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Mylapore clique

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Dewan Bahadur Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar CIE
Dewan Bahadur Sachivottama Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer KCSI KCIE

The Mylapore Clique (also termed an oligarchy,[1] faction,[2][3] group,[4] set,[3] and cabal[5]), was a small group[6] of politically moderate and elite Brahmins (primarily Tamil Brahmins),[6] — many of which were noted lawyers, administrators, academics or educators, and industrialists[7] — in the Madras Presidency. The clique is considered to have "wielded almost exclusive influence and patronage in the service and government appointments",[6] and "controlled the flow of resources out of the institutions of the capital",[8] and "dominated the professional and political life of [the presidency]."[9]

Overview

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Informal and exclusive, the clique was controlled by two extended families, the Vembaukum Iyengars, and the Calamur Viravalli-Chetpet Iyers,[10] and took its name from the luxurious Madras City neighborhood in which many of its members kept mansions. The clique formed and began to exert influence during the 1880s and 1890s under the headship of Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar and Sir S. Subramania Iyer,[11] with R. Raghunatha Rao as a tertiary leader.[12] Some argue that the clique reached its zenith between 1910 and 1920,[13] while others highlight its influence in ministry and magistracy continuing into the 1920s and 1930s, with Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer as leader.[14]

American historian Eugene F. Irschick said of them, "the Mylapore Clique was most powerful in the High Court and the Judiciary, but its great influence permeated the Secretariat at Fort St. George and all the Tamil District administrations. It was not without its ramifications in the more important Telugu Districts — Guntur, Kistna, Godavaris, Vizag, and Bellary.'[15] Affiliates and relatives of senior members - especially those related to the two dominant families - ascended the bureaucracy, magistracy, and business communities, under a government which had come to operate appointments using "the celebrated principle of the best-backed" candidates.[16] One beneficiary was Srinivasa Ramanujan, initially funded by clique member R. Ramachandra Rao, then Collector of Nellore and President of the Indian Mathematical Society, who obtained for him a well-salaried accounting clerkship in the Madras Port Trust,[17] which was succeeded by a special scholarship at the University of Madras secured by the advocacy of university vice-chancellor, Justice of the High Court, and clique leader P. R. Sundaram Iyer.[18][i][19]

Senior members routinely served as judges and justices of the High Court of Madras, as Tehsildars and district magistrates, as Ministers of the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras and the Legislative Council of Madras, in Madras Corporation, and in similar offices; in parallel, they were often honoured by the British as Companions or Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire or of the Order of the Star of India, and/or as Knights Bachelor, with the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal,[ii] as well as with the titles of Rai or Rao Bahadur, and of Dewan Bahadur. Members were mainstays as high as the Viceroy's Executive Council, governing all British India as it sat under the purview of their ministerial portfolios,[iii] and sat even on the Privy Council of the United Kingdom[iv] and as India's delegates to the League of Nations, the Round Table Conferences, and the London Economic Conference of 1933.[v]

The Mylapore clique and its ur-elements were of central importance in the Madras Mahajana Sabha,[3] forerunner of the Indian National Congress, which it dominated without resistance in the southern territories until 1905,[1] rendering it nearly 'moribund'.[20] Annie Besant developed close ties to the Mylapore set resulting in the exploration of Theosophy by many Mylapore elites, and, after 1910, the metamorphosis of the set's regional machines, via Theosophical Society branches into tools of nationalist mobilization,[21] eventually resulting in India's Home Rule Movement.[22] Beyond conventional politics, the Mylapore clique was also active in long-running attempts to reform of the Madras Presidency's 75,000 Hindu temples[4] as the Dharmarakshana Sabha,[23] against which British colonial administrators, increasingly wary, effectively waged a proxy war in the 1910s, although the Sabha succeeded in obtaining its selectees' appointments to the administration of the richest of the presidency's temples through the courts.[24]

Opposition came at first, haphazardly, from Triplicane Six ringleader and editor-in-chief of the Hindu, G. Subramania Iyer,[11] who was sidelined after the 1880s, and consequently from Sir C. Sankaran Nair's 'less well-placed'[25] Egmore clique, backed by S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar, who in 1905 purchased control of The Hindu; later, from, the Justice Party;[26][27] the Self-Respect Movement and Non-Brahmin movement, today known as the Dravidian movement are viewed by scholars as a reaction to and against Mylapore hegemony,[28][29] while the Mylapore-Egmore rivalry proved crucial to the formation of the mature Indian National Congress.[3] Along with the neutral (though Brahminical) Triplicane Clique of Ramarao and M. O. Parthasarathy Iyengar, Mylapore and Egmore were often referred to as Madras' 'Three Inns of Court', paralleling London's Gray's Inn, Lincoln's Inn, and Middle Temple. During the Home Rule movement, Mylapore and Egmore were briefly allied, although this failed to last. The nationalists of the Salem Clique led by Rajaji wrestled with the Mylapore faction for control over the provincial congress and eventually succeeded with the Gandhian line of engagement.[30][31]

Senior members

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(† denotes a generational leader)

