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National Grid plc

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This article is about the energy company. For the electric power transmission network, see National Grid (Great Britain).

National Grid plc
Formerly
  • New National Grid plc (2000–2002)
  • National Grid Group plc (January–October 2002)
  • National Grid Transco plc (2002–2005)[1]
Company typePublic limited company
ISINGB00BDR05C01 Edit this on Wikidata
IndustryUtilities
PredecessorCentral Electricity Generating Board
Founded1990; 34 years ago (1990) in London
HeadquartersLondon, England, UK[2]
Key people
Products
  • Electricity transmission
  • Electricity distribution
  • Gas distribution
  • Gas transmission
RevenueIncrease £21.659 billion (2023)[3]
Increase £4.294 billion (2023)[3]
Increase £7.797 billion (2023)[3]
Total assetsDecrease £92.697 billion (2023)[3]
Total equityIncrease £29.562 billion (2023)[3]
Number of employees
31,275 (2023)[3]
Websitenationalgrid.com Edit this at Wikidata

National Grid plc is a British multinational electricity and gas utility company headquartered in London, England. Its principal activities are in the United Kingdom, where it owns and operates electricity and natural gas transmission networks, and in the Northeastern United States, where as well as operating transmission networks, the company produces and supplies electricity and gas, providing both to customers in New York and Massachusetts.[4]

National Grid plc is one of the largest investor-owned utility companies in the world; it has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange where it is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index, and a secondary listing in the form of its American depositary receipts on the New York Stock Exchange.

History

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Background (CEGB before 1990)

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Main article: Central Electricity Generating Board

Before 1990, both the generation and transmission activities in England and Wales were under the responsibility of the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB). The present electricity market in the United Kingdom was built upon the breakup of the CEGB into four separate companies in the 1990s.[5]

Its generation (or upstream) activities were transferred to three generating companies — PowerGen, National Power, and Nuclear Electric (later British Energy, eventually EDF Energy)—and its transmission (or downstream) activities to the National Grid Company.[6]

National Grid and acquisitions (1990–1999)

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In 1990, the transmission activities of the CEGB were transferred to the National Grid Company plc, which was owned by the twelve regional electricity companies (RECs) through a holding company, National Grid Group plc. The company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in December 1995.[7]

Expansion and consolidation (2000–2015)

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With the beginning of the new millennium, National Grid pursued mergers and international acquisitions. In March 2000, National Grid Group acquired United States companies New England Electric System and Eastern Utilities Associates.[8]

In January 2002, National Grid Group acquired Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, a New York State utility.[9] In October 2002, National Grid Group merged with Lattice Group, owner of the Transco gas distribution business (Lattice had demerged from BG Group in 2000).[10]

National Grid Group changed its name to National Grid Transco plc. It sold the telecoms business 186K Ltd. which was acquired as part of the merger with Lattice Group for a nominal £1 to Hutchison Whampoa in December 2002.[11] In 2004, the company was found liable for a gas explosion in Transco plc v HM Advocate and subsequently fined £15 million.[12][13] In August 2004, National Grid Transco agreed to sell four of its regional gas distribution networks for a total cash consideration of £5.8 billion.[14]

NGT kept ownership of four other distribution networks, which make up almost half of Great Britain's gas distribution network.[15] In July 2005, National Grid Transco was renamed National Grid plc. On 26 July 2005, National Grid Company was renamed National Grid Electricity Transmission plc, and on 10 October 2005, Transco was renamed National Grid Gas plc.[16]

In February 2006, National Grid announced that it had agreed to buy KeySpan Corporation,[17] a gas distributor and electricity producer in the United States, for $7.3bn (£4.1bn) in cash. Around the same time, National Grid also announced the acquisition of New England Gas Company, a Rhode Island subsidiary of Southern Union Company.[18]

The acquisitions of the two natural gas delivery companies doubled the size of National Grid's American subsidiary, creating the second largest utility in the United States with more than 8 million customers. The acquisition of KeySpan was completed on 24 August 2007, following government and regulatory approval and endorsement by the shareholders of the two companies.[19]

In May 2007, National Grid formed a joint venture with the Dutch transmission operator TenneT for a 260-kilometre (160 mi) 1,000 MW BritNed DC link between the Isle of Grain in Kent and Maasvlakte, near Rotterdam.[20][21] The installation of the first section of cable link started on 11 September 2009,[22] and the entire 260 km (160 mi) cable was completed in October 2010.[23]

