Dixidae
| Dixidae Temporal range:
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| Dixa nebulosa | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Superfamily: | Culicoidea |
| Family: | Dixidae Schiffner, 1868 |
| Genera | |
The Dixidae (meniscus midges) are a family of aquatic nematoceran flies (Diptera). The larvae live in unpolluted, standing fresh waters, just beneath the surface film, usually amongst marginal aquatic vegetation.[2][3] They are found in all continents except Antarctica.
Description
[edit]For terms see Morphology of Diptera
Dixidae are small (body length not more than 5.0 mm) slender gnats with thin legs. Adults are black to yellowish-brown.[4] The head is relatively broad. The antennae are thin and the flagellum has 14 segments. The proboscis is short and thick and the palpi are five-segmented. The thorax is slightly convex. The wing veins are without scales (with scales in the closely related family Culicidae. The subcosta is fused with the costa at the level of the base of Rs or slightly proximal to this. The wing venation exhibits radial, medial, and cubital forks (R 4 branched, M 2 branched, Cu 2 branched). R 2+ 3 is strongly arched, the r–m crossvein is distinct, and the discal cell is absent. The anal vein of the wing is long. The genitalia of the male is inverted at 180° by torsion of segments 5–8.
Evolutionary history
[edit]The oldest known fossils of the group come from the Jurassic of Asia, assigned to the extinct genera Syndixa and Eucorethrina, members of modern genera are not known until the Eocene.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ Papp, L., Merz, B. & Földvari (2006): Diptera of Thailand. A summary of the families and genera with references to the species representations. Acta. zool. hung. Vol. 52 (2)
- ^ R. W. Bouchard Jr. (2005). Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the Upper Midwest. University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
- ^ R. H. L. Disney (1999). British Dixidae (meniscus midges) and Thaumaleidae (trickle midges): keys with ecological notes. Vol. 56. Freshwater Biological Association. pp. 128 pp. ISBN 0-900386-60-6.
- ^ New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Dennis P. Gordon. Christchurch, N.Z.: Canterbury University Press. 2009–2012. p. 328. ISBN 978-1-877257-72-8. OCLC 340800193.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Greenwalt, D (2016). "The first fossil New World Dixidae with a critical discussion of generic definitions". Palaeontologia Electronica. doi:10.26879/656. ISSN 1094-8074.
Further reading
[edit]- Lindner, E 193 1. Dixinae (Culicidae) 3, 11–12, 1-43 In: Lindner, E. (Ed.). Die Fliegen der Paläarktischen Region Keys to Palaearctic species but now needs revision (in German).
- A. A. Shtakel'berg Family Dixidae in Bei-Bienko, G. Ya, 1988 Keys to the insects of the European Part of the USSR Volume 5 (Diptera) Part 2 English edition.Keys to Palaearctic species but now needs revision .
External links
[edit]
- Delta Int Key – family description and image
- BugGuide
- Wing venation
- EOL images
- Diptera.info images
- Dixiidae in Italian
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