Budapest
Budapest | |
|---|---|
| Capital City of Hungary Magyarország fővárosa | |
 Budapest highlighted in Hungary | |
  Budapest Location within Hungary  Budapest Location within Europe | |
| Coordinates: 47°29′33″N 19°03′05″E / 47.49250°N 19.05139°E | |
| Country |  Hungary |
| Region | Central Hungary |
| Unification of Buda, Pest and Óbuda | 17 November 1873 |
| Boroughs |
|
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor – Council |
| • Body | General Assembly of Budapest |
| • Mayor | Gergely Karácsony (Dialogue) |
| Area | |
| • Capital city and municipality | 525.2 km2 (202.8 sq mi) |
| • Urban | 2,538 km2 (980 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 6,917 km2 (2,671 sq mi) |
| Elevation | Lowest (Danube) 96 m Highest (János Hill) 527 m (315 to 1,729 ft) |
| Population (2022 census)[5] | |
| • Capital city and municipality | 1,685,342 |
| • Estimate (January 2023)[3] | 1,671,004 |
| • Rank | 1st (9th in EU) |
| • Density | 3,182/km2 (8,240/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 2,999,794[3] |
| • Metro density | 434/km2 (1,120/sq mi) |
| Demonyms | Budapester, budapesti (Hungarian) |
| GDP Nominal (2022) | |
| • Capital city and municipality | €62 billion (36.7% of Hungary) |
| • Metro | €82 billion (48.5% of Hungary) |
| • Per capita (City) (nominal and PPS) | €36,276,[6] €56.100[6] |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code(s) | 1011–1239 |
| Area code | 1 |
| ISO 3166 code | HU-BU |
| NUTS code | HU101 |
| HDI (2022) | 0.936[7] – very high · 1st |
| International Airport | Ferenc Liszt International Airport |
| Website | BudapestInfo Official Government Official |
| Official name | Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue |
| Criteria | Cultural: ii, iv |
| Reference | 400 |
| Inscription | 1987 (11th Session) |
| Extensions | 2002 |
| Area | 473.3 ha |
.jpg)
.svg)
Budapest[a] is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second largest city on the Danube river.[11][12][13] The city has an estimated population of 1,752,286 over a land area of about 525 square kilometres (203 square miles).[14] Budapest, which is both a city and municipality, forms the centre of the Budapest metropolitan area, which has an area of 7,626 square kilometres (2,944 square miles) and a population of 3,303,786. It is a primate city, constituting 33% of the population of Hungary.[15][16]
The history of Budapest began when an early Celtic settlement transformed into the Roman town of Aquincum,[17][18] the capital of Lower Pannonia.[17] The Hungarians arrived in the territory in the late 9th century,[19] but the area was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241–42.[20] Re-established Buda became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture by the 15th century.[21][22][23] The Battle of Mohács, in 1526, was followed by nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule.[24] After the reconquest of Buda in 1686, the region entered a new age of prosperity, with Pest-Buda becoming a global city after the unification of Buda, Óbuda and Pest on 17 November 1873, with the name 'Budapest' given to the new capital.[14][25] Budapest also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire,[26] a great power that dissolved in 1918, following World War I. The city was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the Battle of Budapest in 1945, as well as the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.[27][28]
Budapest is a global city with strengths in commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment.[29][30] Hungary's financial centre, Budapest is also the headquarters of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology,[31] the European Police College[32] and the first foreign office of the China Investment Promotion Agency.[33] Over 40 colleges and universities are located in Budapest, including Eötvös Loránd University, Corvinus University, Semmelweis University, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest and the Budapest University of Technology and Economics.[34][35] Opened in 1896,[36] the city's subway system, the Budapest Metro, serves 1.27 million, while the Budapest Tram Network serves 1.08 million passengers daily.[37]
The central area of Budapest along the Danube River is classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and has several notable monuments of classical architecture, including the Hungarian Parliament and the Buda Castle.[38] The city also has around 80 geothermal springs,[39] the largest thermal water cave system,[40] second largest synagogue, and third largest Parliament building in the world.[41] Budapest attracts around 12 million international tourists per year, making it a highly popular destination in Europe.[42]
Etymology and pronunciation
[edit]The previously separate cities of Buda, Óbuda, and Pest were officially unified in 1873[43] and given the new name Budapest. Before this, the towns together had sometimes been referred to colloquially as "Pest-Buda".[44][45] Pest is often used pars pro toto for the entire city in contemporary colloquial Hungarian,[44] although it is also used to refer to all parts of the city east of the Danube. Conversely, Buda colloquially means all districts to the Danube's west—including the former Óbuda. The Danube islands—including Csepel, the city's XXI. district—are part of neither Buda nor Pest.
All varieties of English pronounce the -s- as in the English word pest. The -u in Buda- is pronounced either /u/ like food (as in US: /ˈbuːdəpɛst/[46]) or /ju/ like cue (as in UK: /ˌb(j)uːdəˈpɛst, ˌbʊd-, ˈb(j)uːdəpɛst, ˈbʊd-/). In Hungarian, the -s- is pronounced /ʃ/ as in wash; in IPA: Hungarian: [ˈbudɒpɛʃt] .
The origins of the names "Buda" and "Pest" are obscure. Buda was
- probably the name of the first constable of the fortress built on the Castle Hill in the 11th century[47]
- or a derivative of Bod or Bud, a personal name of Turkic origin, meaning 'twig'.[48]
- or a Slavic personal name, Buda, the short form of Budimír, Budivoj.[49]
Linguistically, however, a German origin through the Slavic derivative вода (voda, water) is not possible, and there is no certainty that a Turkic word really comes from the word buta ~ buda 'branch, twig'.[50]
According to a legend recorded in chronicles from the Middle Ages, "Buda" comes from the name of its founder, Bleda, brother of Hunnic ruler Attila.
Attila went in the city of Sicambria in Pannonia, where he killed Buda, his brother, and he threw his corpse into the Danube. For while Attila was in the west, his brother crossed the boundaries in his reign, because he named Sicambria after his own name Buda's Castle. And though King Attila forbade the Huns and the other peoples to call that city Buda's Castle, but he called it Attila's Capital, the Germans who were terrified by the prohibition named the city as Eccylburg, which means Attila Castle, however, the Hungarians did not care about the ban and call it Óbuda [Old Buda] and call it to this day.
The Scythians are certainly an ancient people and the strength of Scythia lies in the east, as we said above. And the first king of Scythia was Magog, son of Japhet, and his people were called Magyars [Hungarians] after their King Magog, from whose royal line the most renowned and mighty King Attila descended, who, in the 451st year of Our Lord's birth, coming down from Scythia, entered Pannonia with a mighty force and, putting the Romans to flight, took the realm and made a royal residence for himself beside the Danube above the hot springs, and he ordered all the old buildings that he found there to be restored and he built them in a circular and very strong wall that in the Hungarian language is now called Budavár [Buda Castle] and by the Germans Etzelburg [Attila Castle]
There are several theories about Pest. One[53] states that the name derives from Roman times, since there was a local fortress (Contra-Aquincum) called by Ptolemy "Pession" ("Πέσσιον", iii.7.§ 2).[54] Another has it that Pest originates in the Slavic word for cave, пещера, or peštera. A third cites пещ, or pešt, referencing a cave where fires burned or a limekiln.[55]
History
[edit]Early history
[edit]
The first settlement on the territory of Budapest was built by Celts[17] before 1 AD. It was later occupied by the Romans. The Roman settlement – Aquincum – became the main city of Pannonia Inferior in 106 AD.[17] At first it was a military settlement, and gradually the city rose around it, making it the focal point of the city's commercial life. Today this area corresponds to the Óbuda district within Budapest.[56] The Romans constructed roads, amphitheaters, baths and houses with heated floors in this fortified military camp.[57] The Roman city of Aquincum is the best-conserved of the Roman sites in Hungary. The archaeological site was turned into a museum with indoor and open-air sections.[58]
The Magyar tribes led by Árpád, forced out of their original homeland north of Bulgaria by Tsar Simeon after the Battle of Southern Buh, settled in the territory at the end of the 9th century displacing the founding Bulgarian settlers of the towns of Buda and Pest,[19][59] and a century later officially founded the Kingdom of Hungary.[19] Research places the probable residence of the Árpáds as an early place of central power near what became Budapest.[60] The Tatar invasion in the 13th century quickly proved it is difficult to defend a plain.[14][19] King Béla IV of Hungary, therefore, ordered the construction of reinforced stone walls around the towns[19] and set his own royal palace on the top of the protecting hills of Buda. In 1361 it became the capital of Hungary.[20][14]
The cultural role of Buda was particularly significant during the reign of King Matthias Corvinus. The Italian Renaissance had a great influence on the city. His library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana, was Europe's greatest collection of historical chronicles and philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century, and second in size only to the Vatican Library.[14] After the foundation of the first Hungarian university in Pécs in 1367 (University of Pécs), the second one was established in Óbuda in 1395 (University of Óbuda).[61] The first Hungarian book was printed in Buda in 1473.[62] Buda had about 5,000 inhabitants around the year 1500.[63]
The Ottomans conquered Buda in 1526, as well as in 1529, and finally occupied it in 1541.[64] The Ottoman Rule lasted for more than 150 years.[14] The Ottoman Turks constructed many prominent bathing facilities within the city.[19] Some of the baths that the Turks erected during their rule are still in use 500 years later, including Rudas Baths and Király Baths. By 1547 the number of Christians was down to about a thousand, and by 1647 it had fallen to only about seventy.[63] The unoccupied western part of the country became part of the Habsburg monarchy as Royal Hungary.
In 1686, two years after the unsuccessful siege of Buda, a renewed campaign was started to enter Buda. This time, the Holy League's army was twice as large, containing over 74,000 men, including German, Croat, Dutch, Hungarian, English, Spanish, Czech, Italian, French, Burgundian, Danish and Swedish soldiers, along with other Europeans as volunteers, artillerymen, and officers. The Christian forces seized Buda, and in the next few years, all of the former Hungarian lands, except areas near Temesvár (Timișoara), were taken from the Turks. In the 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz, these territorial changes were officially recognized as the end of the rule of the Turks, and in 1718 the entire Kingdom of Hungary was removed from Ottoman rule.
Contemporary history after Unification
[edit],_Andr%C3%A1ssy_%C3%BAt.png)
The 19th century was dominated by the Hungarian struggle for independence[14] and modernisation. The national insurrection against the Habsburgs began in the Hungarian capital in 1848 and was defeated one and a half years later, with the help of the Russian Empire. 1867 was the year of Reconciliation that brought about the birth of Austria-Hungary. This made Budapest the twin capital of a dual monarchy. It was this compromise which opened the second great phase of development in the history of Budapest, lasting until World War I. In 1849 the Chain Bridge linking Buda with Pest was opened as the first permanent bridge across the Danube[65] and in 1873 Buda and Pest were officially merged with the third part, Óbuda (Old Buda), thus creating the new metropolis of Budapest. The dynamic Pest grew into the country's administrative, political, economic, trade and cultural hub. Ethnic Hungarians overtook Germans in the second half of the 19th century due to mass migration from the overpopulated rural Transdanubia and Great Hungarian Plain. Between 1851 and 1910 the proportion of Hungarians increased from 35.6% to 85.9%, Hungarian became the dominant language, and German was crowded out. The proportion of Jews peaked in 1900 with 23.6%.[66][67][68] Due to the prosperity and the large Jewish community of the city at the start of the 20th century, Budapest was often called the "Jewish Mecca"[20] or "Judapest".[69][70] Budapest also became an important center for the Aromanian diaspora during the 19th century.[71] In 1918, Austria-Hungary lost the war and collapsed; Hungary declared itself an independent republic (Republic of Hungary). In 1920 the Treaty of Trianon partitioned the country, and as a result, Hungary lost over two-thirds of its territory, and about two-thirds of its inhabitants, including 3.3 million out of 15 million ethnic Hungarians.[72][73]
_utca_fel%C5%91l_a_Honv%C3%A9d_utca_fel%C3%A9_n%C3%A9zve._A_szovjet_csapatok_ideiglenes_kivonul%C3%A1sa_1956._okt%C3%B3ber_31-%C3%A9n._Fortepan_24787.jpg)
In 1944, a year before the end of World War II, Budapest was partly destroyed by British and American air raids (first attack 4 April 1944[74][75][76]). From 24 December 1944 to 13 February 1945, the city was besieged during the Battle of Budapest. Budapest sustained major damage caused by the attacking Soviet and Romanian troops and the defending German and Hungarian troops. More than 38,000 civilians died during the conflict. All bridges were destroyed by the Germans. The stone lions that have decorated the Chain Bridge since 1852 survived the devastation of the war.[77]
Between 20% and 40% of Greater Budapest's 250,000 Jewish inhabitants died through Nazi and Arrow Cross Party, during the German occupation of Hungary, from 1944 to early 1945.[78]
Swiss diplomat Carl Lutz rescued tens of thousands of Jews by issuing Swiss protection papers and designating numerous buildings, including the now famous Glass House (Üvegház) at Vadász Street 29, to be Swiss protected territory. About 3,000 Hungarian Jews found refuge at the Glass House and in a neighboring building. Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg saved the lives of tens of thousands of Jews in Budapest by giving them Swedish protection papers and taking them under his consular protection.[79] Wallenberg was abducted by the Russians on 17 January 1945 and never regained freedom. Giorgio Perlasca, an Italian citizen, saved thousands of Hungarian Jews posing as a Spanish diplomat.[80][81] Some other diplomats also abandoned diplomatic protocol and rescued Jews. There are two monuments for Wallenberg, one for Carl Lutz and one for Giorgio Perlasca in Budapest.