The interconnection became operational on 1 April 2011,[24][25] and by January 2012, electricity flow had mostly been from the Netherlands to the United Kingdom.[26] The BritNed interconnection would serve as a vital link for the foreseeable European super grid project.[27] In the spring of 2011, National Grid sold off its services in New Hampshire, after their request to increase gas and electric rates was denied.[28]

2015–2021

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In November 2015, it was announced that Steve Holliday, the CEO for ten years, would leave in March 2016 and that John Pettigrew, its executive director who joined National Grid twenty five years earlier, would succeed him.[29] In June 2016, the Energy Select Committee argued that the company faced too many conflicts of interest, particularly with regard to its ownership of international interconnectors. The committee proposed that the company should be split up.[30]

In December 2016, National Grid agreed to sell a 61% stake in its gas distribution business to a consortium of Macquarie Infrastructure and Real Assets, Allianz Capital Partners, Hermes Investment Management, CIC Capital Corporation, Qatar Investment Authority, Dalmore Capital and Amber Infrastructure Limited, with a further 14% stake under negotiation. The sale was completed on 31 March 2017, following clearance by the European Commission, and the resulting company was named Cadent Gas.[31] National Grid disposed of its remaining 39% holding in Cadent Gas in June 2019.[32]

In July 2019, National Grid's Electricity System Operator arm, separately from its Electricity Transmission arm, announced its intent to join the Powering Past Coal Alliance, furthering its goal of becoming a zero carbon electricity system by 2025.[33] At the time of its announcement, National Grid was the largest energy company based in the United Kingdom to join the alliance, according to publicly available financial figures of 2018.[34][35][36][37]

Later in the year, the company moved ownership of its operations in the United Kingdom to Luxembourg and Hong Kong, to protect itself from Labour's nationalisation plans.[38] A spokesman said, "Labour's proposals for state ownership of National Grid would be highly detrimental to millions of ordinary people who either hold shares in the company or through their pension funds." The Labour Party said the "rip off" move showed the grid needed to be in public hands.[39]

2021–present

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In March 2021, National Grid announced it intended to purchase Western Power Distribution from PPL Corporation for £7.8 billion, and sell its Rhode Island gas and electricity network, Narragansett Electric Company, to PPL for about £2.7 billion. National Grid will also sell its majority ownership of the UK gas transmission business. These transactions are subject to shareholder and regulatory approval.[40][41] Separately, the company is to commence a process to sell a majority stake in its National Grid Gas distribution network.[42]

In 2022, National Grid announced plans to divest a 60% stake in its UK gas transmission and metering business to a consortium including Macquarie Asset Management and British Columbia Investment Management Corporation.[43] The deal was completed on 31 January 2023, forming a new entity named National Gas.[44] The deal was worth around £2.2 billion for National Grid.[45] In July 2023, it was announced that Macquarie acquired a further 20% stake in National Gas, taking its holding to 80%, in a deal worth a further £700 million.[45] The Macquarie-led consortium has the option to buy the final 20% of the company on comparable terms between May and July next year.[45]

United Kingdom operations

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National Grid plc has a number of subsidiary companies.[46]

Electricity

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Transmission

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National Grid Electricity Transmission plc (until 2005, named National Grid Company) owns and maintains the National Grid, the 275kV and 400kV electricity transmission network in England and Wales.[47] (The electricity transmission network in Scotland is owned by ScottishPower in central and southern Scotland,[48] and SSE plc in northern Scotland).[49]

Other subsidiaries part-own (with RTE) and operate the 2,000 Megawatt HVDC Cross-Channel interconnector to France, and part-own (with TenneT) the 1,000 Megawatt BritNed HVDC interconnector to the Netherlands.[50]

National Grid Electricity System Operator (ESO) operates the electricity transmission networks in England and Wales and Scotland in its role as the transmission system operator for Great Britain, working to balance supply and demand in real time, as well as coordinating markets and auctions which ensure sufficient future supply, and exploring initiatives such as demand-side response measures to reduce peaks in electricity demand.[51] Rulings by Ofgem in 2017 required the ESO function to be moved to a separate subsidiary, which began trading in April 2019.[52]

