Myriopteris gracillima
| Myriopteris gracillima | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Polypodiales |
| Family: | Pteridaceae |
| Subfamily: | Cheilanthoideae |
| Genus: | Myriopteris |
| Species: | M. gracillima
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| Binomial name | |
| Myriopteris gracillima | |
| Synonyms | |
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Myriopteris gracillima, formerly known as Cheilanthes gracillima, is a species of lip fern known by the common name lace lip fern. It is native to western North America, where it grows in rocky habitat from British Columbia to California to Montana.[2][3]
Description
[edit]
Myriopteris gracillima is a small fern with dark green leaves up to about 25 cm (10 in) long that arise from a short creeping ground stem (rhizome), such that plants often have an elongated base, for example creeping along a rock crevice. Each frond is intricately divided into segments made up of pairs of smaller segments which are oval in shape and oblong beadlike, with their edges rolled under, giving it a somewhat succulent appearance. They are also quite hairy and scaly, mostly on the underside of the leaf and leaf mid-rib. The sori are located within rolled-under margins (false indusium) of each tiny leaf segment. It usually grows in sun in crevices in rock formations or sometimes in thin soil in and around rocks.[2]
More technical description adapted from Burke Herbarium:[4] Myriopteris gracillima is a lithophytic perennial, with leaves emerging from short creeping stems that are 4–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) in diameter with narrow scales that are uniformly brown or with a weakly defined dark central stripe; the scales are straight to somewhat contorted, loosely appressed, and persistent. Leaves are 5–25 cm (2–10 in) long and 1–2.5 cm (0.4–1 in) wide and are born on a dark brown petiole. The leaf blade is linear-oblong and 2-3-pinnate at base. The rachis is rounded on the upper surface, with dispersed linear scales. Pinnae are not articulate, and the dark stalk color continues into the pinna base. Pinnae are usually equilateral, appearing slightly pubescent or glabrous on upper surface, with pinna midribs green on upper surface for the majority of length. Scales on the underside of the rachis are arranged in several rows, linear and truncate at base, inconspicuous, 0.1–0.4 mm (0.004–0.02 in) wide at most, loosely imbricate, not hiding the ultimate segments, and long-ciliate with cilia typically confined to the base. The ultimate pinna segments are oblong or rarely ovate and beadlike, 1.5–3 mm (0.06–0.1 in) at most. The leaf lower surface is densely covered with branched hairs and small ciliate scales. The leaf upper surface has dispersed and branched hairs, which tend to be shed as the leaf ages.[4]
Range
[edit]M. gracillima is native to mountains in western North America, ranging from British Columbia to California. It is absent in lower elevation dry inland areas such as the shrub-steppe of central Washington and Oregon and the central valley of California, but is present in the Rocky Mountains in British Columbia, Idaho, western Montana, and Nevada. It is also found at low elevation in the Columbia River gorge only in the region where it transects the Cascade Mountain range,[4][2] presumably because of higher precipitation.
Habitat
[edit]M. gracillima grows primarily in sunny exposures in rock crevices with little or no soil.[4][2]
Ecology
[edit]Like many cheilanthoid ferns, M. gracillima tolerates desiccation well. During an extended dry period leaves curl and expose their hairy abaxial (lower) surface, presumably to reduce water loss. The leaves uncurl and green up when moisture returns.
Taxonomy
[edit]Myriopteris gracillima was first described by Daniel Cady Eaton in 1859, as Cheilanthes gracillima, based on material collected in the Cascade Range of Oregon.[5] The specific epithet gracillima, meaning "very slender",[6] presumably refers to the linear scales on the leaf axes, which Eaton described with that word.[5] By a strict application of the principle of priority, Oliver Atkins Farwell transferred the species to the genus Allosorus as Allosorus gracillimus in 1931, that genus having been published before Cheilanthes.[7] Farwell's name was rendered unnecessary when Cheilanthes was conserved over Allosorus in the Paris Code published in 1956.
The development of molecular phylogenetic methods showed that the traditional circumscription of Cheilanthes is polyphyletic. Convergent evolution in arid environments is thought to be responsible for widespread homoplasy in the morphological characters traditionally used to classify it and the segregate genera that have sometimes been recognized. On the basis of molecular evidence, Amanda Grusz and Michael D. Windham revived the genus Myriopteris in 2013 for a group of species formerly placed in Cheilanthes. One of these was C. gracilliima, which thus became Myriopteris gracillima.[8] In 2018, Maarten J. M. Christenhusz transferred the species to Hemionitis as H. gracillima, as part of a program to consolidate the cheilanthoid ferns into that genus.[9]
Myriopteris gracillima (maternal) and Myriopteris covillei (paternal) are the parents of the allotetraploid fertile hybrid Myriopteris intertexta.[10][8][11]
Gallery
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Myriopteris gracillima recovery from desiccation
References
[edit]- ^ NatureServe (November 1, 2024). "Cheilanthes gracillima". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Hitchcock, C.L. and Cronquist, A. 2018. Flora of the Pacific Northwest, 2nd Edition, p. 56. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
- ^ "The Jepson Herbarium".
- ^ a b c d "Burke Herbarium Image Collection". biology.burke.washington.edu.
- ^ a b Emory 1859, p. 234.
- ^ Short & George 2013, pp. 31, 181.
- ^ Farwell 1931, p. 285.
- ^ a b Grusz & Windham 2013.
- ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Byng 2018, p. 14.
- ^ Grusz, A. L., M. D. Windham, and K. M. Pryer. 2009. Deciphering the origins of apomictic polyploids in the Cheilanthes yavapensis complex (Pteridaceae). American Journal of Botany 96: 1636–1645
- ^ Grusz et al. 2014.
Works cited
[edit]- Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Fay, Michael F.; Byng, James W. (2018). Plant Gateway's the Global Flora: A practical flora to vascular plant species of the world. Vol. 4. ISBN 978-0-9929993-9-1.
- Emory, William H. (1859). Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: A. O. P. Nicholson.
- Farwell, Oliver Atkins (1931). "Fern Notes II. Ferns in the Herbarium of Parke, Davis & co". American Midland Naturalist. 12 (8): 233–311. doi:10.2307/2420088. JSTOR 2420088.
- Grusz, Amanda L.; Windham, Michael D. (2013). "Toward a monophyletic Cheilanthes: The resurrection and recircumscription of Myriopteris (Pteridaceae)". PhytoKeys (32): 49–64. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.32.6733. PMC 3881352. PMID 24399906.
- Grusz, Amanda L.; Windham, Michael D.; Yatskievych, George; Huiet, Lane; Gastony, Gerald J.; Pryer, Kathleen M. (2014). "Patterns of Diversification in the Xeric-adapted Fern Genus Myriopteris (Pteridaceae)" (PDF). Systematic Botany. 39 (3): 698–714. doi:10.1600/036364414X681518. JSTOR 24546228. S2CID 16969741.
- Kirkpatrick, Ruth E.B.; Smith, Alan R.; Lemieux, Thomas; Alverson, Edward, eds. (2014). "Myriopteris gracillima". Jepson eFlora, Revision 2. Jepson Flora Project. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
- Short, Emma; George, Alex (2013). A Primer of Botanical Latin with Vocabulary. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-69375-3.