Huriana Manuel-Carpenter – World Rugby – Hall of Fame". www.world.rugby. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  43. ^ "Awards Roll of Honour – World Rugby". www.world.rugby. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  44. ^ Davis, Hanne (16 August 2015). "New Zealand Rugby confirm Greg Smith won't return as Black Ferns coach". Stuff. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  45. ^ Davis, Hanne (16 June 2015). "Greg Smith voluntarily stands down for Black Ferns tour of Canada over ref abuse". Stuff. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
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