In 2021, Ofgem called for the creation of a fully independent operator in view of potential conflicts of interest from NG's ownership of the transmission network, and in 2022 the UK government confirmed that a fully independent public body – the Future System Operator (FSO), covering electricity and gas – would be established.[53] Legislative provisions enabling the creation of the FSO were included in the Energy Act 2023.[54]

In January 2024, it was announced that the body taking on the system operator functions was to be a "new, independent public corporation" named the National Energy System Operator (NESO).[55] NESO is expected to assume responsibility as transmission system operator for Great Britain from National Grid on 1 October 2024, after the latter agreed a £630 million buyout of its grid operation division by the government of the United Kingdom.[56]

Distribution

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National Grid purchased the UK's largest (by area) electricity distribution business, Western Power Distribution, from American utility company PPL in 2021. Western Power Distribution operates the electricity distribution system within the Midlands, South West and Wales, looking after the 132, 66, 33, 11, 6.6kV and LV networks comprising substations, overhead lines and underground cables.[57] In September 2022, the company was renamed to National Grid Electricity Distribution.[58]

Gas

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Transmission

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National Grid formerly owned National Gas (previously National Grid Gas), which owns and operates the gas transmission system in Great Britain and gas metering operations in the UK.[45][59] National Grid disposed of its final 20% holding in National Gas in July 2024, with the divestment expected to complete in the first quarter of 2025.[60]

Distribution

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National Grid's interests in the British gas distribution sector were divested between 2017 and 2019 and now operate under the Cadent Gas brand.[61]

Other operations

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National Grid Property Portfolio houses all land, offices and depots used for National Grid operations that are surplus to requirements or let to third parties.[62]

National Grid has issued invitations to tender which include carbon savings as one of the weighted evaluation factors. Development of a replacement sub-station in Wimbledon, to be completed in phases between 2018 and 2022, was their first tender to include a weighting on carbon. Laing O’Rourke was awarded the winning bid, having demonstrated plans to reduce carbon emissions by 23% along with a £3m cost saving. Their carbon saving proposal equated to taking 7,600 cars off the road for a year.[63]

United States operations

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A portion of the Art Deco façade of the Niagara-Mohawk Power building in Syracuse, New York (2005)

As of 2019, National Grid United States operates 8,881 miles (14,293 km) of electricity transmission and 35,560 miles (57,230 km) of gas transmission and delivers electricity and natural gas to areas of the Northeast states of Massachusetts, New York, and Rhode Island. The business serves over 20 million customers in the three states[64] and is headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts, in a 300,000-square-foot (28,000 m2) green facility.[65] This subsidiary carries out its business through a number of subsidiary companies (all doing business as "National Grid"). The main ones are:[16]

  • New England Power Company
  • Massachusetts Electric Company (in Massachusetts)
  • Nantucket Electric (in Massachusetts)
  • Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation (in New York State)
  • KeySpan Corporation (parts of New York City)
  • Boston Gas Company (including the former Essex Gas Company, in Massachusetts)
  • Colonial Gas Company (in Massachusetts)
  • Providence Gas Company (in Rhode Island)
  • Narragansett Electric Company in Rhode Island, was sold to PPL Corporation in March 2021,[66] and renamed Rhode Island Energy[67]

As of 2019, National Grid invests over $3.5 billion a year in infrastructure in the United States, having increased its investments into "cleaner, greener technologies" in the previous few years. Examples of projects include an offshore wind farm in Rhode Island, and a battery storage project in Nantucket, Massachusetts.[64] Also in 2019, the company spent $100 million to acquire solar and wind generation from Geronimo Energy, in partnership with Washington State Investment Board.[68]

Controversies

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Contract negotiations with Massachusetts gas workers represented by the United Steelworkers broke down in June 2018, and the company locked out more than 1,000 employees, cutting off healthcare and pay.[69][70]

In November 2019, the company squabbled with New York Governor Andrew Cuomo over the company's own moratorium on new natural gas hookups. Cuomo threatened "to revoke the company’s authority to operate its gas franchise in New York City and Long Island, for failing to provide customers with reliable service," according to Utility Dive.[71]