Allies or subordinate members

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ On his return from England, sickened with tuberculosis, Ramanujan was treated by the medical specialist P. S. Chandrasekhara Iyer, brother of clique leader Sir P. S. Sivaswami Iyer.
  2. ^ Justice V. Krishnaswamy Iyer; Dewan Bahadur Justice C.V. Viswanatha Sastri
  3. ^ e.g. Sir C.P. Ramaswami Iyer, Sir P.S. Sivaswamy Iyer
  4. ^ V.S. Srinivasa Sastri, also created a Companion of Honour
  5. ^ Sir C.P. Ramaswami Iyer, Sir P.S. Sivaswami Iyer

References

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  1. ^ a b Stein, Burton (4 February 2010). A History of India. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1.
  2. ^ Cambridge South Asian Studies. 1965. ISBN 978-0-521-20755-3.
  3. ^ a b c d Sarkar, Sumit (24 January 1989). Modern India 1885–1947. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-19712-5.
  4. ^ a b Baker, Christopher (1975), Baker, C. J.; Washbrook, D. A. (eds.), "Temples and Political Development", South India: Political Institutions and Political Change 1880–1940, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 69–97, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-02746-0_3, ISBN 978-1-349-02746-0, retrieved 26 March 2024
  5. ^ Sundararajan, Saroja (1989). March to Freedom in Madras Presidency, 1916-1947. University of Michigan Press (original); Lalitha Publications.
  6. ^ a b c Kannan, R. (13 June 2017). Anna: The Life and Times of C.N. Annadurai. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-313-4.
  7. ^ Sundararajan, Saroja (1989). March to Freedom in Madras Presidency, 1916-1947. Lalitha Publications.
  8. ^ Washbrook, David (1975), Baker, C. J.; Washbrook, D. A. (eds.), "Political Change in a Stable Society: Tanjore District 1880 to 1920", South India: Political Institutions and Political Change 1880–1940, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 20–68, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-02746-0_2, ISBN 978-1-349-02746-0, retrieved 27 March 2024
  9. ^ Ganesan, A. (1 January 1988). The Press in Tamil Nadu and the Struggle for Freedom, 1917-1937. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-082-6.
  10. ^ Washbrook, D. A. (29 July 1976). The Emergence of Provincial Politics. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511563430. ISBN 978-0-521-20982-3.
  11. ^ a b Sarkar, Sumit (24 January 1989). Modern India 1885–1947. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-19712-5.
  12. ^ Sundararajan, Saroja (1997). Madras Presidency in Pre-Gandhian Era: A Historical Perspective, 1884-1915. Lalitha Publications.
  13. ^ Vēṇu, Ē Es (1987). Anna and the Crusade. Nakkeeran Pathippagam.
  14. ^ Studdert-Kennedy, Gerald (24 November 1998). Providence and the Raj: Imperial Mission and Missionary Imperialism. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-0-7619-9277-6.
  15. ^ Irschick, Eugene F. Politics and Social Conflict in South India. University of California Press.
  16. ^ University of London Centre of South Asian Studies (1977). Leadership in South Asia. Vikas Publishing House. ISBN 978-0-7069-0540-3.
  17. ^ Aiyangar, Srinivasa Ramanujan (7 September 1995). Ramanujan: Letters and Commentary. American Mathematical Soc. ISBN 978-0-8218-9125-4.
  18. ^ Kanigel, Robert (26 April 2016). The Man Who Knew Infinity: A Life of the Genius Ramanujan. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-6349-1.
  19. ^ Rajagopalan, K. R. (1988). Srinivasa Ramanujan. Sri Aravinda-Bharati.
  20. ^ Knight, Lionel Charles (2012). Britain in India: 1858 - 1947. Anthem perspectives in history. London: Anthem. ISBN 978-0-85728-517-1.
  21. ^ Prakash, Gyan (16 June 2020). Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-21421-4.
  22. ^ Sundararajan, Saroja (2002). Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, a Biography. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7764-326-8.
  23. ^ Gould, William (30 January 2020), "Social and Religious Reform in 19th-Century India", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.382, ISBN 978-0-19-027772-7, retrieved 26 March 2024
  24. ^ Rajaraman, P. (1988). The Justice Party: A Historical Perspective, 1916-37. Poompozhil Publishers.
  25. ^ History and Archaeology. University of Michigan Press (original); Department of Ancient History, Culture, and Archaeology, University of Allahabad. 1980.
  26. ^ Washbrook, David (1975), Baker, C. J.; Washbrook, D. A. (eds.), "The Development of Caste Organisation in South India 1880 to 1925", South India: Political Institutions and Political Change 1880–1940, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 150–203, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-02746-0_5, ISBN 978-1-349-02746-0, retrieved 27 March 2024
  27. ^ Venkatraman, V. (2019). "March To Freedom: Indian Press and Public Opinion Towards Indian Independence in Madras Presidency 1942-1947". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3437197. ISSN 1556-5068.
  28. ^ Veluchamy, C. "Political Trends and Dawn of the Justice Party Volume : III, Issue : III, April - 2013". oldisrj.lbp.world. Lakshmi Book Publication. doi:10.9780/22307850 (inactive 1 November 2024). Retrieved 17 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  29. ^ Torri, Michelguglielmo (1977). Washbrook, D. A. (ed.). "Social System and Ideology in South India". Economic and Political Weekly. 12 (29): 1144–1148. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4365773.
  30. ^ "Madras was where idea of Congress was born". The Times of India. 20 April 2014. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  31. ^ B.A, Pon Vasanth (26 September 2023). "Was Indian National Congress founded in Madras?". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
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