Anisopodidae

Anisopodidae; Temporal range: Early Jurassic–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Sylvicola fenestralis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Suborder:	Nematocera
Infraorder:	Bibionomorpha
Superfamily:	Anisopodoidea
Family:	Anisopodidae; Knab, 1912
Genera
	Carreraia; Cretoseguya (extinct); Eoanisopodites (extinct); Hongocaloneura (extinct); Huaxiarhyphus; Lobogaster; Megarhyphus; Mesobrachyopteryx (extinct); Mesorhyphus; Mesochria; Mycetobia; Olbiogaster; Pachyrhyphus; Sinorhyphus; Sylvicola; Thiras; Valeseguya;
Synonyms
	Phryneidae; Rhyphidae; Sylvicolidae;

The Anisopodidae are a small cosmopolitan family of gnat-like flies known as wood gnats or window-gnats, with 154 described extant species in 15 genera, and several described fossil taxa. Some species are saprophagous or fungivorous. They are mostly small to medium-sized flies, except the genera Olbiogaster and Lobogaster, which are large with bizarrely spatulated abdomens. Their phylogenetic placement is controversial. They have been proposed to be the sister group to the higher flies, the Brachycera.^[1] Some authors consider this group to be four distinct families – Anisopodidae, Mycetobiidae, Olbiogastridae, and Valeseguyidae.^[2]

Description

For terms see Morphology of Diptera. Authors disagree on the circumscription of this taxon. Published accounts differ.

The Anisopodidae are small or medium-sized (mostly 4–12 mm, Lobogaster found in Chile 17–18 mm) yellowish to brownish gnats with long, thin legs. The tibiae have apical spurs. The head is small and rounded and with small mouthparts. The eyes are dichoptic or holoptic. Ocelli are present and form an equilateral triangle. The slender antennae vary from relatively short to longer than head and thorax together. The antennae have 14-16 segments. The mesonotum is without a transverse suture; the wing is wide, with a clear anal lobe and a pattern of smaller markings (sometimes hyaline). The alula is strongly differentiated in Olbiogaster and Sylvicola. Both wings lie flat over the abdomen in the resting position. A pterostigma is present or absent, and the wing membrane is densely covered with microtrichia (macrotrichia present in Sylvicola). The costa (C) ends at or just beyond the tip of R4+5. The subcosta (Sc) ends in the costa near the middle of wing and distal to base of Rs. The stem of R is straight (sometimes with an interruption or weakening below crossvein h). Rs arises near but proximal to the middle of the wing, with two branches. R4+5 is long, ending near tip of wing; crossvein r-m is situated near or distal to the fork of Rs. Radial vein 2+3 (R2+3) may end in R1 or end in the costa. The median vein (M) has three or two branches and the discal cell (d) is present or absent. CuA2 is straight or sinuous distally. CuA1, CuA2, and A1 all reach the wing margin. CuP when present is variably distinct; A2 is present but weak apically. The abdomen is slender.^[3]^[4]

Identification

Online-Keys: The Palaearctic species of Sylvicola
Coe, R.L., Freeman, P., & Mattingly, P.F. (1950) Diptera: Nematocera, families Tipulidae to Chironomidae. Royal Entomological Society of London Handbook 9(2)ii. pdf
Shtakel'berg, A.A. Family Anisopodidae (Rhyphidae, Phryneidae) in Bei-Bienko, G. Ya, 1988 Keys to the insects of the European Part of the USSR Volume 5 (Diptera) Part 2 English edition. Keys to Palaearctic species but now needs revision.
Séguy, E. (1940) Diptères: Nématocères. Paris: Éditions Faune de France.Bibliothèque virtuelle numérique

References

^ P. Oosterbroek & G. Courtney (1995). "Phylogeny of the nematocerous families of Diptera (Insecta)" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 115 (3): 267–311. doi:10.1006/zjls.1995.0080. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-27.
^ Dalton De Souza Amorim & David A. Grimaldi (2006). "Valeseguyidae, a new family of Diptera in the Scatopsoidea, with a new genus in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar" (PDF). Systematic Entomology. 31 (3): 508–516. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00326.x. S2CID 73583122.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Peterson B.V. (1981) Anisopodidae. in: McAlpine J.F. (Ed.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, pp. 305-312. [www.esc-sec.ca/aafcmonographs/manual_of_nearctic_diptera_vol_1.pdf pdf]
^ F. Christian Thompson, 2005 New Mesochria species (Diptera: Anisopodidae) from Fiji, with notes on the classification of the family In Fiji Arthropods IV. Edited by Neal L. Evenhuis & Daniel J. Bickel. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 86: 11–21 (2006)."Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2014-01-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Species lists

External links

Anisopodidae taxonomy^{[permanent dead link]}
BioSystematic Database of World Diptera
Diptera.info Images
Family Anisopodidae at EOL images

[1] P. Oosterbroek & G. Courtney (1995). "Phylogeny of the nematocerous families of Diptera (Insecta)" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 115 (3): 267–311. doi:10.1006/zjls.1995.0080. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-27.

[2] Dalton De Souza Amorim & David A. Grimaldi (2006). "Valeseguyidae, a new family of Diptera in the Scatopsoidea, with a new genus in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar" (PDF). Systematic Entomology. 31 (3): 508–516. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00326.x. S2CID 73583122.^{[permanent dead link]}

[3] Peterson B.V. (1981) Anisopodidae. in: McAlpine J.F. (Ed.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, pp. 305-312. [www.esc-sec.ca/aafcmonographs/manual_of_nearctic_diptera_vol_1.pdf pdf]

[4] F. Christian Thompson, 2005 New Mesochria species (Diptera: Anisopodidae) from Fiji, with notes on the classification of the family In Fiji Arthropods IV. Edited by Neal L. Evenhuis & Daniel J. Bickel. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 86: 11–21 (2006)."Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-16. Retrieved 2014-01-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

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