Following the capture of Hungary from Nazi Germany by the Red Army, Soviet military occupation ensued, which ended only in 1991. The Soviets exerted significant influence on Hungarian political affairs. In 1949, Hungary was declared a communist People's Republic (People's Republic of Hungary). The new Communist government considered the buildings like the Buda Castle symbols of the former regime, and during the 1950s the palace was gutted and all the interiors were destroyed (also see Stalin era). On 23 October 1956 citizens held a large peaceful demonstration in Budapest demanding democratic reform. The demonstrators went to the Budapest radio station and demanded to publish their demands. The regime ordered troops to shoot into the crowd. Hungarian soldiers gave rifles to the demonstrators who were now able to capture the building. This initiated the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. The demonstrators demanded to appoint Imre Nagy to be Prime Minister of Hungary. To their surprise, the central committee of the "Hungarian Working People's Party" did so that same evening. This uprising was an anti-Soviet revolt that lasted from 23 October until 11 November. After Nagy had declared that Hungary was to leave the Warsaw Pact and become neutral, Soviet tanks and troops entered the country to crush the revolt. Fighting continued until mid November, leaving more than 3000 dead. A monument was erected at the fiftieth anniversary of the revolt in 2006, at the edge of the City Park. Its shape is a wedge with a 56 angle degree made in rusted iron that gradually becomes shiny, ending in an intersection to symbolize Hungarian forces that temporarily eradicated the Communist leadership.[82]
From the 1960s to the late 1980s Hungary was often satirically referred to as "the happiest barrack" within the Eastern bloc, and much of the wartime damage to the city was finally repaired. Work on Erzsébet Bridge, the last to be rebuilt, was finished in 1964. In the early 1970s, Budapest Metro's east–west M2 line was first opened, followed by the M3 line in 1976. In 1987, Buda Castle and the banks of the Danube were included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. Andrássy Avenue (including the Millennium Underground Railway, Hősök tere, and Városliget) was added to the UNESCO list in 2002. In the 1980s, the city's population reached 2.1 million. In recent times a significant decrease in population occurred mainly due to a massive movement to the neighbouring agglomeration in Pest county, i.e., suburbanisation.[83]
In the last decades of the 20th century the political changes of 1989–90 (Fall of the Iron Curtain) concealed changes in civil society and along the streets of Budapest. The monuments of the dictatorship were removed from public places, into Memento Park. In the first 20 years of the new democracy, the development of the city was managed by its mayor, Gábor Demszky.[84]
In October 2019, opposition candidate Gergely Karácsony won the Budapest mayoral election, meaning the first electoral blow for Hungary's nationalist prime minister Viktor Orbán since coming to power in 2010.[85]
Geography
[edit]Topography
[edit]
Budapest, strategically placed at the centre of the Pannonian Basin, lies on an ancient route linking the hills of Transdanubia with the Great Plain. By road it is 216 kilometres (134 mi) south-east of Vienna, 545 kilometres (339 mi) south of Warsaw, 1,565 kilometres (972 mi) south-west of Moscow, 1,122 kilometres (697 mi) north of Athens, 1,235 kilometres (767 mi) north-east of Rome, 788 kilometres (490 mi) north-east of Milan, 443 kilometres (275 mi) south-east of Prague, 343 kilometres (213 mi) north-east of Zagreb, 748 kilometres (465 mi) north-east of Split and 1,329 kilometres (826 mi) north-west of Istanbul.[86]
The 525 square kilometres (203 sq mi) area of Budapest lies in Central Hungary, surrounded by settlements of the agglomeration in Pest county. The capital extends 25 and 29 km (16 and 18 mi) in the north–south, east–west direction respectively. The Danube enters the city from the north; later it encircles two islands, Óbuda Island and Margaret Island.[14] The third island Csepel Island is the largest of the Budapest Danube islands, however only its northernmost tip is within city limits. The river that separates the two parts of the city is 230 m (755 ft) wide at its narrowest point in Budapest. Pest lies on the flat terrain of the Great Plain while Buda is rather hilly.[14]
The wide Danube was always fordable at this point because of a small number of islands in the middle of the river. The city has marked topographical contrasts: Buda is built on the higher river terraces and hills of the western side, while the considerably larger Pest spreads out on a flat and featureless sand plain on the river's opposite bank.[87] Pest's terrain rises with a slight eastward gradient, so the easternmost parts of the city lie at the same altitude as Buda's smallest hills, notably Gellért Hill and Castle Hill.[88]
The Buda hills consist mainly of limestone and dolomite, the water created speleothems, the most famous ones being the Pálvölgyi cave (total length 7,200 m or 23,600 ft) and the Szemlőhegyi cave (total length 2,200 m or 7,200 ft). The hills were formed in the Triassic Period. The highest point of the hills and of Budapest is János Hill, at 527 metres (1,729 feet) above sea level. The lowest point is the line of the Danube which is 96 metres (315 feet) above sea level. Budapest is also rich in green areas. Of the 525 square kilometres (203 square miles) occupied by the city, 83 square kilometres (32 square miles) is green area, park and forest.[89] The forests of Buda hills are environmentally protected.[90]
The city's importance in terms of traffic is very central, because many major European roads and European railway lines lead to Budapest.[88] The Danube was and is still an important water-way and this region in the centre of the Carpathian Basin lies at the cross-roads of trade routes.[91] Budapest is one of only three capital cities in the world which has thermal springs (the others being Reykjavík in Iceland and Sofia in Bulgaria). Some 125 springs produce 70 million litres (15,000,000 imperial gallons; 18,000,000 US gallons) of thermal water a day, with temperatures ranging up to 58 Celsius. Some of these waters have been claimed to have medicinal effects due to their high mineral contents.[88]
Climate
[edit]Budapest has a transitional climate between a humid temperate climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Doak), and a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa, Trewartha: Dcao), with warm to hot summers and chilly winters.[92] Winter (November until early March) can be cold and the city receives little sunshine. Snowfall is fairly frequent in most years, and nighttime temperatures of −10 °C (14 °F) are not uncommon between mid-December and mid-February. The spring months (March and April) see variable conditions, with a rapid increase in the average temperature. The weather in late March and in April is often very agreeable during the day and fresh at night. Budapest's long summer – lasting from May until mid-September – is warm or very warm. Sudden heavy showers also occur, particularly in May and June. The autumn in Budapest (mid-September until late October) is characterised by little rain and long sunny days with moderate temperatures. Temperatures often turn abruptly colder in late October or early November.
Mean annual precipitation in Budapest is around 23.5 inches (596.9 mm). On average, there are 84 days with precipitation and 1988 hours of sunshine (of a possible 4383) each year.[93][94][95] From March to October, average sunshine totals are roughly equal to those seen in northern Italy (Venice).
The city lies on the boundary between Zone 6 and Zone 7 in terms of the hardiness zone.[96][97]
| Climate data for Budapest, 1991–2020, (extremes 1870-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.1 (64.6) |
20.6 (69.1) |
26.1 (79.0) |
32.0 (89.6) |
34.0 (93.2) |
39.5 (103.1) |
40.7 (105.3) |
40.0 (104.0) |
37.6 (99.7) |
30.8 (87.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
40.7 (105.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.0 (37.4) |
5.8 (42.4) |
11.3 (52.3) |
17.9 (64.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
26.2 (79.2) |
28.1 (82.6) |
28.0 (82.4) |
22.5 (72.5) |
16.4 (61.5) |
9.4 (48.9) |
3.5 (38.3) |
16.2 (61.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.0 (32.0) |
2.0 (35.6) |
6.6 (43.9) |
12.4 (54.3) |
16.9 (62.4) |
20.7 (69.3) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.3 (72.1) |
16.9 (62.4) |
11.3 (52.3) |
5.9 (42.6) |
0.8 (33.4) |
11.5 (52.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.5 (27.5) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
2.3 (36.1) |
7.1 (44.8) |
11.6 (52.9) |
15.2 (59.4) |
16.7 (62.1) |
16.6 (61.9) |
12.2 (54.0) |
7.2 (45.0) |
3.1 (37.6) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
7.2 (45.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27.1 (−16.8) |
−25.0 (−13.0) |
−15.5 (4.1) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
0.5 (32.9) |
4.0 (39.2) |
5.0 (41.0) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−9.5 (14.9) |
−16.4 (2.5) |
−22.0 (−7.6) |
−27.1 (−16.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 31 (1.2) |
33 (1.3) |
32 (1.3) |
36 (1.4) |
67 (2.6) |
66 (2.6) |
75 (3.0) |
61 (2.4) |
52 (2.0) |
45 (1.8) |
48 (1.9) |
40 (1.6) |
586 (23.1) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6 | 6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 8 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 6.7 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 76.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 79 | 74 | 66 | 59 | 61 | 61 | 59 | 61 | 67 | 72 | 78 | 80 | 68 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | −3.9 (25.0) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
3.4 (38.1) |
8.3 (46.9) |
11.4 (52.5) |
12.4 (54.3) |
12.4 (54.3) |
10.2 (50.4) |
6.2 (43.2) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
4.9 (40.7) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 53.8 | 83.4 | 133.4 | 179.5 | 233.8 | 250.6 | 279.4 | 253.8 | 195.7 | 150.7 | 65.1 | 49.2 | 1,928.4 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Source 1: Hungarian Meteorological Service(temperature-precipitation) [98][99] (extremes)[100] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NCEI(precipitation days[101])(humidity, dew point and sun 1961-1990 [102])
Weather Atlas (UV)[103] | |||||||||||||
Architecture
[edit]
.jpg)
Budapest has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods, from the ancient times as Roman City of Aquincum in Óbuda (District III), which dates to around 89 AD, to the most modern Palace of Arts, the contemporary arts museum and concert hall.[104][105][106]
Most buildings in Budapest are relatively low: in the early 2010s there were around 100 buildings higher than 45 metres (148 ft). The number of high-rise buildings is kept low by building legislation, which is aimed at preserving the historic cityscape and to meet the requirements of the World Heritage Site. Strong rules apply to the planning, authorisation and construction of high-rise buildings and consequently much of the inner city does not have any. Some planners would like see an easing of the rules for the construction of skyscrapers, and the possibility of building skyscrapers outside the city's historic core has been raised.[107][108]
In the chronological order of architectural styles Budapest is represented on the entire timeline, starting with the Roman City of Aquincum representing ancient architecture.
The next determinative style is the Gothic architecture in Budapest. The few remaining Gothic buildings can be found in the Castle District. Buildings of note are no. 18, 20 and 22 on Országház Street, which date back to the 14th century and No. 31 Úri Street, which has a Gothic façade that dates back to the 15th century. Other buildings with Gothic features are the Inner City Parish Church, built in the 12th century,[109] and the Mary Magdalene Church, completed in the 15th century.[110] The most characteristic Gothic-style buildings are actually Neo-Gothic, like the most well-known Budapest landmarks, the Hungarian Parliament Building[111] and the Matthias Church, where much of the original material was used (originally built in Romanesque style in 1015).[112]
The next chapter in the history of human architecture is Renaissance architecture. One of the earliest places to be influenced by the Renaissance style of architecture was Hungary, and Budapest in particular. The style appeared following the marriage of King Matthias Corvinus and Beatrice of Naples in 1476. Many Italian artists, craftsmen and masons came to Buda with the new queen. Today, many of the original renaissance buildings disappeared during the varied history of Buda, but Budapest is still rich in renaissance and neo-renaissance buildings, like the famous Hungarian State Opera House, St. Stephen's Basilica and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.[113]
During the Turkish occupation (1541–1686), Islamic culture flourished in Budapest; multiple mosques and baths were built in the city. These were great examples of Ottoman architecture, which was influenced by Muslims from around the world including Turkish, Iranian, Arabian and to a larger extent, Byzantine architecture as well as Islamic traditions. After the Holy League conquered Budapest, they replaced most of the mosques with churches and minarets were turned into bell towers and cathedral spires. At one point the distinct sloping central square in Budapest became a bustling Oriental bazaar, which was filled with "the chatter of camel caravans on their way to Yemen and India".[114] Budapest is in fact one of the few places in the world with functioning original Turkish bathhouses dating back to the 16th century, like Rudas Baths or Király Baths. Budapest is home to the northernmost place where the tomb of influential Islamic Turkish Sufi Dervish, Gül Baba is found. Various cultures converged in Hungary seemed to coalesce well with each other, as if all these different cultures and architecture styles are digested into Hungary's own way of cultural blend. A precedent to show the city's self-conscious is the top section of the city's main square, named as Szechenyi. When Turks came to the city, they built mosques here which was aggressively replaced with Gothic church of St. Bertalan. The rationale of reusing the base of the former Islamic building mosque and reconstruction into Gothic Church but Islamic style architecture over it is typically Islamic are still visible. An official term for the rationale is spolia. The mosque was called the djami of Pasha Gazi Kassim, and djami means mosque in Arabic. After Turks and Muslims were expelled and massacred from Budapest, the site was reoccupied by Christians and reformed into a church, the Inner City Parish Church (Budapest). The minaret and Turkish entranceway were removed. The shape of the architecture is its only hint of exotic past—"two surviving prayer niches facing Mecca and an ecumenical symbol atop its cupola: a cross rising above the Turkish crescent moon".[114]
After 1686, the Baroque architecture designated the dominant style of art in catholic countries from the 17th century to the 18th century.[115] There are many Baroque-style buildings in Budapest and one of the finest examples of preserved Baroque-style architecture is the Church of St. Anna in Batthyhány square. An interesting part of Budapest is the less touristy Óbuda, the main square of which also has some beautiful preserved historic buildings with Baroque façades. The Castle District is another place to visit where the best-known landmark Buda Royal Palace and many other buildings were built in the Baroque style.[115]
The Classical architecture and Neoclassical architecture are the next in the timeline. Budapest had not one but two architects that were masters of the Classicist style. Mihály Pollack (1773–1855) and József Hild (1789–1867), built many beautiful Classicist-style buildings in the city. Some of the best examples are the Hungarian National Museum, the Lutheran Church of Budavár (both designed by Pollack) and the seat of the Hungarian president, the Sándor Palace. The most iconic and widely known Classicist-style attraction in Budapest is the Széchenyi Chain Bridge.[116] Budapest's two most beautiful Romantic architecture buildings are the Great Synagogue in Dohány Street and the Vigadó Concert Hall on the Danube Promenade, both designed by architect Frigyes Feszl (1821–1884). Another noteworthy structure is the Budapest Western Railway Station, which was designed by August de Serres and built by the Eiffel Company of Paris in 1877.[117]
Art Nouveau came into fashion in Budapest by the exhibitions which were held in and around 1896 and organised in connection with the Hungarian Millennium celebrations.[118] Art Nouveau in Hungary (Szecesszió in Hungarian) is a blend of several architectural styles, with a focus on Hungary's specialities. One of the leading Art Nouveau architects, Ödön Lechner (1845–1914), was inspired by Indian and Syrian architecture as well as traditional Hungarian decorative designs. One of his most beautiful buildings in Budapest is the Museum of Applied Arts. Another examples for Art Nouveau in Budapest is the Gresham Palace in front of the Chain Bridge, the Hotel Gellért, the Franz Liszt Academy of Music or Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden.[104]
It is one of the world's outstanding urban landscapes and illustrates the great periods in the history of the Hungarian capital.