Later, in February 2020, it was discovered that the company was constructing a new natural gas transmission line in Brooklyn from Brownsville to Greenpoint. Local activists have pushed back on the project questioning its necessity, safety, additional cost to customers and noting how it will work against the recently enacted New York State Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act.[72]

In the years 2012 to 2020, National Grid was accused of manipulating energy efficiency programs and overcharging residents of Rhode Island by approximately US$2.2 million.[73]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "National Grid PLC overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK". Companies House. 11 July 2000. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  2. ^ "Contact us". National Grid. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Annual Report 2022–23". National Grid plc. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  4. ^ "Utilities prioritize natural gas in sustainability plans". Daily Energy Insider. 13 November 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  5. ^ "Lessons from Liberalised Electricity Markets" (PDF). IEA / OECD. 2005. p. 68. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  6. ^ "A whole world sold on sell-offs". The Guardian. 22 November 2000. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  7. ^ "NATIONAL GRID Share Price - NG.L- Yahoo! UK & Ireland Finance". Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  8. ^ "Commission Notice: National Grid Group plc Acquisition of New England Electric System". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  9. ^ "National Grid acquires Niagara Mohawk". Albany Business Review. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  10. ^ "Competition Commission Report Page 313" (PDF). Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  11. ^ "National Grid Transco sells its telecoms unit for £1". The Independent. 18 December 2002. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  12. ^ "Transco fined £15m for gas pipe error that killed family". The Guardian. 25 August 2005. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  13. ^ "Transco fined £15m for gas blast". BBC News. 25 August 2005. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  14. ^ "National Gris Transco sells four gas pipelines". NBC. 31 August 2004. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  15. ^ "National Grid Transco sells four gas pipelines". CBS. 31 August 2004. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  16. ^ a b "History". National Grid. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  17. ^ "National Grid – Keyspan Merger Provides New Savings And Expanded Resources To New Hampshire Customers". Nationalgridus.com. 27 February 2006. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  18. ^ "Electric Utility buying Rhode Island Gas Company". Projo.com. 17 February 2006. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  19. ^ "National Grid buy US gas company". BBC News. 27 February 2006. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  20. ^ "BritNed Submarine HVDC Cable To Connect UK And The Netherlands", Power Online, retrieved 2 October 2008
  21. ^ Fineren, Daniel (22 May 2007). "New cable to link UK and Dutch power grids". Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
  22. ^ Hornby, Catherine (11 September 2009). "Dutch-UK marine power cable laying starts". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
  23. ^ "Global Marine Systems Completes Power Connection Between the Netherlands and the UK" (PDF) (Press release). Global Marine Systems. 27 October 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2011.[permanent dead link]
  24. ^ Paulsson, Lars (24 February 2011). "Dutch, U.K. Regulators Approve Britned Power Cable Trading". Bloomberg. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  25. ^ "BritNed cable electrically connects United Kingdom and the Netherlands" (Press release). TenneT. 1 April 2011. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  26. ^ Justin Wilkes et al. The European offshore wind industry: key 2011 trends and statistics. European Wind Energy Association, January 2012. p. 22. Accessed: 26 March 2012.
  27. ^ "Why Do We Need The Supergrid, What Is Its Scope And What Will It Achieve?". Claverton Energy Group. 19 June 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  28. ^ Jorgensen, Jillian. "National Grid will leave NH". The Eagle Tribune. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022.
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  30. ^ Kiran Stacey (17 June 2016). "National Grid should be broken up, say MPs". Financial Times. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  31. ^ "National Grid sells majority stake in gas pipe network". BBC News. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  32. ^ Kirong, Nephele (28 June 2019). "National Grid closes sale of remaining stake in Cadent Gas". spglobal.com. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  33. ^ "National Grid ESO joins Powering Past Coal Alliance". BusinessGreen. 15 July 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  34. ^ "Members | Powering Past Coal Alliance". Powering Past Coal Alliance (PPCA). Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  35. ^ "Iberdrola Results Presentation / 2018" (PDF). Iberdrola. 20 February 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  36. ^ "DRAX GROUP PLC (Symbol: DRX) FULL YEAR RESULTS FOR THE TWELVE MONTHS ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2018" (PDF). Drax Group. 26 February 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
