Nasal cycle
The nasal cycle is the subconscious[1][2] alternating partial congestion and decongestion of the nasal cavities in humans and other animals. This results in greater airflow through one nostril with periodic alternation between the nostrils. It is a physiological congestion of the nasal conchae, also called the nasal turbinates (curled bony projections within the nasal cavities), due to selective activation of one half of the autonomic nervous system by the hypothalamus. It should not be confused with pathological nasal congestion.
Description
[edit]In the modern western literature, it was first described by the German physician Richard Kayser in 1895.[3]
In 1927, Heetderks[4] described the alternating turgescence of the inferior turbinates in 80% of a normal population. According to Heetderks, the cycle is the result of alternating congestion and decongestion of the nasal conchae or turbinates, predominantly the inferior turbinates, which are by far the largest of the turbinates in each nasal fossa. Turbinates consist of bony projections covered by erectile tissue, much like the tissues of the penis and clitoris. The turbinates in one fossa fill up with blood while the opposite turbinates decongest by shunting blood away. This cycle, which is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, has a mean duration of two and a half hours but varies widely with age, body-posture, and other conditions.[5] He further observed and documented that the turbinates in the dependent nasal fossa fill when the patient is lying down. The nasal cycle is an alternation in both time and between left and right sides, with the total resistance in the nose remaining constant. The asymmetric airflow may have some benefit to overall olfactory sensitivity.[6] In patients with a fixed septal deviation and intermittent nasal obstruction, the interplay of the nasal cycle becomes evident; the sensation of obstruction frequently mirrors the congestion phase.[6]
It is possible that the nasal cycle may exacerbate the nasal congestion caused by the common cold, as the lack of motility of the cilia in one half of the nose may lead to an uncomfortable sensation of not being able to shift mucus by blowing the nose.
Benefits for breathing
[edit]It has been shown that the cilia of the congested side suspend their motility until that side decongests. Thus the cycle ensures that one side of the nose is always moist, to facilitate humidification, which is one of the three functions of the nose, the other two being filtration and warming of inspired air prior to its entering the lungs.[6]
Benefits for olfaction
[edit]Some odor chemicals bind with olfactory receptors easily, even under conditions of high airflow, and other odors need more time, under low airflow conditions, to bind with receptors. With high airflow on one side and low airflow on the other side, the olfactory center detects a greater range of smells.[7][8][9]
Distinction
[edit]The nasal cycle should not be confused with pathological nasal congestion: individuals with normal nasal breathing usually do not realize their breathing is asymmetric unless there is underlying nasal obstruction.[1] In pathological conditions, however, the nasal cycle may influence the symptoms.[2]
Research on the effects
[edit]A 1994 study suggested that breathing through alternate nostrils can affect brain hemisphere symmetry on EEG topography.[10] A later study in 2007 showed that this cycle (as well as manipulation through forced nostril breathing on one side) has an effect on endogenous ultradian rhythms of the autonomic and central nervous system.[11] However, more recent research has shown no statistically significant association between spontaneously (i.e., not forced) dominant nostril and active brain hemisphere.[12]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Josephson, J. S. (2006). Sinus Relief Now: The Ground-Breaking 5-Step Program for Sinus, Allergy, And Asthma Sufferers. Penguin Group. pp. 15. ISBN 978-0-39953-298-6.
- ^ a b Huizing, E. H.; de Groot, J. A. M. (2003). Functional Reconstructive Nasal Surgery. Thieme. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-58890-081-4.
- ^ Kayser, Richard (1895). "Die exakte Messung der Luftdurchgängigkeit der Nase". Arch. Laryng. Rhinol. (Berl.) (in German). 8: 101.
- ^ Cummings: Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, 4th ed
- ^ Kahana-Zweig, Roni; Geva-Sagiv, Maya; Weissbrod, Aharon; Secundo, Lavi; Soroker, Nachum; Sobel, Noam (2016-10-06). "Measuring and Characterizing the Human Nasal Cycle". PLOS ONE. 11 (10): e0162918. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1162918K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162918. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5053491. PMID 27711189.
- ^ a b c Thomas Hummel; Antje Welge-Lüssen (1 January 2006), Taste and Smell: An Update, Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers, pp. 12–, ISBN 978-3-8055-8123-3
- ^ Sobel, Noam; Khan, Rehan M.; Saltman, Amnon; Sullivan, Edith V.; Gabrieli, John D. E. (1999-11-04). "Olfaction: The world smells different to each nostril". Nature. 402 (6757). Macmillan Magazines Ltd.: 35. Bibcode:1999Natur.402...35S. doi:10.1038/46944. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 10573415. S2CID 4416272.
- ^ O'Toole, Kathleen (1999-11-10). "Smelling roses: Your nostrils may part ways". Retrieved 2015-06-26.
- ^ Kruszelnicki, Karl (2000-11-01). "Nostrils smell differently 1". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2015-06-26.
- ^ Stancák A Jr; Kuna M (October 1994). "EEG changes during forced alternate nostril breathing". Int J Psychophysiol. 18 (1): 75–9. doi:10.1016/0167-8760(84)90017-5. PMID 7876041.
- ^ Shannahoff-Khalsa, David S. (August 2007). "Selective Unilateral Autonomic Activation: Implications for Psychiatry". CNS Spectrums. 12 (8): 625–634. doi:10.1017/S1092852900021428. ISSN 1092-8529. PMID 17667891. S2CID 202071.
- ^ Samantaray, S; Telles, S (2008). "Nostril dominance at rest associated with performance of a left hemisphere-specific cancellation task". International Journal of Yoga. 1 (2): 56–59. doi:10.4103/0973-6131.43542. PMC 3144611. PMID 21829285.