The second half of the 20th century also saw, under the communist regime, the construction of blocks of flats (panelház), as in other Eastern European countries. In the 21st century, Budapest faces new challenges in its architecture. The pressure towards the high-rise buildings is unequivocal among today's world cities, but preserving Budapest's unique cityscape and its very diverse architecture, along with green areas, forces Budapest to balance between them. The Contemporary architecture has wide margin in the city. Public spaces attract heavy investment by business and government also, so that the city has gained entirely new (or renovated and redesigned) squares, parks and monuments, for example the city central Kossuth Lajos square, Deák Ferenc square and Liberty Square. Numerous landmarks have been created in the last decade in Budapest, like the National Theatre, Palace of Arts, Rákóczi Bridge, Megyeri Bridge, Budapest Airport Sky Court among others, and millions of square meters of new office buildings and apartments. But there are still large opportunities in real estate development in the city.[120][121][122]
Districts
[edit]Budapest's twenty-three districts overview
| ||||
| Administration | Population | Area and Density | ||
| District | Official name | Official 2013 | Km2 | People/km2 |
| I | Várkerület | 24.528 | 3,41 | 7.233 |
| II | Rózsadomb | 88.011 | 36,34 | 2.426 |
| III | Óbuda-Békásmegyer | 123.889 | 39,69 | 3.117 |
| IV | Újpest | 99.050 | 18,82 | 5.227 |
| V | Belváros-Lipótváros | 27.342 | 2,59 | 10.534 |
| VI | Terézváros | 43.377 | 2,38 | 18.226 |
| VII | Erzsébetváros | 64.767 | 2,09 | 30.989 |
| VIII | Józsefváros | 85.173 | 6,85 | 11.890 |
| IX | Ferencváros | 63.697 | 12,53 | 4.859 |
| X | Kőbánya | 81.475 | 32,5 | 2.414 |
| XI | Újbuda | 145.510 | 33,47 | 4.313 |
| XII | Hegyvidék | 55.776 | 26,67 | 2.109 |
| XIII | Angyalföld, Göncz Árpád városközpont, Újlipótváros, Vizafogó |
118.320 | 13,44 | 8.804 |
| XIV | Zugló | 123.786 | 18,15 | 6.820 |
| XV | Rákospalota, Pestújhely, Újpalota | 79.779 | 26,95 | 2.988 |
| XVI | Árpádföld, Cinkota, Mátyásföld, Sashalom, Rákosszentmihály |
68.235 | 33,52 | 2.037 |
| XVII | Rákosmente | 78.537 | 54.83 | 1.418 |
| XVIII | Pestszentlőrinc-Pestszentimre | 94.663 | 38,61 | 2.414 |
| XIX | Kispest | 62.210 | 9,38 | 6.551 |
| XX | Pesterzsébet | 63.887 | 12,18 | 5.198 |
| XXI | Csepel | 76.976 | 25,75 | 2.963 |
| XXII | Budafok-Tétény | 51.071 | 34,25 | 1.473 |
| XXIII | Soroksár | 19.982 | 40,78 | 501 |
 City of Budapest |
1,740,041 | 525.2 | 3,313.1 | |
| 9,937,628 | 93,030 | 107.2 | ||
| Source: Eurostat,[123] HSCO[124] | ||||
Contemporary Budapest is divided into 23 districts (Hungarian: kerületek, sg.: kerület), each with a mayor and municipal government elected separately from the general municipal government. The districts and the general municipal government have constitutionally and legally defined, non-overlapping areas of competence. Each district has a municipally recognized name, some of which correspond to how locals call that area or neighborhood (e.g., Belváros, V. district; Terézváros, VI. district), others which (e.g., Újbuda, XI. district) are neologisms. Street signs display the district and that neighborhood's colloquial name. The latter are often the names of villages that were gradually annexed to the city (e.g., Sashalom, Budafok) or of superseded administrative units of former boroughs.[125]
After the unification of Buda, Pest, and Óbuda in 1873, Budapest initially had 10 districts. It was during the interwar period that Károly Szendy's 1934-1944 mayoral administration first seriously considered annexing peripheral towns and villages. This only came about, however, after the rise of state communism in Hungary. In 1950, for reasons of social and industrial policy—including the Hungarian Working People's Party's desire to proletarianize the traditionally right-wing suburbs—7 cities with county rights and 16 towns were annexed to the capital to form contemporary Greater Budapest (Hungarian: Nagy-Budapest).[126] This reorganized the city into 22 districts, a number that grew to 23 after Soroksár seceded from Pesterzsébet in 1994. The contemporary city thus consists of 6 districts in Buda, 16 in Pest, and Csepel. Today, districts I., II., XI., and XII. in Buda and V., VI., VII., VIII., and IX. in Pest make up the city center in its broadest sense, corresponding roughly to the 1873 municipal boundaries.[127][128]
Budapest's districts are numbered according to three concentric semicircles. The I. district is a small area in central Buda, including the Castle Quarter. District II. is in Buda to the castle's northwest while district III. stretches along the northernmost part of Buda and includes the former Óbuda. District IV. continues this semicircle in northernmost Pest, but the V. district is in the very center of Pest and inaugurates a new circle that then loops back through Pest to Buda as the VI., VII., VIII., IX., XI., and XII. districts. Districts XIII., XIV., XV., XVI., XVII., XVIII., XIX., XX., XXI., and XXII. form yet another semicircle in outermost Pest. Districts X. and XXIII. form irregularities within the overall pattern.[129]
Demographics
[edit]
Budapest compared to Hungary and EU
| |||
| Budapest | Hungary | European Union | |
| Total Population | 1,763,913 | 9,937,628 | 507,890,191 |
| Population change, 2004 to 2014 | +2.7%[130] | −1.6%[130] | +2.2%[131] |
| Population density | 3,314 /km2 | 107 /km2 | 116 /km2 |
| GDP per capita PPP | $52,770[132] | $33,408[133] | $33,084[134] |
| Bachelor's Degree or higher | 34.1%[135] | 19.0%[135] | 27.1%[136] |
| Foreign born | 7.3%[137] | 1.7%[138] | 6.3%[139] |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1784 | 57,100 | — |
| 1850 | 206,339 | +261.4% |
| 1870 | 302,086 | +46.4% |
| 1880 | 402,706 | +33.3% |
| 1890 | 560,079 | +39.1% |
| 1900 | 861,434 | +53.8% |
| 1910 | 1,110,453 | +28.9% |
| 1920 | 1,232,026 | +10.9% |
| 1930 | 1,442,869 | +17.1% |
| 1941 | 1,712,791 | +18.7% |
| 1949 | 1,590,316 | −7.2% |
| 1960 | 1,804,606 | +13.5% |
| 1970 | 2,001,083 | +10.9% |
| 1980 | 2,059,226 | +2.9% |
| 1990 | 2,016,681 | −2.1% |
| 2001 | 1,777,921 | −11.8% |
| 2011 | 1,729,040 | −2.7% |
| 2022 | 1,685,342 | −2.5% |
| 1784,[140]1870-2022: [141][142] | ||
Budapest is the most populous city in Hungary and one of the largest cities in the European Union, with a growing number of inhabitants, estimated at 1,763,913 in 2019,[143] whereby inward migration exceeds outward migration.[11] These trends are also seen throughout the Budapest metropolitan area, which is home to 3.3 million people.[144][145] This amounts to about 34% of Hungary's population. In 2014, the city had a population density of 3,314 people/km2 (8,580 people/sq mi), rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities in Hungary. The population density of Elisabethtown-District VII is 30,989/km2 (80,260/sq mi), which has the highest population density figure in Hungary and one of the highest in the world. For comparison, the density in Manhattan is 25,846/km2.[146]
Budapest is the fourth most "dynamically growing city" by population in Europe,[147] and the Euromonitor predicts a population increase of almost 10% between 2005 and 2030.[148] The European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion says Budapest's population will increase by 10% to 30% only due to migration by 2050.[149] A constant inflow of migrants in recent years has fuelled population growth in Budapest. Productivity gains and the relatively large economically active share of the population explain why household incomes have increased in Budapest to a greater extent than in other parts of Hungary. Higher incomes in Budapest are reflected in the lower share of expenditure the city's inhabitants allocate to necessary spending such as on food and non-alcoholic drinks.[144]
According to the 2016 microcensus, there were 1,764,263 people living in Budapest in 907,944 dwellings.[150] Some 1.6 million persons from the metropolitan area may be within Budapest's boundaries during working hours, and during special events. This fluctuation in the population is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events.[151]
By ethnicity there were 1,697,039 (96.2%) Hungarians, 34,909 (2%) Germans, 16,592 (0.9%) Romani, 9,117 (0.5%) Romanians and 5,488 (0.3%) Slovaks.[152] In Hungary people can declare multiple ethnic identities, hence the sum may exceed 100%.[153] The share of ethnic Hungarians in Budapest (96.2%) is slightly lower than the national average (98.3%) due to the international migration.[153]
According to the 2011 census, 1,712,153 people (99.0%) speak Hungarian, of whom 1,692,815 people (97.9%) speak it as a first language, while 19,338 people (1.1%) speak it as a second language. Other spoken (foreign) languages were: English (536,855 speakers, 31.0%), German (266,249 speakers, 15.4%), French (56,208 speakers, 3.3%) and Russian (54,613 speakers, 3.2%).[137]
According to the same census, 1,600,585 people (92.6%) were born in Hungary, 126,036 people (7.3%) outside Hungary while the birthplace of 2,419 people (0.1%) was unknown.[137] Although only 1.7% of the population of Hungary in 2009 were foreigners, 43% of them lived in Budapest, making them 4.4% of the city's population (up from 2% in 2001).[138] Nearly two-thirds of foreigners living in Hungary were under 40 years old. The primary motivation for this age group living in Hungary was employment.[138]
Religion in Budapest (2022 census – of those who declared their religion (55.5%)
Budapest is home to one of the most populous Christian communities in Central Europe, numbering 698,521 people (40.4%) in 2011.[137] According to the 2011 census, there were 501,117 (29.0%) Roman Catholics, 146,756 (8.5%) Calvinists, 30,293 (1.8%) Lutherans, 16,192 (0.9%) Greek Catholics, 7,925 (0.5%) Jews and 3,710 (0.2%) Orthodox in Budapest. 395,964 people (22.9%) were irreligious while 585,475 people (33.9%) did not declare their religion.[137] The city is also home to one of the largest Jewish communities in Europe.[154]
Economy
[edit] | This section needs to be updated. (September 2018) |
_petrol_station._-_Budapest,_XII._distr._Istenhegyi_St.,_55.JPG)
Budapest is a significant economic hub, classified as a Beta + world city in the study by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network and it is the second fastest-developing urban economy in Europe as GDP per capita in the city increased by 2.4 per cent and employment by 4.7 per cent compared to the previous year in 2014.[155][30] On national level, Budapest is the primate city of Hungary regarding business and the economy, accounting for 39% of the national income. The city had a gross metropolitan product of more than $100 billion in 2015, making it one of the largest regional economies in the European Union.[156] According to Eurostat GDP, per capita in purchasing power parity is 147% of the EU average in Budapest, which means €37,632 ($42,770) per capita.[132] Budapest is also among the Top 100 GDP performing cities in the world, measured by PricewaterhouseCoopers. The city was named as the 52nd most important business centre in the world in the Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index, ahead of Beijing, São Paulo and Shenzhen and ranking 3rd (out of 65 cities) on the MasterCard Emerging Markets Index.[157][158] The city is 48th on the UBS The most expensive and richest cities in the world list, standing before cities such as Prague, Shanghai, Kuala Lumpur and Buenos Aires.[159] In a global city competitiveness ranking by the EIU, Budapest stands before Tel Aviv, Lisbon, Moscow and Johannesburg among others.[160]
The city is a major centre for banking and finance, real estate, retailing, trade, transportation, tourism, new media as well as traditional media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, fashion and the arts in Hungary and regionally. Budapest is home not only to almost all national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. In 2014 there were 395.804 companies registered in the city.[161] Most of these entities are headquartered in Budapest's Central Business District, in District V and District XIII. The retail market of the city (and the country) is also concentrated in the downtown area, among others, in the two largest shopping centres in Central and Eastern Europe, the 186,000 sqm WestEnd City Center and the 180,000 sqm Arena Plaza.[162][163]
Budapest has notable innovation capabilities as a technology and start-up hub. Many start-ups are headquartered and begin their business in the city. Some of the best known examples are Prezi, LogMeIn and NNG. Budapest is the highest ranked Central and Eastern European city in the Innovation Cities' Top 100 index.[164] A good indicator of the city's potential for innovation and research, is that the European Institute of Innovation and Technology chose Budapest for its headquarters, along with the UN, whose Regional Representation for Central Europe office is in the city, responsible for UN operations in seven countries.[165] Moreover, the global aspect of the city's research activity is shown through the establishment of the European Chinese Research Institute in the city.[166] Other important sectors also include, natural science research, information technology and medical research, non-profit institutions, and universities. The leading business schools and universities in Budapest, the Budapest Business School, the CEU Business School and Corvinus University of Budapest offer a whole range of courses in economics, finance and management in English, French, German and Hungarian.[167] The unemployment rate in Budapest is by far the lowest within Hungary. It was 2.7%, with many thousands of employed foreign citizens.[168]
Budapest is among the 25 most visited cities in the world, welcoming more than 4.4 million international visitors each year,[169] therefore the traditional and the congress tourism industry also deserve a mention, as they contribute greatly to the city's economy. The capital is home to many convention centres and there are thousands of restaurants, bars, coffee houses and party places, besides a full range of hotels. As regards restaurants, examples can be found of the highest quality Michelin-starred restaurants, such as Onyx, Costes, Tanti and Borkonyha. The city ranked as the most liveable city in Central and Eastern Europe on EIU's quality of life index in 2010.
