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NGC 4324

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NGC 4324
SDSS image of NGC 4324.
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationVirgo
Right ascension12h 23m 06.2s[1]
Declination05° 15′ 01″[1]
Redshift0.005561[1]
Heliocentric radial velocity1667 km/s[1]
Distance85.4 Mly (26.18 Mpc)[1]
Group or clusterVirgo W
Apparent magnitude (V)12.51[1]
Characteristics
TypeSA(r)0+[1]
Mass5.25 × 1011[2] M☉
Size~66,000 ly (20.2 kpc) (estimated)[1]
Apparent size (V)2.8 x 1.2[1]
Notable featuresStar Forming Ring
Other designations
UGC 07451, VCC 0613, PGC 040179, MCG +01-32-032[1]

NGC 4324 is a lenticular galaxy[3] located about 85 million light-years away[4] in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on March 4, 1862.[5] NGC 4324 has a stellar mass of 5.62 × 1010 M☉, and a baryonic mass of 5.88 × 1010 M☉. The galaxy's total mass is around 5.25 × 1011 M☉.[2] NGC 4324 is notable for having a ring of star formation surrounding its nucleus.[6][7][8] It was considered a member of the Virgo II Groups until 1999, when its distance was recalculated and it was placed in the Virgo W Group.[9][10]

Physical characteristics

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First discovered in 1957 by Russian astronomer Kirill Ogorodnikov and described by Ogorodnikov as "a system of planet-like concentrations similar to beads" and as "equally-spaced bead-like concentrations of equal size and brightness similar to the annular nebula of Kant-Lapace nebular hypothesis.",[11] NGC 4324 features an inner ring that surrounds the nucleus. The ring appears complete[12] but broken on opposite sides of its diameter[11] which led to Burstein et al. suggesting that the ring is not a ring at all but instead tightly wound spiral arms and that NGC 4324 is a misclassified spiral or lenticular galaxy.[13] Despite this, the ring is considered to be a true ring. The ring hosts most of the molecular gas observed in NGC 4324 with roughly 1.7 × 109 M☉ of HI (neutral hydrogen) and 9 × 107 M☉ of HII (singly-ionised hydrogen).[7] Despite this, HI was detected by Duprie et al. in 1996 that extends roughly 2 optical diameters suggesting that atomic hydrogen is not only concentrated in the ring.[6]

In Ultraviolet light, the ring is bright, due to the presence of star formation[6][7][8] that is occurring at an estimated rate of roughly 0.052 ± 0.021 M☉ per year,[14] with star formation being segregated in the ring.[6] In between the ring and the bulge of NGC 4324, there are tightly wound spiral arms that are defined mostly by dust.[12][15]

The gas in the ring in NGC 4324 may have been accredited from filaments of galaxies or minor merging with gas-rich satellite galaxies.[7]

Stellar populations

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In the center of NGC 4324, the stellar population has a mean age of about 8 billion years, with an abundance ratio that is close to the sun, at [Mg/Fe] … 0, and a metallicity that is slightly supersolar, at [Z/H] ~ +0.1. This suggests continuous effective star formation in the nucleus of NGC 4324. In the bulge of NGC 4324, the mean age of the stellar population is around 13 billion years, with abundance ratio of [Mg/Fe] = +0.15, and a metallicity of [Z/H] = −0.2 L −0.3. In the inner part of the disk of NGC 4324, the stellar population is old, with an abundance ratio of [Mg/Fe] = +0.2, and a metallicity of [Z/H] < −0.33. Such characteristics imply a brief single starburst took place more than 10 billion ago and formed the stellar disk of NGC 4324. In the ring-dominated area of the disk, the dominant stellar population is also old, despite being slightly younger than in the inner disk, and has chemical properties similar to the stars of the inner disk.[7]

Activity

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NGC 4324 is classified as a Seyfert Galaxy[16][17] and as a LINER galaxy.[18][16] Despite being classified as a Seyfert galaxy, NGC 4324 has no delectable nuclear radio continuum emission lines, suggesting that the emission lines that led to its classification as a Seyfert come from stellar processes such as photoionization driven by supernova remnants and/or planetary nebulae which can mimic the high-ionization nebular emission characteristic of the nuclei of other observed Seyfert Galaxies. This is despite the fact that NGC 4324 is host to a supermassive black hole with an estimated mass of 2.187 × 106 M☉.[19]