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  38. ^ "National Grid and SSE move offshore over Labour plans". BBC News. 24 November 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
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  41. ^ "National Grid's Acquisitions and Disposals of Networks Neutral for Credit Quality". Fitch Ratings. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  42. ^ "National Grid buys WPD for £7.8bn, will sell natural gas business". Engineering and Technology. The Institution of Engineering and Technology. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  43. ^ "UK's National Grid to divest 60% stake in NGG to investor consortium". Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  44. ^ Bose, Kiran (31 January 2023). "National Gas leaves National Grid". Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  45. ^ a b c d Gosden, Emily (19 July 2023). "Alarm bells as 'vampire' investor buys 80% of National Gas". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  46. ^ "Annual Report and Accounts 2020/21". National Grid. p. 204. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
  47. ^ "National Grid Electricity Transmission". National Grid. Retrieved 2 November 2023. We own and maintain the high-voltage electricity transmission network in England and Wales.
  48. ^ "Our Transmission Network". SP Energy Networks. Retrieved 2 November 2023. We are responsible for the transmission of electricity in central and southern Scotland.
  49. ^ "About Us". SSEN Transmission. Retrieved 2 November 2023. We are responsible for the electricity transmission network in the north of Scotland...
  50. ^ Fineren, Daniel (22 May 2007). "New cable to link UK and Dutch power grids". Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
  51. ^ "What we do". National Grid ESO. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023. National Grid ESO is the electricity system operator for Great Britain.
  52. ^ Pratt, David (14 February 2018). "National Grid sets out delivery plan for legal ESO separation". Current. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  53. ^ Lempriere, Molly (6 April 2022). "Government unveils new independent Future System Operator". Current. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  54. ^ "New laws passed to bolster energy security and deliver net zero". gov.uk (Press release). Government of the United Kingdom. 26 October 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  55. ^ "ESO announces the name of the forthcoming Future System Operator" (Press release). NationalGridESO. 22 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  56. ^ Mucklejohn, Lars (13 September 2024). "National Grid agrees sale of Electricity System Operator to government". City A.M. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  57. ^ Armitage, Jim (18 March 2021). "National Grid to quit gas in major shift to green electricity". Evening Standard. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  58. ^ "National Grid Electricity Distribution plc". Companies House. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  59. ^ "Sale of majority interest in NGGT and Metering" (Press release). National Grid Group plc. 27 March 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  60. ^ "Macquarie to acquire remaining stake in UK's National Gas". Reuters. 26 July 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  61. ^ "National Grid closes sale of remaining stake in Cadent Gas". www.spglobal.com. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  62. ^ "Lincoln National Grid site sold to Hawksmount Properties". BNP Paribas Real Estate. 25 April 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  63. ^ Institution of Civil Engineers, Carbon savings at National Grid's Wimbledon substation, updated 20 June 2017, accessed 12 March 2021
  64. ^ a b Riley, Kim (12 November 2019). "CFOs predict future impacts on energy companies, industry at EEI Financial Conference". Daily Energy Insider. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  65. ^ Turner, Greg (4 December 2007). "National Grid to settle in Waltham". The Waltham News Tribune. Waltham, Massachusetts: GateHouse Media, Inc. Archived from the original on 25 July 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  66. ^ Fitzpatrick, Edward (18 March 2021). "Narragansett Electric Company sold to Pennsylvania company - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  67. ^ "Narragansett Electric has a new name, and a new owner. Here's what else might change". Providence Journal. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  68. ^ Nair, Arathy S (7 March 2019). "National Grid to buy U.S.-based wind and solar energy developer". Reuters. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  69. ^ LaFratta, Kristin (25 June 2018). "National Grid locks out more than 1,000 gas workers in Massachusetts over contract dispute". MassLive.com. Advance Publications. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  70. ^ LaFratta, Kristin (5 July 2018). "National Grid union workers lose health insurance amid contract dispute". MassLive.com. Advance Publications. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  71. ^ Balaraman, Kavya (13 November 2019). "Cuomo threatens to revoke National Grid's license to provide gas in NYC due to hookup moratorium". Utility Dive. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  72. ^ Pereira, Sydney (20 February 2020). "Activists Demand National Grid Halt Project To Extend A Fracked Gas Pipeline Through North Brooklyn". Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  73. ^ Doiron, Sarah (29 June 2022). "National Grid overcharged RI customers by up to $2.2M". WPRI.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
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