Finance and corporate location
[edit]
The Budapest Stock Exchange, a key institution of publicly offered securities in Hungary and Central and Eastern Europe, is situated in Budapest's CBD at Liberty Square. BSE also trades other securities such as government bonds and derivatives as well as stock options. Large Hungarian multinational corporations headquartered in Budapest are listed on the BSE, for instance the Fortune Global 500 firms MOL Group, the OTP Bank, FHB Bank, Gedeon Richter, Magyar Telekom, CIG Pannonia, Zwack Unicum and more.[170] Nowadays nearly all branches of industry can be found in Budapest. Although there is no particularly special industry in the city's economy, the financial centre role of the city is strong, with nearly 40 major banks being represented in the city including[171] as well as those like Bank of China, KDB Bank and Hanwha Bank, which are unique in the region.
Many international banks and financial service providers also support the financial industry of Budapest, firms such as Citigroup, Morgan Stanley, GE Capital, Deutsche Bank, Sberbank, ING Group, Allianz, KBC Group, UniCredit and MSCI among others. Another particularly strong industry in the capital city is the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry. There are also traditionally strong domestic companies in Budapest such as Egis, Gedeon Richter, Chinoin as well as international biotechnology corporations such as Pfizer, Teva, Novartis, Sanofi, which also have R&D and production divisions here. Further high-tech industries, involved in software development and engineering are notable as well. Nokia, Ericsson, Bosch, Microsoft and IBM employ thousands of engineers in research and development in the city. Game design is also strongly represented with headquarters of domestic companies Digital Reality, Black Hole and the studios of Crytek and Gameloft. Apart from the above, there are regional headquarters of global firms such as Alcoa, General Motors, General Electric, ExxonMobil, BP, BT, Flextronics, Panasonic, Huawei, Knorr-Bremse, Liberty Global, Tata Consultancy, Aegon, WizzAir, TriGránit, MVM Group and Graphisoft. There is a base for major international companies including, but not limited to, Nissan CEE, Volvo, Saab and Ford.
Politics and government
[edit]
_in_Budapest,_Hungary.jpg)
As the capital of Hungary, Budapest is the seat of the country's national government. The President of Hungary resides at the Sándor Palace in the District I (Buda Castle District),[172] while the office of the Hungarian Prime Minister is in the Carmelite Monastery in the Castle District.[173] Government ministries are all located in various parts of the city, most of them are in the District V, Leopoldtown. The National Assembly is seated in the Hungarian Parliament, which also located in the District V.[174] The President of the National Assembly, the third-highest public official in Hungary, is also seated in the largest building in the country, in the Hungarian Parliament.
Hungary's highest courts are located in Budapest. The Curia (supreme court of Hungary), the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the District V, Leopoldtown. Under the authority of its president it has three departments: criminal, civil and administrative-labour law departments. Each department has various chambers. The Curia guarantees the uniform application of law. The decisions of the Curia on uniform jurisdiction are binding for other courts.[175] The second most important judicial authority, the National Judicial Council, is also housed in the District V, with the tasks of controlling the financial management of the judicial administration and the courts and giving an opinion on the practice of the president of the National Office for the Judiciary and the Curia deciding about the applications of judges and court leaders, among others.[176] The Constitutional Court of Hungary is one of the highest level actors independent of the politics in the country. The Constitutional Court serves as the main body for the protection of the Constitution, its tasks being the review of the constitutionality of statutes. The Constitutional Court performs its tasks independently. With its own budget and its judges being elected by Parliament it does not constitute a part of the ordinary judicial system. The constitutional court passes on the constitutionality of laws, and there is no right of appeal on these decisions.[177]
Budapest hosts the main and regional headquarters of many international organizations as well, including United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, European Institute of Innovation and Technology, European Police Academy, International Centre for Democratic Transition, Institute of International Education, International Labour Organization, International Organization for Migration, International Red Cross, Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, Danube Commission and even others.[178] The city is also home to more than 100 embassies and representative bodies as an international political actor.
Environmental issues have a high priority among Budapest's politics. Institutions such as the Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, located in Budapest, are very important assets.[179] To decrease the use of cars and greenhouse gas emissions, the city has worked to improve public transportation, and nowadays the city has one of the highest mass transit usage in Europe. Budapest has one of the best public transport systems in Europe with an efficient network of buses, trolleys, trams and subway. Budapest has an above-average proportion of people commuting on public transport or walking and cycling for European cities.[180] Riding on bike paths is one of the best ways to see Budapest – there are about 180 kilometres (110 miles) of bicycle paths in the city, fitting into the EuroVelo system.[181]
Crime in Budapest is investigated by different bodies. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime notes in their 2011 Global Study on Homicide that, according to criminal justice sources, the homicide rate in Hungary, calculated based on UN population estimates, was 1.4 in 2009, compared to Canada's rate of 1.8 that same year.[182] The homicide rate in Budapest is below the EU capital cities' average according to WHO also.[183] However, organised crime is associated with the city, the Institute of Defence in a UN study named Budapest as one of the "global epicentres" of illegal pornography, money laundering and contraband tobacco, and also a negotiation center for international crime group leaders.[184]
City governance
[edit]Composition of the 33 seats in the General Assembly
| |||
| Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Union | 10 seats | ||
| Tisza Party | 10 seats | ||
| DK–MSZP–P | Mayor + 6 seats | ||
| VDB–LMP | 3 seats | ||
| MKKP | 3 seats | ||
Budapest has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor-council form of government since its consolidation in 1873, but Budapest also holds a special status as a county-level government, and also special within that, as holds a capital-city territory status.[185] In Budapest, the central government is responsible for the urban planning, statutory planning, public transport, housing, waste management, municipal taxes, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, among others. The Mayor is responsible for all city services, police and fire protection, enforcement of all city and state laws within the city, and administration of public property and most public agencies. Besides, each of Budapest' twenty-three districts has its own town hall and a directly elected council and the directly elected mayor of district.[1]
The Mayor of Budapest is Gergely Karácsony who was elected on 13 October 2019. The mayor and members of General Assembly are elected to five-year terms.[1] The Budapest General Assembly is a unicameral body consisting of 33 members, which consist of the 23 mayors of the districts, 9 from the electoral lists of political parties, plus Mayor of Budapest (the Mayor is elected directly). Each term for the mayor and assembly members lasts five years.[186] Submitting the budget of Budapest is the responsibility of the Mayor and the deputy-mayor in charge of finance. The latest, 2014 budget was approved with 18 supporting votes from ruling Fidesz and 14 votes against by the opposition lawmakers.[187]
Main sights and tourism
[edit].jpg)
Budapest is widely known for its well-kept pre-war cityscape, with a great variety of streets and landmarks in classical architecture.
The most well-known sight of the capital is the neo-Gothic Parliament, the biggest building in Hungary with its 268 metres (879 ft) length, also holding (since 2001) the Hungarian Crown Jewels.
Saint Stephen's Basilica is the most important religious building of the city, where the Holy Right Hand of Hungary's first king, Saint Stephen is on display as well.
The Hungarian cuisine and café culture can be seen and tasted in a lot of places, like Gerbeaud Café, the Százéves, Biarritz, Fortuna, Alabárdos, Arany Szarvas, Gundel and the world-famous Mátyás-pince restaurants and beer bars.
There are Roman remains at the Aquincum Museum, and historic furniture at the Nagytétény Castle Museum, just 2 out of 223 museums in Budapest. Another historical museum is the House of Terror, hosted in the building that was the venue of the Nazi Headquarters. The Castle Hill, the River Danube embankments and the whole of Andrássy út have been officially recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Castle Hill and the Castle District; there are three churches here, six museums, and a host of interesting buildings, streets and squares. The former Royal Palace is one of the symbols of Hungary – and has been the scene of battles and wars ever since the 13th century. Nowadays it houses two museums and the National Széchenyi Library. The nearby Sándor Palace contains the offices and official residence of the President of Hungary. The seven-hundred-year-old Matthias Church is one of the jewels of Budapest, it is in neo-Gothic style, decorated with coloured shingles and elegant pinnacles. Next to it is an equestrian statue of the first king of Hungary, King Saint Stephen, and behind that is the Fisherman's Bastion, built in 1905 by the architect Frigyes Schulek, the Fishermen's Bastions owes its name to the namesake corporation that during the Middle Ages was responsible of the defence of this part of ramparts, from where opens out a panoramic view of the whole city. Statues of the Turul, the mythical guardian bird of Hungary, can be found in both the Castle District and the Twelfth District.
In Pest, arguably the most important sight is Andrássy út. This Avenue is an elegant 2.5 kilometres (2 miles) long tree-lined street that covers the distance from Deák Ferenc tér to the Heroes Square. This Avenue overlooks many important sites. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. As far as Kodály körönd and Oktogon both sides are lined with large shops and flats built close together. Between there and Heroes' Square the houses are detached and altogether grander. Under the whole runs continental Europe's oldest Underground railway, most of whose stations retain their original appearance. Heroes' Square is dominated by the Millenary Monument, with the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in front. To the sides are the Museum of Fine Arts and the Kunsthalle Budapest, and behind City Park opens out, with Vajdahunyad Castle. One of the jewels of Andrássy út is the Hungarian State Opera House. Statue Park, a theme park with striking statues of the Communist era, is located just outside the main city and is accessible by public transport.
The Dohány Street Synagogue is the largest synagogue in Europe, and the second largest active synagogue in the world.[188] The synagogue is located in the Jewish district taking up several blocks in central Budapest bordered by Király utca, Wesselényi utca, Grand Boulevard and Bajcsy Zsilinszky road. It was built in moorish revival style in 1859 and has a seating capacity of 3,000. Adjacent to it is a sculpture reproducing a weeping willow tree in steel to commemorate the Hungarian victims of the Holocaust.
The city is also home to the largest medicinal bath in Europe (Széchenyi Medicinal Bath) and the third largest Parliament building in the world, once the largest in the world. Other attractions are the bridges of the capital. Seven bridges provide crossings over the Danube, and from north to south are: the Árpád Bridge (built in 1950 at the north of Margaret Island); the Margaret Bridge (built in 1901, destroyed during the war by an explosion and then rebuilt in 1948); the Chain Bridge (built in 1849, destroyed during World War II and then rebuilt in 1949); the Elisabeth Bridge (completed in 1903 and dedicated to the murdered Queen Elisabeth, it was destroyed by the Germans during the war and replaced with a new bridge in 1964); the Liberty Bridge (opened in 1896 and rebuilt in 1989 in Art Nouveau style); the Petőfi Bridge (completed in 1937, destroyed during the war and rebuilt in 1952); the Rákóczi Bridge (completed in 1995). Most remarkable for their beauty are the Margaret Bridge, the Chain Bridge and the Liberty Bridge. The world's largest panorama photograph was created in (and of) Budapest in 2010.[189]
Tourists visiting Budapest can receive free maps and information from the nonprofit Budapest Festival and Tourism Center at its info-points.[190] The info centers also offer the Budapest Card which allows free public transit and discounts for several museums, restaurants and other places of interest. Cards are available for 24-, 48- or 72-hour durations.[191] The city is also well known for its ruin bars both day and night.
Squares
[edit]
In Budapest there are many smaller and larger squares, the most significant of which are Heroes' Square, Kossuth Square, Liberty Square, St. Stephen's Square, Ferenc Deák Square, Vörösmarty Square, Erzsébet Square, St. George's Square and Széchenyi István Square. The Heroes' Square at the end of Andrássy Avenue is the largest and most influential square in the capital, with the Millennium Monument in the center, and the Museum of Fine Arts and The Hall of Art. Kossuth Square is a symbolic place of the Hungarian statehood, the Hungarian Parliament Building, the Palace of Justice and the Ministry of Agriculture. The Liberty Square is located in the Belváros-Lipótváros District (Inner City District), as one of Budapest's most beautiful squares. There are buildings such as the Hungarian National Bank, the embassy of the United States, the Stock Exchange Palace, as well as numerous statues and monuments such as the Soviet War Memorial, the Statue of Ronald Reagan or the controversial Monument to the victims of the German occupation. In the St. Stephen's Square is the St. Stephen's Basilica, the square is connected by a walking street, the Zrínyi Street, to the Széchenyi István Square at the foot of The Chain Bridge. The Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Gresham Palace and the Ministry of Interior are also located here. Deák Ferenc Square is a central square of the capital, a major transport hub, where three Budapest subways meet. Here is the oldest and best known Evangelical Church of Budapest, the Deák Ferenc Square Lutheran Church. Vörösmarty Square is located in Belváros-Lipótváros District (Inner City District) behind the Vigadó of Pest as one of the endpoints of Váci Street. The Confectionery Gerbeaud is here, and the annual Christmas Fair is held in the Square, as well as is the centre of the Holiday Book Week.
Parks and gardens
[edit]
Budapest has many municipal parks and most have playgrounds for children and seasonal activities like skating in the winter and boating in the summer. Access from the city center is quick and easy with the Millennium Underground. Budapest has a complex park system, with various lands operated by the Budapest City Gardening Ltd.[192] The wealth of greenspace afforded by Budapest's parks is further augmented by a network of open spaces containing forest, streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie not far from the inner city, including the Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden (established in 1866) in the City Park.[193] The most notable and popular parks in Budapest are the City Park which was established in 1751 (302 acres) along with Andrássy Avenue,[194] the Margaret Island in the Danube (238 acres or 96 hectares),[195] the People's Park, the Római Part, and the Kopaszi Dam.[196]
The Buda Hills also offer a variety of outdoor activities and views. A place frequented by locals is Normafa, offering activities for all seasons. With a modest ski run, it is also used by skiers and snowboarders – if there is enough snowfall in winter.