Group membership

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NGC 4324 is listed as member of the Virgo S Cloud,[20][21] which is also known as the Virgo Southern Extension or the Virgo II Groups.[22][23] It was placed in the NGC 4303 Group by P. Fouque et al. and A. M. Garcia et al. in 1992 and 1993 respectively, which is centered on the galaxy NGC 4303,[24][25] which considered part of the Virgo Southern Extension.[26] However, later distance measurements made with the Tully-Fisher method[27][4] showed that NGC 4324 was not part of the NGC 4303 Group but was instead a member of the Virgo W Group,[28][29][30][10][31][32][4][33] which lies at twice the distance of the Virgo Cluster and is centered on the elliptical galaxy NGC 4261.[30][34]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 4324. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
  2. ^ a b Hall, Melanie; Courteau, Stéphane; Dutton, Aaron A.; McDonald, Michael; Zhu, Yucong (2012-10-01). "An investigation of Sloan Digital Sky Survey imaging data and multiband scaling relations of spiral galaxies: SDSS scaling relations of spiral galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 425 (4): 2741–2765. arXiv:1111.5009. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21290.x. S2CID 118113571.
  3. ^ "Your NED Search Results". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  4. ^ a b c Tully, R. Brent; Courtois, Hélène M.; Dolphin, Andrew E.; Fisher, J. Richard; Héraudeau, Philippe; Jacobs, Bradley A.; Karachentsev, Igor D.; Makarov, Dmitry; Makarova, Lidia; Mitronova, Sofia; Rizzi, Luca (2013-09-05). "Cosmicflows-2: The Data". The Astronomical Journal. 146 (4): 86. arXiv:1307.7213. Bibcode:2013AJ....146...86T. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/4/86. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 118494842.
  5. ^ "New General Catalog Objects: NGC 4300 - 4349". cseligman.com. Retrieved 2022-02-19.
  6. ^ a b c d Cortese, L.; Hughes, T. M. (2009-12-11). "Evolutionary paths to and from the red sequence: star formation and H i properties of transition galaxies at z ~ 0". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 400 (3): 1225–1240. arXiv:0908.3564. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.400.1225C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15548.x. S2CID 14759619.
  7. ^ a b c d e Proshina, Irina S.; Kniazev, Alexei Yu.; Sil'chenko, Olga K. (2019-07-01). "Star-forming Rings in Lenticular Galaxies: Origin of the Gas". The Astronomical Journal. 158 (1): 5. arXiv:1905.05517. Bibcode:2019AJ....158....5P. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab1d54. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 153312780.
  8. ^ a b Sil'chenko, Olga K.; Moiseev, Alexei V.; Egorov, Oleg V. (2019-09-01). "The Gas Kinematics, Excitation, and Chemistry, in Connection with Star Formation, in Lenticular Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 244 (1): 6. arXiv:1907.07261. Bibcode:2019ApJS..244....6S. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab3415. ISSN 0067-0049. S2CID 197431133.
  9. ^ "The Virgo III Groups". Atlas of the Universe. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
  10. ^ a b Gavazzi, G.; Boselli, A.; Scodeggio, M.; Pierini, D.; Belsole, E. (1999-04-15). "The 3D structure of the Virgo cluster from H-band Fundamental Plane and Tully--Fisher distance determinations". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 304 (3): 595–610. arXiv:astro-ph/9812275. Bibcode:1999MNRAS.304..595G. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02350.x. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 41700753.
  11. ^ a b Ogorodnikov, K. F. (1957-10-01). "Statistical Mechanics of the Simplest Types of Galaxies". Soviet Astronomy. 1: 748. Bibcode:1957SvA.....1..748O. ISSN 0038-5301.
  12. ^ a b "Detailed Object Classifications". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
  13. ^ Burstein, D. (1979-11-01). "Structure and origin of S0 galaxies. I - Surface photometry of S0 galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 41: 435–450. Bibcode:1979ApJS...41..435B. doi:10.1086/190625. ISSN 0067-0049.
  14. ^ Erroz-Ferrer, Santiago; Knapen, Johan H.; Leaman, Ryan; Cisternas, Mauricio; Font, Joan; Beckman, John E.; Sheth, Kartik; Muñoz-Mateos, Juan Carlos; Díaz-García, Simón; Bosma, Albert; Athanassoula, E. (2015-07-21). "Hα kinematics of S4G spiral galaxies – II. Data description and non-circular motions". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 451 (1): 1004–1024. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv924. hdl:1854/LU-8622269. ISSN 1365-2966.
  15. ^ "Your NED Search Results". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
  16. ^ a b Decarli, R.; Gavazzi, G.; Arosio, I.; Cortese, L.; Boselli, A.; Bonfanti, C.; Colpi, M. (October 2007). "The census of nuclear activity of late-type galaxies in the Virgo cluster". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 381 (1): 136–150. arXiv:0707.0999. Bibcode:2007MNRAS.381..136D. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12208.x. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 14937210.
