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Neptis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The genus Neptis established by Hübner in 1819 is invalid; see Vila (butterfly).

Typical sailers
Neptis saclava
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Nymphalidae
Subfamily: Limenitidinae
Tribe: Neptini
Genus: Neptis
Fabricius, 1807
Species

158 species[1]

Synonyms
  • Philonoma Billberg, 1820
  • Paraneptis Moore, 1898
  • Kalkasia Moore, 1898
  • Hamadryodes Moore, 1898
  • Bimbisara Moore, 1898
  • Bimbisara Moore, [1899]
  • Stabrobates Moore, 1898
  • Stabrobates Moore, [1899]
  • Rasalia Moore, 1898
  • Rasalia Moore, [1899]
  • Neptidomima Holland, 1920

Neptis is a large genus of butterflies of Old World tropics and subtropics.[2] They are commonly called sailer butterflies or sailers, or more precisely typical sailers to distinguish them from the related blue sailer (Pseudoneptis).

Description

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For a key to the terms used, see Glossary of entomology terms.

The head is rather broad and moderately hairy on the forehead. The eyes are large and prominent. The palpi are short, acute, slender, hairy, and do not rise above the level of the forehead. The antennae are moderately long, terminating in an elongate, gradually-formed club, flattened on its upper surface. The thorax is not robust and it is as broad as the head and slightly hairy posteriorly. The wing characters are: forewings elongate, rather truncate; costa only slightly arched; apex not acute, but well marked; hind margin slightly convex and sinuated; anal angle distinct; inner-margin convex near base, slightly concave about middle. Hindwings large, rounded; costa strongly arched; hind margin moderately dentate; inner margins only slightly convex, not covering posterior portion of the abdomen. Upperside patterning consists of white spots and bars (some species have orange or yellow bars) on a black ground colour. Underside patterns are yellowish to reddish brown, alternating with white bands The legs are rather short and stout. The abdomen is slender, much compressed and rather elongate.

The head of the larva is very large and bifid on its summit. There is a pair of downy, elongate, tubercular processes, projecting laterally, on both the second and third segments—those on the third segment are much longer. There is an upright pyramidal process on the penultimate segment and the body is attenuated posteriorly.

The pupa is strongly curved (thick in central portion). The head is deeply bifid.

  • Neptis nashona showing undersides. In Neptis both sexes have similar wing markings but females are larger.
    Neptis nashona showing undersides. In Neptis both sexes have similar wing markings but females are larger.
  • African Neptis. Distinguishing the species involves study of the configuration of the white spots, bars and submarginal lines on both wing surfaces.
    African Neptis. Distinguishing the species involves study of the configuration of the white spots, bars and submarginal lines on both wing surfaces.
  • African Neptis. Plate accompanying a classic study by Harry Eltringham
    African Neptis. Plate accompanying a classic study by Harry Eltringham
  • Larva and pupa, figures 10 and 10a
    Larva and pupa, figures 10 and 10a

Distribution

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About 65 species occur in the Afrotropical realm, over 40 in the Palearctic realm 6 in the Australasian realm and about 50 occur in the Indomalayan realm.

Forest in Equatorial Guinea

Habitat

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Neptis are forest, including rainforest and secondary forest, butterflies. They are also found in lightly wooded areas and gardens.

Biology

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Larval food plants come from the families Fabaceae, Rhamnaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Polygonaceae, Sapindaceae, Urticaceae and Connaraceae.

Adults have a "sailing" flight flapping their wings and then gliding. They frequently perch and visit flowers for nectar and damp patches where they imbibe salts and other nutrients. Adult uppersides exhibit disruptive coloration, This species has been observed to make sounds whose function has not been established.[3]

Taxonomy

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Neptis are allied to Pantoporia, in which the white wing markings are replaced by orange and to Athyma resemble Neptis but have more triangular forewings. The type species of the genus is Papilio aceris Esper.

Species

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Neptis pryeri

Species include:

References

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  1. ^ Afrotropical Butterflies: Nymphalidae – Tribe Limenitidini
  2. ^ Brower, Andrew V. Z. 2006. Neptis Fabricius 1807. Neptidomima Holland 1920. Version 9 December 2006 [1]
  3. ^ Scott, F.W. (1968). Sound produced by Neptis hylas (Nymphalidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 22(4):254
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