Islands
[edit].jpg)
A number of islands can be found on the Danube in Budapest:
- Margaret Island (Hungarian: Margit-sziget [ˈmɒrɡit.siɡɛt]) is a 2.5 km (1.6 mi) long island and 0.965 square kilometres (238 acres) in area. The island mostly consists of a park and is a popular recreational area for tourists and locals alike. The island lies between Margaret Bridge (south) and Árpád Bridge (north). Dance clubs, swimming pools, an aqua park, athletic and fitness centres, bicycle and running tracks can be found around the Island. During the day the island is occupied by people doing sports, or just resting.
- Csepel Island (Hungarian: Csepel-sziget [ˈt͡ʃɛpɛlsiɡɛt]) is the largest island of the River Danube in Hungary. It is 48 km (30 mi) long; its width is 6 to 8 km (4 to 5 mi) and its area comprises 257 km2 (99 sq mi). However, only the northern tip of the island is inside the city limits.
- Hajógyári Island (Hungarian: Hajógyári-sziget [ˈhɒjoːɟaːrisiɡɛt]), also known as Óbuda Island (Hungarian: Óbudai-sziget), is a human-made island located in the third district. This island hosts many activities such as: wake-boarding, jet-skiing during the day, and dance clubs during the night. This is the island where the famous Sziget Festival takes place, hosting hundreds of performances per year. Around 400,000 visitors attended the last festival. Many building projects are taking place to make this island into one of the biggest entertainment centres of Europe. The plan is to build apartment buildings, hotels, casinos and a marina.
- Molnár Island (Hungarian: Molnár-sziget) is an island in the channel of the Danube that separates Csepel Island from the east bank of the river.
The islands of Palotai Island, Nép Island, and Háros Island also formerly existed within the city, but have been joined to the mainland.
The Ínség Rock (Hungarian: Ínség-szikla) is a reef in the Danube close to the shore under the Gellért Hill. It is only exposed during drought periods when the river level is very low.
Just outside the city boundary to the north lies the large Szentendre Island (Hungarian: Szentendrei-sziget) and the much smaller Lupa Island (Hungarian: Lupa-sziget).
Spas
[edit]
One of the reasons the Romans first colonised the area immediately to the west of the River Danube and established their regional capital at Aquincum (now part of Óbuda, in northern Budapest) is so that they could use and enjoy the thermal springs. There are still ruins visible today of the enormous baths that were built during that period. The new baths that were constructed during the Turkish period (1541–1686) served both bathing and medicinal purposes, and some of these are still in use to this day.[197][198]
Budapest gained its reputation as a city of spas in the 1920s, following the first realisation of the economic potential of the thermal waters in drawing in visitors. Indeed, in 1934 Budapest was officially ranked as a "City of Spas". Today, the baths are mostly frequented by the older generation, as, with the exception of the "Magic Bath" and "Cinetrip" water discos, young people tend to prefer the lidos which are open in the summer.
Construction of the Király Baths started in 1565, and most of the present-day building dates from the Turkish period, including most notably the fine cupola-topped pool.
The Rudas Baths are centrally placed – in the narrow strip of land between Gellért Hill and the River Danube – and also an outstanding example of architecture dating from the Turkish period. The central feature is an octagonal pool over which light shines from a 10 metres (33 ft) diameter cupola, supported by eight pillars.
The Gellért Baths and Hotel were built in 1918, although there had once been Turkish baths on the site, and in the Middle Ages a hospital. In 1927, the Baths were extended to include the wave pool, and the effervescent bath was added in 1934. The well-preserved Art Nouveau interior includes colourful mosaics, marble columns, stained glass windows and statues.
The Lukács Baths are also in Buda and are also Turkish in origin, although they were only revived at the end of the 19th century. This was also when the spa and treatment centre were founded. There is still something of an atmosphere of fin-de-siècle about the place, and all around the inner courtyard there are marble tablets recalling the thanks of patrons who were cured there. Since the 1950s it has been regarded as a centre for intellectuals and artists.
The Széchenyi Baths are one of the largest bathing complexes in all Europe, and the only "old" medicinal baths to be found in the Pest side of the city. The indoor medicinal baths date from 1913 and the outdoor pools from 1927. There is an atmosphere of grandeur about the whole place with the bright, largest pools resembling aspects associated with Roman baths, the smaller bath tubs reminding one of the bathing culture of the Greeks, and the saunas and diving pools borrowed from traditions emanating in northern Europe. The three outdoor pools (one of which is a fun pool) are open all year, including winter. Indoors there are over ten separate pools, and a whole host of medical treatments is also available. The Szécheny Baths are built in modern Renaissance style.
Infrastructure and transportation
[edit]Airport
[edit]
Budapest is served by Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport (BUD) (named after Franz Liszt, the notable Hungarian composer), one of the busiest airports in Central and Eastern Europe, located 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) east-southeast of the centre of Budapest, in the District XVIII. The airport offers international connections among all major European cities, and also to North America, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. As Hungary's busiest airport, it handles nearly all of the country's air passenger traffic. Budapest Liszt Ferenc handled around 250 scheduled flights daily in 2013, and an ever-rising number of charters. London, Brussels, Frankfurt, Munich, Paris, and Amsterdam are the busiest international connections respectively, while Toronto, Montreal, Dubai, Doha and Alicante are the most unusual in the region.[199] Today the airport serves as a base for Ryanair, Wizz Air, Budapest Aircraft Service, LOT Polish Airlines and Smartwings Hungary among others. The airport is accessible via public transportation from the city centre by the Metro line 3 and then the airport bus 200E and 100E.[200]
As part of a strategic development plan, €561 million have been spent on expanding and modernising the airport infrastructure until December 2012. Most of these improvements are already completed,[201] the postponed ones are the new cargo area and new piers for terminal 2A and 2B, but these development are on standby also, and will start immediately, when the airport traffic will reach the appropriate level. SkyCourt, the newest, state-of-the-art building between the 2A and 2B terminals with 5 levels. Passenger safety checks were moved here along with new baggage classifiers and the new Malév and SkyTeam business lounges, as well as the first MasterCard lounge in Europe.[202]
Public transportation
[edit]
,_K%C3%A1lvin_t%C3%A9r.jpg)
.jpg)
Public transit in Budapest is provided by the Centre for Budapest Transport (BKK, Budapesti Közlekedési Központ), one of the largest transportation authorities in Europe.[203] BKK operates 4 metro lines (including the historic Line 1, the oldest underground railway in continental Europe), 5 suburban railway lines, 33 tram lines, 15 trolleybus lines, 264 bus lines (including 40 night routes), 4 boat services, and BuBi, a smart bicycle sharing network. On an average weekday, BKK lines transports 3.9 million riders; in 2011, it handled a total of 1.4 billion passengers.[204] In 2014, the 65% of the passenger traffic in Budapest was by public transport and 35% by car. The aim is 80%–20% by 2030 in accordance with the strategy of BKK.[205]
People aged 65 and over and under 14 travel free.[206]
The development of complex intelligent transportation system in the city is advancing; the application of smart traffic lights is widespread, they are GPS and computer controlled and give priority to the GPS connected public transport vehicles automatically, as well as the traffic is measured and analyzed on the roads and car drivers informed about the expected travel time and traffic by intelligent displays (EasyWay project).[207] Public transport users are immediately notified of any changes in public transport online, on smartphones and on PIDS displays, as well car drivers can keep track of changes in traffic and road management in real-time online and on smartphones through the BKK Info.[208][209] As well all vehicles can be followed online and on smartphones in real-time throughout the city with the Futár PIDS system,[210] while the continuous introducing of integrated e-ticket system will help the measurement of passenger numbers on each line and the intelligent control of service frequency.
The development of Futár, the citywide real-time passenger information system and real-time route planner is finished already and now all of the public transport vehicle is connected via satellite system. The real-time information of trams, buses and trolleybuses are available for both the operators in the control room and for all the passengers in all stops on smartphone and on city street displays.[211] The implementation of latest generation automated fare collection and e-ticket system with NFC compatibility and reusable contactless smart cards for making electronic payments in online and offline systems in Budapest is started in 2014, the project is implemented and operated by the operator of Hong Kong Octopus card jointly with one of the leading European companies of e-ticket and automated fare collection, Scheidt & Bachmann.[212] The deployment of 300 new digital contactless ticket vending machine will be finished by the end of 2014 in harmonization with the e-ticket system.[213] In 2022, Futár was rebranded as BudapestGo.[214]
.jpg)
Tram lines no. 4 and 6 are the busiest city tram lines in the world,[215] with one of the world's longest trams (54-metre long Siemens Combino) running at 2–3-minute intervals at peak time and 4–5 minutes off-peak. Day services are usually from 4 am until between 11 pm and 0:30 am.[180] Hungarian State Railways operates an extensive network of commuter rail services, their importance in the suburban commuter passenger traffic is significant, but in travel within the city is limited. The organiser of public transport in Budapest is the municipal corporation Centre for Budapest Transport (Budapesti Közlekedési Központ – BKK), that is responsible for planning and organising network and services, planning and developing tariff concepts, attending to public service procurer duties, managing public service contracts, operating controlling and monitoring systems, setting and monitoring service level agreements related to public transport, attending to customer service duties, selling and monitoring tickets and passes, attending to integrated passenger information duties, unified Budapest-centric traffic control within public transport, attending to duties related to river navigation, plus the management of Budapest roads, operating taxi stations, unified control of bicycle traffic development in the capital, preparing parking strategy and developing an operational concept, preparation of road traffic management, developing an optimal traffic management system, organising and co-ordinating road reconstruction and more, in short, everything which is related to transport in the city.[216]
Roads and railways
[edit]
Budapest is the most important Hungarian road terminus, all of the major highways and railways end within the city limits. The road system in the city is designed in a similar manner to that of Paris, with several ring roads, and avenues radiating out from the center. Ring road M0 around Budapest is nearly completed, with only one section missing on the west side due to local disputes. The ring road is 80 kilometres (50 miles) in length, and once finished it will be 107 kilometres (66 mi) of highway in length.
The city is a vital traffic hub because all major European roads and European railway lines lead to Budapest.[88] The Danube was and is still today an important water-way and this region in the centre of the Carpathian Basin lies at the cross-roads of trade routes.[91] Hungarian main line railways are operated by Hungarian State Railways. There are three main railway station in Budapest, Keleti (Eastern), Nyugati (Western) and Déli (Southern), operating both domestic and international rail services. Budapest is one of the main stops of the Orient Express on its Central and Eastern European route.[217] There is also a suburban rail service in and around Budapest, three lines of which are operated under the name HÉV.
Ports, shipping and others
[edit]The river Danube flows through Budapest on its way from (Germany) to the Black Sea. The river is easily navigable and so Budapest historically has a major commercial port at Csepel District and at New Pest District also. The Pest side is also a famous port place with international shipping ports for cargo[218] and for passenger ships.[219] In the summer months, a scheduled hydrofoil service operates on the Danube connecting the city to Vienna.
BKK (through the operator BKV) also provides public transport with boat service within the borders of the city. Two routes, marked D11 and D12, connect the two banks with Margaret Island and Óbuda Island, from Rómaifürdő (Buda side, north to Óbuda Island) or Árpád Bridge (Pest side) to Rákóczi Bridge, with a total of 18 stops, while route D2 circulates in the downtown.[220] Line D14 is a ferry service, connecting Királyerdő on the Csepel Island with Molnár Island on the Pest side, south to the city centre.[220] In addition, several companies provides sightseeing boat trips and also an amphibious vehicle (bus and boat) operates constantly.
Water quality in Budapest harbours improved dramatically in the recent years, treatment facilities processed 100% of generated sewage in 2010. Budapesters regularly kayak, canoe, jet-ski and sail on the Danube, which has continuously become a major recreational site for the city.
Special vehicles in Budapest, besides metros, include suburban rails, trams and boats. There are a couple of less common vehicles in Budapest, like the trolleybus on several lines in Pest, the Castle Hill Funicular between the Chain Bridge and Buda Castle, the cyclecar for rent in Margaret Island, the chairlift, the Budapest Cog-wheel Railway and children's railway. The latter three vehicles run among Buda hills.
Culture and contemporary life
[edit]
The culture of Budapest is reflected by Budapest's size and variety. Most Hungarian cultural movements first emerged in the city. Budapest is an important center for music, film, theatre, dance and visual art. Artists have been drawn into the city by opportunity, as the city government funds the arts with adequate financial resources. Budapest is the headquarters of the Hungarian LGBT community[Citation needed].
Budapest was named "City of Design" in December 2015 and has been a member of UNESCO Creative Cities Network since then.[221]
Museums and galleries
[edit]
.jpg)
Budapest is packed with museums and galleries. The city glories in 223 museums and galleries, which presents several memories, next to the Hungarian ones as well those of universal and European culture and science. Here are the greatest examples among them: the Hungarian National Museum, the Hungarian National Gallery, the Museum of Fine Arts (where can see the pictures of Hungarian painters, like Victor Vasarely, Mihály Munkácsy and a great collection about Italian art, Dutch art, Spanish art and British art from before the 19th century and French art, British art, German art, Austrian art after the 19th century), the House of Terror, the Budapest Historical Museum, the Aquincum Museum, the Semmelweis Museum of Medical History, the Memento Park, Museum of Applied Arts and the contemporary arts exhibition Palace of Arts Budapest.[222] In Budapest there are 837 monuments, which represent most of the European artistic styles. The classical and unique Hungarian Art Nouveau buildings are prominent.
Libraries
[edit]A lot of libraries have unique collections in Budapest, such as the National Széchényi Library, which keeps historical relics from the age before the printing of books. The Metropolitan Szabó Ervin Library plays an important role in the general education of the capital's population. Other libraries: The Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös University Library, the Parliamentary Library, Library of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office and the National Library of Foreign Literature.