  17. ^ Nyland, Kristina; Young, Lisa M.; Wrobel, Joan M.; Davis, Timothy A.; Bureau, Martin; Alatalo, Katherine; Morganti, Raffaella; Duc, Pierre-Alain; de Zeeuw, P. T.; McDermid, Richard M.; Crocker, Alison F. (2017-01-01). "Star formation in nearby early-type galaxies: the radio continuum perspective". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 464 (1): 1029–1064. arXiv:1609.02145. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2385. ISSN 0035-8711. {{cite journal}}: |last5= has generic name (help)
  18. ^ Carrillo, R.; Masegosa, J.; Dultzin-Hacyan, D.; Ordoñez, R. (1999-10-01). "A Multifrequency Catalog of LINERs". Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica. 35: 187. Bibcode:1999RMxAA..35..187C. ISSN 0185-1101.
  19. ^ Nyland, Kristina; Young, Lisa M.; Wrobel, Joan M.; Sarzi, Marc; Morganti, Raffaella; Alatalo, Katherine; Blitz, Leo; Bournaud, Frédéric; Bureau, Martin; Cappellari, Michele; Crocker, Alison F. (2016-05-11). "The atlas 3D Project – XXXI. Nuclear radio emission in nearby early-type galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 458 (2): 2221–2268. arXiv:1602.05579. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.458.2221N. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw391. ISSN 0035-8711. {{cite journal}}: |last9= has generic name (help)
  20. ^ Gavazzi, G.; Boselli, A.; Pedotti, P.; Gallazzi, A.; Carrasco, L. (April 2002). "H α surface photometry of galaxies in the Virgo cluster I. Observations with the San Pedro Martir 2.1 m telescope". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 386 (1): 114–123. Bibcode:2002A&A...386..114G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020214. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 55621068.
  21. ^ Boselli, A.; Cortese, L.; Boquien, M. (April 2014). "Cold gas properties of the Herschel Reference Survey: I. 12 CO(1–0) and HI data⋆". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 564: A65. arXiv:1401.7773. Bibcode:2014A&A...564A..65B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322311. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 56402767.
  22. ^ Gavazzi, G.; Franzetti, P.; Scodeggio, M.; Boselli, A.; Pierini, D. (2000-09-01). "1.65 μm (H-band) surface photometry of galaxies. V. Profile decomposition of 1157 galaxies". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 361: 863–876. arXiv:astro-ph/0007411. Bibcode:2000A&A...361..863G. ISSN 0004-6361.
  23. ^ "Virgo II". simbad.u-strasbg.fr. Retrieved 2022-02-19.
  24. ^ Fouque, P.; Gourgoulhon, E.; Chamaraux, P.; Paturel, G. (1992-05-01). "Groups of galaxies within 80 Mpc. II. The catalogue of groups and group members". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 93: 211–233. Bibcode:1992A&AS...93..211F. ISSN 0365-0138.
  25. ^ Garcia, A. M. (1993-07-01). "General study of group membership. II. Determination of nearby groups". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 100: 47–90. Bibcode:1993A&AS..100...47G. ISSN 0365-0138.
  26. ^ Tully, R. B. (1982-06-01). "The Local Supercluster". The Astrophysical Journal. 257: 389–422. Bibcode:1982ApJ...257..389T. doi:10.1086/159999. ISSN 0004-637X.
  27. ^ "NED Query Results for NGC 4324". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2022-02-19.
  28. ^ Tully, R. Brent (1988). Nearby galaxies catalog. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-35299-1. OCLC 16524318.
  29. ^ Nolthenius, Richard (1993-03-01). "A Revised Catalog of CfA1 Galaxy Groups in the Virgo/Great Attractor Flow Field". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 85: 1. Bibcode:1993ApJS...85....1N. doi:10.1086/191753. hdl:2060/19930017536. ISSN 0067-0049. S2CID 120565737.
  30. ^ a b Binggeli, B.; Popescu, C. C.; Tammann, G. A. (1993-04-01). "The kinematics of the Virgo cluster revisited". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 98: 275. Bibcode:1993A&AS...98..275B. ISSN 0365-0138.
  31. ^ Giuricin, Giuliano; Marinoni, Christian; Ceriani, Lorenzo; Pisani, Armando (November 2000). "Nearby Optical Galaxies: Selection of the Sample and Identification of Groups". The Astrophysical Journal. 543 (1): 178–194. arXiv:astro-ph/0001140. Bibcode:2000ApJ...543..178G. doi:10.1086/317070. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 9618325.
  32. ^ Solanes, José M.; Sanchis, Teresa; Salvador-Solé, Eduard; Giovanelli, Riccardo; Haynes, Martha P. (November 2002). "The Three-dimensional Structure of the Virgo Cluster Region from Tully-Fisher and H [CSC]i[/CSC] Data". The Astronomical Journal. 124 (5): 2440–2452. doi:10.1086/344074. S2CID 116914132.
  33. ^ Tully, R. Brent; Courtois, Hélène M.; Sorce, Jenny G. (August 2016). "COSMICFLOWS-3". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (2): 50. arXiv:1605.01765. Bibcode:2016AJ....152...50T. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/50. ISSN 1538-3881. S2CID 250737862.
  34. ^ Boselli, A.; Voyer, E.; Boissier, S.; Cucciati, O.; Consolandi, G.; Cortese, L.; Fumagalli, M.; Gavazzi, G.; Heinis, S.; Roehlly, Y.; Toloba, E. (October 2014). "The GALEX Ultraviolet Virgo Cluster Survey (GUViCS): IV. The role of the cluster environment on galaxy evolution⋆⋆⋆". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 570: A69. arXiv:1407.4986. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424419. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119244700.
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