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Flora of New Zealand

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This article relates to the flora of New Zealand, especially indigenous strains. New Zealand's geographical isolation has meant the country has developed a unique variety of native flora. However, human migration has led to the importation of many other plants (generally referred to as 'exotics' in New Zealand) as well as widespread damage to the indigenous flora, especially after the advent of European colonisation, due to the combined efforts of farmers and specialised societies dedicated to importing European plants & animals.

Characteristics

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Indigenous New Zealand flora generally has the following characteristics:[1]

  • the majority are evergreen.
  • few annual herbs.
  • few cold-tolerant trees.
  • majority are dispersed by birds.
  • very few have defences against mammalian browsers.
  • few nitrogen fixing plants.
  • few fire-adapted species.
  • many dioecious species.
  • flowers are typically small and white.
  • many plants have divaricating growth forms.
  • many plants have evolved into larger forms compared with similar plant families in other countries.

List of plants

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Trees and shrubs

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Main article: List of trees native to New Zealand

Ferns

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While most of the world's ferns grow in tropical climates, New Zealand hosts an unusual number of ferns for a temperate country. These exhibit a variety of forms, from stereotypical feather-shaped tufted ferns and tree ferns to less typical filmy, leafy and climbing ferns. Both the koru, in the shape of an unfurling fern frond, and the silver fern are widely accepted symbols of New Zealand.

New Zealand has ten species of tree ferns,[2] but there are numerous ground, climbing and perching smaller ferns to be found throughout the countries forests, the largest of which is the king fern.[3]

A black tree fern in the Auckland Domain
See also: List of native New Zealand ferns

Seaweeds

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New Zealand is impacted by a diversity of sea water systems including the ocean fronts the Tasman Front, the Subantartic Front, and the Subtropical Front. These each have different properties have a significant influence on the seaweed flora of the long coastlines of New Zealand. There are around 900 species of seaweed that occur in the New Zealand region but it's likely that there are species that have yet to be formally described or discovered.[4] A commonly found seaweed is Neptune's necklace.

The red seaweeds belong to the following family and genera:

Liverworts

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New Zealand has a greater density of liverworts than any other country, due to its cool, wet and temperate climate. About half the species are endemic to New Zealand.

There are 606 species known in New Zealand. While these include some thallose liverworts, with liver-shaped thalli, most are leafy liverworts which can be confused with mosses and filmy ferns. Undescribed species, and those not previously recorded in New Zealand, continue to be found in lowland forests. Ninety species and varieties are listed on the 2001 Department of Conservation threatened plants list, and 157 liverwort species and varieties will be included on the next version of the list as a result of better knowledge of the group.

A three-volume work on liverworts in New Zealand is being written by John Engel and David Glenny, with the first volume published in 2008.[5] The first volume will also be placed online in June 2009 as part of Floraseries.[6]

Grasses

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There are 187 species of native grasses in New Zealand: 157 endemic and 30 indigenous species.[7]

The grasses belong to the following tribes and genera:

Mosses

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There are 523 known moss species and 23 varieties in New Zealand, with 208 genera represented. 108 species and 11 genera are considered endemic. Most New Zealand mosses originated in Gondwana, so there are strong relationships with species in Tasmania, South-eastern Australia, and temperate parts of South America.[8] The endemic genera are:

Sphagnum moss is also of economic importance.

Other

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Flowers of Tecomanthe speciosa

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "NZ Native Plants - Bushmansfriend".
  2. ^ "Number of Tree Ferns Reference".
  3. ^ "King Fern largest ground fern. p. 19" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  4. ^ Wendy Nelson (2013), New Zealand Seaweeds: An Illustrated Guide, Wikidata Q59539332
  5. ^ Engel, J. J. and Glenny, D. 2008 A flora of the liverworts and hornworts of New Zealand. Monographs in systematic botany volume 110, Missouri Botanic Gardens Press, Missouri.
  6. ^ David Glenny, New Zealand's liverworts, no longer a forgotten group, Te Taiao, Number 6, July 2006, ISSN 1176-2454
  7. ^ H. E. Connor and E. Edgar. "History of the taxonomy of the New Zealand native grass flora". Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  8. ^ Landcare Research. "Characteristics of the Indigenous Moss Flora". Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
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