Opera and theatres
[edit]
In Budapest there are forty theatres, seven concert halls and an opera house.[223] Outdoor festivals, concerts and lectures enrich the cultural offer of summer, which are often held in historical buildings. The largest theatre facilities are the Budapest Operetta and Musical Theatre, the József Attila Theatre, the Katona József Theatre, the Madách Theatre, the Hungarian State Opera House, the National Theatre, the Vigadó Concert Hall, Radnóti Miklós Theatre, the Comedy Theatre and the Palace of Arts, known as MUPA. The Budapest Opera Ball is an annual Hungarian society event taking place in the building of the Budapest Opera (Operaház) on the last Saturday of the carnival season, usually late February.[224]
Casinos
[edit]There are 11 casinos in Hungary (11 is the maximum number of casinos allowed by law), and five of them are located in the capital. All five of these casinos were owned by LVC Diamond Játékkaszinó Üzemeltető Kft, the gambling company of late András Vajna (better known as Andy Vajna) until his death in 2017. The biggest casino in Budapest and in all of Hungary is the Las Vegas Casino at the Corvin promenade.[225]
Performing arts and festivals
[edit]
Several annual festivals take place in Budapest. The Sziget Festival is one of the largest outdoor music festival in Europe. The Budapest Spring Festival includes concerts at several venues across the city. The Café Budapest Contemporary Arts Festival (formerly the Budapest Autumn Festival) brings free music, dance, art, and other cultural events to the streets of the city. The Budapest Wine Festival and Budapest Pálinka Festival, occurring each May, are gastronomy festivals focusing on culinary pleasures. The Budapest Pride (or Budapest Pride Film and Cultural Festival) occurs annually across the city, and usually involves a parade on the Andrássy Avenue. Other festivals include the Budapest Fringe Festival, which brings more than 500 artists in about 50 shows to produce a wide range of works in alternative theatre, dance, music and comedy outside the mainstream. The LOW Festival is a multidisciplinary contemporary cultural festival held in Hungary in the cities Budapest and Pécs from February until March; the name of the festival alludes to the Low Countries, the region encompassing the Netherlands and Flanders. The Budapest Jewish Summer Festival, in late August, is one of the largest in Europe.
There are many symphony orchestras in Budapest, with the Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra being the preeminent one. It was founded in 1853 by Ferenc Erkel and still presents regular concerts in the Hungarian State Opera House and National Theatre. Budapest also has one of the more active jazz scenes in Central Europe.[226]
The dance tradition of the Carpathian Basin is a unique area of the European dance culture, which is also a special transition between the Balkans and Western Europe regions. The city is home to several authentic Hungarian folk dance ensembles which range from small ensembles to professional troupes. Budapest is one of the few cities in the world with a high school for learning folk dance.
Fashion
[edit]Budapest is home to a fashion week twice a year, where the city's fashion designers and houses present their collections and provide a meeting place for the fashion industry representatives. Budapest Fashion Week additionally a place for designers from other countries may present their collections in Budapest. Hungarian models, like Barbara Palvin, Enikő Mihalik, Diána Mészáros, Viktória Vámosi usually appearing at these events along international participants. Fashion brands like Zara, H&M, Mango, ESPRIT, Douglas AG, Lacoste, Nike and other retail fashion brands are common across the city's shopping malls and on the streets.[227]
Major luxury fashion brands such as Roberto Cavalli, Dolce & Gabbana, Gucci, Versace, Ferragamo, Moschino, Prada and Hugo Boss, can be found among the city's most prestigious shopping streets, the Fashion Street, Váci Street and Andrássy Avenue in Budapest's main upscale fashion district, the Leopoldtown.
Media
[edit]Budapest is a prominent location for the Hungarian entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media set there. Budapest is the largest centre for film and television production in Hungary. In 2011, it employed more than 50,000 people and generated 63.9% of revenues of the media industry in the country.[228] Budapest is the media centre of Hungary, and the location of the main headquarters of Hungarian Television and other local and national TV and radio stations, such as M1, M2, Duna TV, Duna World, RTL Klub, TV2 (Hungary), Euronews, Comedy Central, MTV Hungary, VIVA Hungary, Viasat 3, Cool TV, and Pro4, and politics and news channels such as Hír TV, ATV, and Echo TV. Documentary channels include Discovery Channel, Discovery Science, Discovery World, National Geographic Channel, Nat Geo Wild, Spektrum TV, and BBC Entertainment. This is less than a quarter of the channels broadcast from Budapest; for the whole picture see Television in Hungary.
In 2012, in Hungary there were 7.2 million internet users (72% of the population)[229] and 2.3 million subscriptions for mobile broadband.[230]
Cuisine
[edit]In the modern age, Budapest developed its own peculiar cuisine, based on products of the nearby region, such as lamb, pork and vegetables special to the region. Modern Hungarian cuisine is a synthesis of ancient Asiatic components mixed with French, Germanic, Italian, and Slavic elements. The food of Hungary can be considered a melting pot of the continent, with a culinary base formed from its own, original Magyar cuisine. Considerable numbers of Saxons, Armenians, Italians, Jews and Serbs settled in the Hungarian basin and in Transylvania, also contributing with different new dishes. Elements of ancient Turkish cuisine were adopted during the Ottoman era, in the form of sweets (for example different nougats, like white nougat called törökméz), quince (birsalma), Turkish delight, Turkish coffee or rice dishes like pilaf, meat and vegetable dishes like the eggplant, used in eggplant salads and appetizers, stuffed peppers and stuffed cabbage called töltött káposzta. Hungarian cuisine was influenced by Austrian cuisine under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, dishes and methods of food preparation have often been borrowed from Austrian cuisine, and vice versa.[231]
Budapest restaurants reflect diversity, with menus carrying traditional regional cuisine, fusions of various culinary influences, or innovating in the leading edge of new techniques. Budapest' food shops also have a solid reputation for supplying quality specialised culinary products and supplies, reputations that are often built up over generations. These include many shop and served in several Michelin-starred restaurants.
In fiction
[edit]The 1906 novel The Paul Street Boys, the 1937 novel Journey by Moonlight, the 1957 book The Bridge at Andau, the 1975 novel Fateless, the 1977 novel The End of a Family Story, the 1986 book Between the Woods and the Water, the 1992 novel Under the Frog, the 1987 novel The Door, the 2002 novel Prague, the 2003 book Budapeste, the 2004 novel Ballad of the Whisky Robber, the 2005 novels Parallel Stories and The Historian, the 2012 novel Budapest Noir are set, amongst others, partly or entirely in Budapest. Some of the better known feature films set in Budapest are Kontroll, The District!, Gloomy Sunday, Sunshine, An American Rhapsody, As You Desire Me, The Good Fairy, Hanna's War, The Journey, Ladies in Love, Music Box, The Shop Around the Corner, Zoo in Budapest, Underworld, Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol and Spy. The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014) is a Wes Anderson film. It was filmed in Germany, and set in the fictional Republic of Zubrowka, which is in the alpine mountains of Hungary.
Sports
[edit]
Budapest hosted many global sporting events in the past, among others the 1994 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, 1997 World Amateur Boxing Championships, 2000 World Fencing Championships, 2001 World Allround Speed Skating Championships, Bandy World Championship 2004, 2008 World Interuniversity Games, 2008 World Modern Pentathlon Championships, 2010 ITU World Championship Series, 2011 IIHF World Championship, 2012 European Speed Skating Championships, 2013 World Fencing Championships, 2013 World Wrestling Championships, 2014 World Masters Athletics Championships, 2017 World Aquatics Championships, and 2017 World Judo Championships, only in the last two-decade. Besides these, Budapest was the home of many European-level tournaments, like 2006 European Aquatics Championships, 2010 European Aquatics Championships, 2010 UEFA Futsal Championship, 2013 European Judo Championships, 2013 European Karate Championships and will be the host of 2023 World Championships in Athletics and 4 matches in the UEFA Euro 2020, which was held in the 67,215-seat new multi-purpose Puskás Ferenc Stadium, to mention a few.
In 2015, the Assembly of the Hungarian Olympic Committee and the Assembly of Budapest decided to bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Budapest has lost several bids to host the games, in 1916, 1920, 1936, 1944, and 1960 to Berlin, Antwerp, London, and Rome, respectively.[232][233] The Hungarian Parliament also voted to support the bid on 28 January 2016, later Budapest City Council approved list of venues and Budapest became an official candidate for the 2024 Summer Olympic Games. However, they withdrew their bid later on.
Numerous Olympic, World, and European Championship winners and medalists reside in the city, which follows from Hungary's 8th place among all the nations of the world in the All-time Olympic Games medal table.
_2023.jpg)
Hungarians have always been avid sports people: during the history of the Summer Olympic Games, Hungarians have brought home 476 medals, of which 167 are gold. The top events in which Hungarians have excelled are fencing, swimming, water polo, canoeing, wrestling and track & field sports. Beside classic sports, recreational modern sports such as bowling, pool billiard, darts, go-carting, wakeboarding and squash are very popular in Budapest, and extreme sports are also gaining ground. Furthermore, the Budapest Marathon and Budapest Half Marathon also attract many people every year. The city's largest football stadium is named after Ferenc Puskás, recognised as the top scorer of the 20th century and for whom FIFA Puskás Award was named.[234]
One of Budapest's most popular sport is football and it has many Hungarian League football club, including in the top level Nemzeti Bajnokság I league, like Ferencvárosi TC (32 Hungarian League titles), MTK Budapest FC (23 titles), Újpest FC (20 titles), Budapest Honvéd FC (14 titles), Vasas SC (6 titles), Csepel SC (4 titles), Budapesti TC (2 titles).
The Hungarian Grand Prix in Formula One has been held at the Hungaroring just outside the city, a circuit which has FIA Grade 1 license.[235] Since 1986, the race has been a round of the FIA Formula One World Championship. At the 2013 Hungarian Grand Prix, it was confirmed that Hungary will continue to host a Formula 1 race until 2021.[236] The track was completely resurfaced for the first time in early 2016, and it was announced the Grand Prix's deal was extended for a further five years, until 2026.[237]
Budapest is home to two four-star UEFA stadiums: Puskás Aréna, Groupama Aréna, and two three-star UEFA stadiums: Hidegkuti Nándor Stadion and Bozsik Aréna.[citation needed]
Budapest will be the home of the headquarters of the World Aquatics after moving from Lausanne by 2026.
Education
[edit]Budapest is home to over 35 higher education institutions, many of which are universities. Under the Bologna Process, many offered qualifications are recognised in countries across Europe. Medicine, dentistry, pharmaceuticals, veterinary programs, and engineering are among the most popular fields for foreigners to undertake in Budapest. Most universities in Budapest offer courses in English, as well as in other languages like German, French, and Dutch, aimed specifically at foreigners. Many students from other European countries spend one or two semesters in Budapest through the Erasmus Programme.[238]
.jpg)
Notable people
[edit]International relations
[edit]Budapest has quite a few sister cities and many partner cities around the world.[239] Like Budapest, many of them are the most influential and largest cities of their country and region, most of them are the primate city and political, economical, cultural capital of their country. The Mayor of Budapest says the aim of improving sister city relationships is to allow and encourage a mutual exchange of information and experiences, as well as co-operation, in the areas of city management, education, culture, tourism, media and communication, trade and business development.[240][clarification needed]
Historic sister cities
[edit]Partnerships around the world
[edit]Some of the city's districts are also twinned to small cities or districts of other big cities; for details see the article List of districts in Budapest.
See also
[edit]
- Bridges of Budapest
- Budapest metropolitan area
- Fort Budapest
- List of cemeteries in Budapest
- List of films shot in Budapest
- List of cities and towns on Danube river
- List of historical capitals of Hungary
- Music of Budapest
- Outline of Hungary
- Spas in Budapest
- Urban and Suburban Transit Association (most of its activity is centred on Budapest)
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c "The Municipality of Budapest (official)". 11 September 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
- ^ "Területi statisztikai évkönyv, 2022" [Regional Statistical Yearbook, 2022 → Central Hungary: Budapest (525 km2) and Pest (6,392 km2)]. www.ksh.hu. Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH). 2023. p. 4. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ a b "22.1.2.1. Resident population by sex, county and region, 1 January (annual series)". www.ksh.hu. Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH). 31 August 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ "Best view in Budapest from the city's highest hilltop". stay.com – Budapest. 11 September 2014. Archived from the original on 23 June 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
- ^ "2022 Hungarian census". www.ksh.hu. Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH). 7 December 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ a b c Multiple sources:
- "21.1.2.1. Gross domestic product (GDP) by county and region (at purchasers'prices, million HUF)". www.ksh.hu. Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH). 20 December 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2024. [Annual Series]
- "21.1.2.2. Gross domestic product per capita by county and region". www.ksh.hu. Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH). 20 December 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2024. [Annual Series]
- "21.1.1.4. Value of gross domestic product in HUF, EUR, USD, and in purchasing power parity". www.ksh.hu. Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH). 20 December 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2024. Official exchange rate HUF → EUR (€)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_Union_regions_by_GDP
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab". globaldatalab.org.
- ^ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
- ^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
- ^ Upton, Clive; Kretzschmar, William A. Jr. (2017). The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-138-12566-7.
- ^ a b Bachmann, Helena (18 March 2002). "Beauty and the Feast". Time. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
- ^ Taşan-Kok, Tuna (2004). Budapest, Istanbul and Warsaw: Institutional and spatial change. Eburon Uitgeverij. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-5972-041-1. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ Meer, Jan van der; Carvalho, Luis; Berg, Professor Leo van den (28 May 2014). Cities as Engines of Sustainable Competitiveness: European Urban Policy in Practice. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4724-2704-5.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Török, András. "Budapest". Encarta. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2008.
- ^ "About Budapest Transport Association". Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2016. "About Budapest Transport Association". Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
- ^ "telep lista" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2006. Retrieved 1 June 2016. "telep lista" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2006. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
- ^ a b c d "Aquincum". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
- ^ Sugar, Peter F.; Péter Hanák; Tibor Frank (1990). "Hungary before the Hungarian Conquest". A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-253-20867-X.
- ^ a b c d e f "Budapest". Travel Channel. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
- ^ a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 734–737.
- ^ Drake, Miriam A. (2003). "Eastern Europe, England and Spain". Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. CRC Press. p. 2498. ISBN 0-8247-2080-6. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
- ^ Casmir, Fred L. (1995). "Hungarian culture in communication". Communication in Eastern Europe: The Role of History, Culture, and media in contemporary conflicts. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 122. ISBN 0-8058-1625-9. Retrieved 21 May 2008.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Nagy, Balázs; Rady, Martyn; Szende, Katalin; Vadas, András (2016). Medieval Buda in Context. Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004307674. OCLC 1030542604.
- ^ Molnar, A Concise History of Hungary, Chronology pp. 15
- ^ Molnar, A Concise History of Hungary, Chronology pp. 15.
- ^ Alexander Watson, Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary at War, 1914–1918 (2014). pp 536–40.: In the capital cities of Vienna and Budapest, the leftist and liberal movements and opposition parties strengthened and supported the separatism of ethnic minorities.
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) "Chapter II.C, para 58 (p. 20)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. (1.47 MB)
- ^ John Lukacs (1994). Budapest 1900: A Historical Portrait of a City and Its Culture. Grove Press. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-8021-3250-5.
- ^ "Hungary: Emerging Economic Power In Central And Eastern Europe". Thomas White International. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
- ^ a b "The World According to GaWC 2020". GaWC – Research Network. Globalization and World Cities. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ^ "EU nations pick Budapest for technology institute". The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 June 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ European Union Document Nos. 2013/0812 (COD), ENFOPOL 395 CODEC 2773 PARLNAT 307
- ^ "Budapesten nyílik az első kínai befektetési támaszpont külföldön" [First Chinese investment base abroad opens in Budapest]. Heti Világgazdaság (in Hungarian). 26 May 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
- ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2015". ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. Archived from the original on 30 October 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- ^ "CWUR 2015 – World University Rankings". Center for World University Rankings. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
- ^ Electric Railway. Doppler Press. 2003.
- ^ Mátyás Jangel (September 2010). "Közszolgáltatási szerződés, utasjogok, a szolgáltatástervezés és ellenőrzés folyamata a kötöttpályás helyi- és elővárosi közforgalmú közlekedésben" [Public service contract, passenger rights, service planning and monitoring process of local and suburban public transport rail] (in Hungarian). BKV Zrt. Közlekedési Igazgatóság [Directorate of Public Office. Transport]. pp. 10 (and 3). Archived from the original (pdf) on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015. Metro usage per day – Line 1: 120,000; Line 2: 405,000; Line 3: 630,000. (Line 4 began operations in 2014, with a 110,000 ridership estimated by Centre for Budapest Transport (BKK) based on the latest year.)
- ^ "World Heritage Committee Inscribes 9 New Sites on the World Heritage List". Unesco World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
- ^ "Hungary's, Budapest's and Balaton's Guide: Budapest's spas: Gellért, Király, Rác, Ru..'l'; l;lldas, Széchenyi, Lukács". Guideviaggi.net. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
- ^ "Big underground thermal lake unveiled in Budapest, Hungary". Tvnz.co.nz. 19 November 2008. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
- ^ "The Parliament of Hungary is the world's third largest Parliament building". visitbudapest.travel. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
- ^ "Euromonitor International's top city destinations ranking". Euromonitor. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
- ^ Meusburger, Peter; Jöns, Heike, eds. (2001). Transformations in Hungary: Essays in Economy and Society. Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-7908-1412-1. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ a b Jones, Gwen (5 July 2017). Chicago of the Balkans: Budapest in Hungarian Literature 1900–1939. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-57216-3 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Bácskai Vera: Széchenyi tervei Pest-Buda felemelésére és szépítésére". Archived from the original on 15 June 2009.
- ^ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0
- ^ "Budapest | History, Geography, & Points of Interest". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "Dictionary of American Family Names"(Volume A–F), by Patrick Hanks, Oxford University Press, 2003, pages 179, 245.
- ^ Kiss, Lajos (1978). Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára [Etymological Dictionary of Geographic Names]. Budapest: Akadémiai. pp. 131–132.
- ^ Györffy, György (1997). Pest-Buda kialakulása: Budapest története a honfoglalástól az Árpád-kor végi székvárossá alakulásig [The Development of Pest and Buda: History of Budapest from the Great Migration until the End of the Árpád Dynasty]. Budapest: Akadémiai. p. 62. ISBN 978-963-05-7338-2. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
- ^ Mark of Kalt: Chronicon Pictum https://mek.oszk.hu/10600/10642/10642.htm
- ^ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/18975/1/18975.pdf
- ^ Schütte, Gudmund (1917). Ptolemy's Maps of Northern Europe. Copenhagen: Royal Danish Geographical Society. p. 101. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
- ^ Laszlo Gerevich, A pesti es a budai var, Budapest Regisegei 24/1, 1976, p. 47
- ^ Adrian Room (2006). Placenames of the World. McFarland. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
- ^ "Association of professional tour guides". Lovely Budapest. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ Sugar, Peter F. (1990). "Hungary before the Hungarian Conquest". A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-253-20867-5. Retrieved 3 June 2008.
- ^ "Aquincum – Aquincum Múzeum". Aquincum.hu.
- ^ Molnar, A Concise History of Hungary, Chronology pp. 12
- ^ Molnar, A Concise History of Hungary, p. 14
- ^ Sugar, Peter F. (1990). "The Angevine State". A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-253-20867-5. Retrieved 3 June 2008.
- ^ Mona, Ilona (1974). "Hungarian Music Publication 1774–1867". Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 16 (1/4). Akadémiai Kiadó: 261–275. doi:10.2307/901850. ISSN 0039-3266. JSTOR 901850.
- ^ a b Southeastern Europe under Ottoman rule, 1354–1804, Peter F. Sugar, page 88
- ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue". UNESCO. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
- ^ Hughes, Holly (13 August 2009). "7 Famous Briges". Frommer's 500 Places to Take Your Kids Before They Grow Up. Wiley Indianapolis Composition Services. ISBN 978-0-470-57760-8.
- ^ Budapest statisztikai évkönyve 1943 (Statistical Yearbook of Budapest, 1943), p. 33, Hungarian Central Statistical Office
- ^ Budapest székes főváros Statisztikai és Közigazgatási Évkönyve 1921–1924 (Statistical Yearbook of Budapest, 1921–1924), p. 38, Hungarian Central Statistical Office
- ^ Budapest statisztikai évkönyve 1944–1946 (Statistical Yearbook of Budapest, 1944–1946), p. 12, Hungarian Central Statistical Office
- ^ "History of the word (Jewish-Hungarian Cultural Site)" (in Hungarian). Judapest.org. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ Jüdische Nachrichten (28 November 2004). "Karl Pfeifer: Jüdisches Budapest (Jewish Budapest)" (in German). Buecher.hagalil.com. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ Kahl, Thede (2003). "Aromanians in Greece: Minority or Vlach-speaking Greeks?" (PDF). Jahrbücher für Geschichte und Kultur Südosteuropas. 5: 205–219. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ Macartney, C.A. (1937). Hungary and her successors – The Treaty of Trianon and Its Consequences 1919–1937. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Bernstein, Richard (9 August 2003). "East on the Danube: Hungary's Tragic Century". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
- ^ "RAF raids Budapest – second heavy attack". The Sydney Morning Herald. 5 April 1944.
- ^ "RAF Follows US Raid on Budapest". The Sydney Morning Herald. 5 April 1944.
- ^ "Budapest bombed by RAF". The Sydney Morning Herald. 5 April 1944.
- ^ "Chain Bridge / Budapest". www.bridgesofbudapest.com. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- ^ "Budapest". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 18 July 2007.
- ^ "Raoul Wallenberg". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ The Times of Israel, Israeli orchestra honors Italian who saved 5,000 Jews from Nazis, 9 December 2014
- ^ Interview to Giorgio Perlasca by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 5 September 1990
- ^ "Memorial to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence". Shapedscape. 6 July 2017. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
- ^ "Suburbanization and Its Consequences in the Budapest Metropolitan Area" (PDF). Tocqueville Research Center. 6 July 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
- ^ "Former Mayors of Budapest (Budapest korábbi polgármesterei és főpolgármesterei)". Government of Budapest. 6 July 2017.
- ^ "Blow for Hungary PM Orbán as opposition wins Budapest mayoral race". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 14 October 2019.
- ^ "Budapest". Google Maps. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ Péter, Laszlo (21 November 2013). "Budapest". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ a b c d "General information – Geography". Budapest.com. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
- ^ "Geography of Budapest". Budapest Tourist Info. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ "Protected Landscape Area of Buda". Duna-Ipoly National Park Directorate. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
- ^ a b "Geography of Budapest". Budapest Pocket Guide. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ "Table 1 Overview of the Köppen-Geiger climate classes including the defining criteria". Nature: Scientific Data.
- ^ "Budapest". Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 September 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
- ^ "Climate Budapest – Hungary". Climatedata.eu. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ "Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Budapest, Hungary". climatemps.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ "Hardiness zone – Gardenology.org – Plant Encyclopedia and Gardening wiki". Gardenology.org. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
- ^ "Europa Hardiness zone map". Backyardgardener.com. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
- ^ "Budapest éghajlati jellemzői" (in Hungarian). Hungarian Meteorological Service. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ "Havi adatok - Adatok - met.hu". 13 February 2022.
- ^ "Temperature extremes - Budapest". met.hu (in Hungarian). Hungarian meteorological service. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Budapest-Belterulet" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov. National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1961-1990: Budapest-KMI" (TXT). ncei.noaa.gov. National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ "Budapest, Hungary – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
- ^ a b "Budapest Architecture". visitbudapest.travel. 2013. Archived from the original on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^ "The Incredible Architecture of Budapest". pbase.com. 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^ "Exceptional Buildings Budapest". budapest.com. 2014. Archived from the original on 25 April 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^ "The high-rise buildings as emblematique element of luxury district, 13th District of Budapest". Prestigecity. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^ "The coming of skyscrapers?". euscreen.eu. 17 December 2006. Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^ "The oldest church in Pest". visitbudapest.travel. 2011. Archived from the original on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^ András Végh. "Kapisztrán tér – Parish Church of Saint Maria Magdalene, Magdalene Tower". Hungarian Academy of Sciences-BTM website. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
- ^ Steves, Rick; Hewitt, Cameron (2009). Rick Steves' Budapest. Avalon Travel Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59880-217-7.
- ^ "Matthias Church Budapest Castle-Church of Our Lady Buda, Tickets, Concerts". Budapestbylocals.com. 9 July 2022.
- ^ "The Basilica of Saint Stephen". Lovelybudapest.com. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
- ^ a b Celestine Bohlen (10 March 1991). "Glimpsing Hungary's Ottoman Past". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
- ^ a b "Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". UNESCO. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
- ^ Széchenyi Chain Bridge at Structurae
- ^ "Nyugati Railway Station – WeLoveBudapest EN". Welovebudapest.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
- ^ "Budapest Tour: Early Art Nouveau 1897–1904". budapestarchitect.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue". UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
- ^ "Budapest High Street Overview 2013" (PDF). Jones Lang LaSalle. October 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2014.[dead link]
- ^ "Emerging Trends in Real Estate, 2013 Europe" (PDF). PricewaterhouseCoopers. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^ "Bulls return to the European commercial real estate market (Budapest)". CBRE Group. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^ "Eurostat regional yearbook 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^ "Gazetteer of Hungary, Hungarian Central Statistical Office, 2012" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- ^ "Neighborhoods in Brief". Frommer's Budapest. 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^ Sipos, András (2009). "Nagy-Budapest létrehozásától Nagy-Budapest revíziójáig (1949–1956)" (PDF). Múltunk. 3: 4–31. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
- ^ "Urbandivercities.eu, Case study Budapest and Budapest's 8th district". 2013. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^ Berényi, Eszter B. (2010), The transformation of historical city districts in inner city of Budapest (PhD dissertation) (PDF), Budapest, archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022, retrieved 5 May 2014
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ After a local referendum, Soroksár became an independent district. (Egy helyi népszavazást követően Soroksár 1994-ben vált önálló kerületté.) (PDF), Budapest, archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022, retrieved 6 July 2017
- ^ a b "Population of Budapest and Hungary from 2001, Hungarian Statistical Office". HSCO. 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- ^ "Eurostat, Population on 1 January (EU27 2004 to 2014)". Eurostat. 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- ^ a b "Budapest – HU101 – Employment Institute". Iz.sk. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
- ^ "IMF World Economic Outlook (Hungary), 2017 April". IMF. 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- ^ "IMF World Economic Outlook, 2014 April". IMF. 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- ^ a b "Hungarian Census 2011" (PDF). Hungarian Statistical Office. 2013. p. 17, table 1.4.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- ^ "The European Higher Education Area in 2012, page 104 (average of age groups ((33,2+26,5+21,5)/3))" (PDF). European Commission. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- ^ a b c d e "Népszámlálás 2011: Területi adatok – Budapest" [Hungarian census 2011: Spatial Data – Budapest] (in Hungarian). Central Statistical Office.
Table 1.1.1.1. A népesség számának alakulása, népsűrűség, népszaporodás (Total number of population, population density, natural growth), 1.1.4.2 A népesség nyelvismeret és nemek szerint (population by spoken language), 1.1.6.1 A népesség anyanyelv, nemzetiség és nemek szerint (population by mother tongue and ethnicity), 1.1.7.1 A népesség vallás, felekezet és nemek szerint (population by religion), 2.1.2.2 A népesség születési hely, korcsoport és nemek szerint (population by place of birth)
- ^ a b c "Budapest's population is increasing (Növekszik Budapest népessége)". Index.hu. 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
- ^ "Population and Social conditions (31,4 million (6,3%) born outside of the EU)" (PDF). Eurostat. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- ^ Dezső Danyi-Zoltán Dávid: Az első magyarországi népszámlálás (1784–1787) / The first census in Hungary (1784–1787), Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Budapest, 1960, pp. 30
- ^ népesség.com, [1]
- ^ "Census database - Hungarian Central Statistical Office".
- ^ "Budapest Population 2020". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
- ^ a b "Budapest City Review". Euromonitor International. December 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- ^ "Members of EMTA". European Metropolitan Transport Authorities (EMTA). August 2013. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- ^ "Population Density" Archived 10 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Geographic Information Systems – GIS of Interest. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
- ^ "Cities and Green Growth, page 3" (PDF). OECD. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- ^ "Eastern Europe in 2030: The future demographic, Population by City" (PDF). Euromonitor. March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- ^ "Impact of Migration on Population Change – Results from the Demographic and Migratory flows Affecting European Regions and Cities Project" (PDF). European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
- ^ "Microcensus 2016 – 2. Main characteristics of the population and the dwellings / Budapest". Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
- ^ Zoltán, Dövényi; Zoltán, Kovács (1999). "A szuburbanizáció térbeni-társadalmi jellemzői Budapest környékén (Spatial and societal parameters of the suburbanization in Budapest)" (PDF) (in Hungarian). Földrajzi Értesítő (Geographical Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ "Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok / table 3.1. A népesség nemzetiséghez tartozás és nemek szerint, 2016". Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
- ^ a b Vukovich, Gabriella (2018). Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok [2016 microcensus – 12. Ethnic data] (PDF) (in Hungarian). Budapest: Hungarian Central Statistical Office. ISBN 978-963-235-542-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
- ^ "World Jewish Population". SimpleToRemember.com – Judaism Online. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- ^ "Budapest Europe's Second Fastest-Developing Urban Economy, Study Reveals – The study examines the development of the world's 300 largest urban economies, ranking them according to the pace of development". Brookings Institution. 23 January 2015. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
- ^ "Hungary's GDP (IMF, 2016 est.) is $265.037 billion x 39% = $103,36 billion". Portfolio online financial journal. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
- ^ "New MasterCard Research Ranks 65 Cities in Emerging Markets Poised to Drive Long-Term global Economic Growth". MasterCard. 22 October 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
- ^ "Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index" (PDF). MasterCard Worldwide. 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "World's most expensive cities in 2012 – Ranking". City Mayors. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
- ^ "Benchmarking global city competitiveness" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "6.3.2.1. A regisztrált vállalkozások száma (Number of registered companies)". Ksh.hu. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
- ^ "Budapest City Report 2013" (PDF). Jones Lang LaSalle. September 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "Arena Plaza – Hungary". Plaza Centers. 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "Innovation Cities Top 100 Index " Innovation Cities Index & Program – City data training events from 2THINKNOW for USA Canada America Europe Asia Mid-East Australia". Innovation-cities.com. 1 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ^ "Central Europe's regional office". United Nations. 2014. Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "Budapest to be CEE Region Headquarters for Chinese Research Institute". Promote CEE – Investment in the CEE Region. 18 September 2011. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "Bachelor, Master and PhD study programs in foreign languages". Budapest Business School. 4 August 2011. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "Budapest status of employment" (PDF). Budapest Public Employment Service Non-profit Company. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "Top 100 Cities Destination Ranking – Analyst Insight from Euromonitor International". Blog.euromonitor.com. 21 January 2013. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
- ^ "Global 500 – Countries: Hungary – Fortune". Money. 23 July 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
- ^ "HFSA – Credit institutions' data". Pszaf.hu. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
- ^ "About the institution of the President of Hungary". Office of the President of the Republic. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ Sányai, Gábor (7 January 2019). "PM Moving to Buda Castle: Puritanism in a Former Monastery or Costly Restoration of the Horthy Era?". Hungary Today. Magyarország Barátai Alapítvány. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
- ^ "The Hungarian National Assembly". Office of the National Assembly. 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "Curia of Hungary". National Office for the Judiciary. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "The National Judicial Council". National Judicial Council. 23 March 2012. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "Brief history of the Constitutional Court of Hungary". The Constitutional Court. 2014. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "International organizations in Hungary". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "Transition and Environment". Bedrvich Moldan. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ a b "A good place to live – Budapest" (PDF). Siemens, Studio Metropolitana Workshop for Urban Development. 8 November 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "Transport Budapest". WWF Global. 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "Hungary: Crime situation, including organized crime; police and state response including effectiveness – 1.1 Homicide". UNHCR-The UN Refugee Agency. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ Urban crime and violence: Conditions and trends (Figure 3.6). WHO. 2007. ISBN 978-1-84407-475-4. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "Hungary: Crime situation, including organized crime; police and state response including effectiveness – 2. Organized Crime". UNHCR-The UN Refugee Agency. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "Municipality of Budapest". Budapest Official Site. 11 May 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "Five year terms in the local governments of Hungary". Website of the Hungarian government. 11 May 2011. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "Budapest City Council approves 2014 budget". dailynewshungary.com/. 26 February 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ Kulish, Nicholas (30 December 2007). "Out of Darkness, New Life". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 March 2008.
- ^ "The largest photo on Earth – created by 360world.eu". 70 Billion Pixels Budapest. Archived from the original on 9 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ^ "Tourist Information Points". Budapest Info. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ "Budapest Card". Budapest Info. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ "Parks". Budapest.com. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ "Budapest Parks & Caves". visitBudapest.travel. Archived from the original on 3 December 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ "City Park". visitBudapest.travel. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ "Margaret Island". visitBudapest.travel. Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ "Parks and Recreation in Budapest". Funzine. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ "Mini guide to Budapest's spas". BBC. 26 April 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
- ^ Fallon, Steve. "A guide to Budapest's thermal baths". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
- ^ "Air Transat unveils its new Europe program for 2015". 15 October 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
- ^ "From the Airport to the City centre by public transport" (PDF). Centre for Budapest Transport. 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
- ^ "Budapest Airport Property development". Budapest Airport. 17 March 2014. Archived from the original on 24 December 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
- ^ "Budapest Airport unveils Europe's first MasterCard lounge". Future Travel Experience. 15 September 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
- ^ "Centre for Budapest Transport in brief". Centre for Budapest Transport. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
- ^ "Annual Report 2011" (PDF). BKV Zrt. February 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
- ^ Melinda Ábel; Szilvia Andrássy; et al. "Balázs Mór Plan – Budapest Mobility Plan" (PDF). Centre for Budapest Transport. p. 26. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ Local transport discounts bkk.hu
- ^ "Easyway project – Digital information". BKK Zrt. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ "BKK Info online (public transport)". BKK Zrt. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
- ^ "BKK Info online (roads and road transport)". BKK Zrt. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
- ^ "BKK Futár PIDS system online". BKK Zrt. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
- ^ "BKK has launched its FUTÁR Journey Planner app for web, smartphones and tablets". BKK Zrt. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ "Budapest signed the Contract Agreement for the Automated Fare Collection system". BKK Zrt. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ "Purchase your ticket easier". BKK Zrt. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
- ^ Balázs, Ambrus (7 February 2022). "Jön az integrált utazási app, a Budapest GO". index.hu (in Hungarian). Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "Putting the world's longest trams into service in Budapest". Railwaygazette.com. 1 April 2006. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
- ^ "Tasks & Responsibilities". Centre for Budapest Transport. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
- ^ "Venice Simplon-Orient-Express Destinations". Retrieved 23 September 2014.
- ^ "Budapest Freeport". danubeports.info. 6 May 2011. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
- ^ "Budapest cruise terminal". cruise-profi.com. 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
- ^ a b "Information on public transport boats". BKK Budapesti Közlekedési Központ. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
- ^ "Budapest was chosen as one of the most creative cities of the world by UNESCO (20 December 2015)". Hungarian Intellectual Property Office. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
- ^ "Budapest Museums & Galleries". visitbudapest.travel/. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
- ^ "Theaters&Concert Halls". budapest.com. 2014. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
- ^ "Short History of the Budapest Opera Ball". operabal.com. February 2010. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
- ^ "Hungary Casinos and Online Casinos". 12 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
- ^ "The 15 Best Places for Jazz Music in Budapest". Foursquare. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- ^ "Shopping in Budapest". visitbudapest.travel. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
- ^ "Budapest: A great place for creative industry development?" (PDF). Urbani izziv. February 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
- ^ Calculated using penetration rate and population data from "Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 2012" Archived 29 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Population data, International Programs, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 26 June 2013
- ^ "Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012" Archived 8 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
- ^ "Food in Hungary". foodbycountry.com. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
- ^ "A MOB közgyűlése támogatja a budapesti olympic" (in Hungarian). Hungarian Olympic Committee (MOB). 10 June 2015. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
- ^ Tenczer Gábor (23 June 2015). "A Olympics" (in Hungarian). Index. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
- ^ "FIFA introduces new FIFA Puskás Award to honour the "goal of the year"" (Press release). FIFA. Archived from the original on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ^ "List of FIA Licensed Circuits" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 6 February 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
- ^ "Hungarian Grand Prix deal extended until 2021". GP Today. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
- ^ "Aszfaltavató a Hungaroringen" (in Hungarian). Hungaroring. 14 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
A Magyar Nagydíj szerződését újabb öt évvel meghosszabbítottuk, ami azt jelenti, hogy a futamunknak 2026-ig helye van a Formula–1-es versenynaptárban." Translates as "We have extended the Hungarian Grand Prix's contract for a further 5 years, which means that our race has a place on the F1 calendar until 2026.
- ^ "Study in Hungary – a guide for international students in Budapest". Blog for expats & International students in Budapest, Hungary. 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
- ^ "Budapest – Testvérvárosok" [Budapest – Twin Cities] (in Hungarian). Budapest Főváros Önkormányzatának hivatalos oldala [Official site of the Municipality of Budapest]. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
- ^ "Budapest to Sign Sister City Agreement with Beijing". Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
- ^ "NYC's Sister Cities". Sister City Program of the City of New York. 2006. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2008.
- ^ "NYC's Partner Cities". The City of New York. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ^ "Sister City – Budapest". Official website of New York City. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
- ^ "Budapest, Hungary". fwsistercities.org. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
- ^ "Sanghaj is Budapest testvérvárosa let". Origo.hu. 28 August 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
- ^ "Sister Cities". Beijing Municipal Government. Archived from the original on 16 February 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
- ^ "Budapest To Sign Twin-City Agreement With Tehran". Hungary Today. 30 April 2015. Archived from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
- ^ "Berlin – City Partnerships". Der Regierende Bürgermeister Berlin. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
- ^ "Berlin's international city relations". Berlin Mayor's Office. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
- ^ "Frankfurt am Main: Budapest". Frankfurt.de. Archived from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
- ^ "These World Cities Are Filled With History". Goworldtravel.com. 21 November 2013.
- ^ "Lisboa – Geminações de Cidades e Vilas" [Lisbon – Twinning of Cities and Towns] (in Portuguese). Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses [National Association of Portuguese Municipalities]. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
- ^ "Acordos de Geminação, de Cooperação e/ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa" [Lisbon – Twinning Agreements, Cooperation and Friendship] (in Portuguese). Camara Municipal de Lisboa. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
- ^ "Tel Aviv sister cities" (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
- ^ "Intercity and International Cooperation of the City of Zagre b". 2006–2009 City of Zagreb. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
- ^ daenet d.o.o. "Sarajevo Official Web Site : Fraternity cities". sarajevo.ba. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
- ^ "City Partnerships and Projects of cooperation". Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
- ^ "Partnerská města HMP" [Prague – Twin Cities HMP] (in Czech). Portál "Zahraniční vztahy" [Portal "Foreign Affairs"]. 18 July 2013. Archived from the original on 25 June 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
- ^ "Programme for International and European Activities 2009-2010" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
- ^ "Cities: Sister Cities (How many?) (rates, places, America, Los Angeles) – City vs. City – City-Data Forum". city-data.com. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
- ^ "Kraków – Miasta Partnerskie" [Kraków -Partnership Cities]. Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
- ^ Sister Cities Week in Bangkok[permanent dead link] mfa.gov.hu/kulkepviselet
- ^ "Dr. Gábor Bagdy, Vice Mayor of Budapest". gov.hu. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
- ^ "Daejeon.kr". Archived from the original on 19 November 2009.
- ^ Vacca, Maria Luisa. "Comune di Napoli-Gemellaggi" [Naples – Twin Towns] (in Italian). Comune di Napoli. Archived from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
- ^ Burak Sansal. "Sister Cities of Istanbul – All About Istanbul". greatistanbul.com. Archived from the original on 27 May 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
- ^ "Ankara'nın yeni kardeşi Budapeşte". Hürriyet Daily News (in Turkish). 26 February 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- ^ "Welcome to Vilnius". vilnius.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
- ^ "Twin cities of the City of Kosice". Magistrát mesta Košice, Tr. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
- ^ "Новини ЛМР" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 18 August 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
Sources
[edit]- Budapest: Eyewitness Travel Guildes. DK Travel. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7566-2435-4.
- Barber, Annabel (2004). Visible Cities Budapest: A City Guide. Somerset. ISBN 978-963-212-986-0.
- Fallon, Steve; Kaminski, Anna (2017). Budapest & Hungary Travel Guide. Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781786575425.
- Molnar, Miklos (2001). A Concise History of Hungary. Cambridge Concise Histories. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66736-4.
- Sebestyen, Victor (2022). Budapest: Between East and West (Hardcover). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 9781474609999.
- Ungvary, Krisztian (2006). The Siege of Budapest: One Hundred Days in World War II. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11985-5.
External links
[edit]
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
Travel information from Wikivoyage
- Official website
- Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue – UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture
- Old maps of Budapest Archived 10 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Historic Cities site. Archived 25 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine. The National Library of Israel, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection.
Places adjacent to Budapest | |
|---|---|
| 1,000,000+ |  | |
|---|---|---|
| 30,000+ | ||
| 20,000+ | ||
| 10,000+ | ||
| Cultural |
|  |
|---|---|---|
| Natural | ||
| 1,000,000+ | |
|---|---|
| 150,000+ | |
| 100,000+ | |
| 50,000+ | |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Countries |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Cities | ||
| Tributaries | ||
| Canals | ||
| See also | ||
- Populated places in Hungary
- Budapest
- Budapest metropolitan area
- Tourism in Hungary
- 1873 establishments in Hungary
- Capitals in Europe
- County seats in Hungary
- Landmarks in Hungary
- NUTS 3 statistical regions of the European Union
- Populated places established in 1873
- Populated places on the Danube
- Spa towns in Hungary