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Rock the Casbah

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(Redirected from Mustapha Dance)
For other uses, see Rock the Casbah (disambiguation).

"Rock the Casbah"
Picture sleeve for original 1982 single release
Single by The Clash
from the album Combat Rock
B-side"Long Time Jerk"
Released11 June 1982
Genre
Length3:42
6:35 (extended version)
Label
Songwriter(s)Topper Headon, Joe Strummer, Mick Jones
Producer(s)The Clash
The Clash singles chronology
"Know Your Rights"
(1982) 		"Rock the Casbah"
(1982) 		"Should I Stay or Should I Go" / "Straight to Hell"
(1982)
The Clash reissued singles chronology
"Should I Stay or Should I Go (rerelease)"
(1991) 		"Rock the Casbah (rerelease)"
(1991) 		"London Calling (2nd rerelease)"
(1991)
Audio sample
The Clash "Rock the Casbah" (1982)
Music video
"Rock the Casbah" on YouTube
Audio
"Rock the Casbah" on YouTube

"Rock the Casbah" is a song by the English punk rock band The Clash, released in 1982 as the second single from their fifth album, Combat Rock. It reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the US (their only top 10 single in that country) and, along with the track "Mustapha Dance", it also reached number eight on the dance chart.[4]

Recording

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The music for "Rock the Casbah" was composed by the band's drummer Topper Headon, based on a piano part that he had been toying with.[5][6] Finding himself in the studio without his three bandmates, Headon progressively taped the drums, piano and bass parts.[5][7]

This origin makes "Rock the Casbah" different from the majority of Clash songs, which tended to originate with music written by the Joe Strummer–Mick Jones songwriting partnership.[7] Upon entering the studio to hear Headon's recording, the other Clash members were impressed with his creation, stating that they felt the instrumental track was essentially complete.[7] From this point, relatively minor overdubs were added, such as tambourine and congas.

However, Strummer was not impressed by the page of suggested lyrics that Headon gave him.[5] According to Clash guitar technician Digby Cleaver, they were "a soppy set of lyrics about how much he missed his girlfriend".[5] "Strummer just took one look at these words and said, 'How incredibly interesting!', screwed the piece of paper into a ball and chucked it backwards over his head."[5]

Strummer had been developing a set of lyrical ideas that he was looking to match with an appropriate tune. Before hearing Headon's music, Strummer had already come up with the phrases "rock the casbah" and "you'll have to let that raga drop", as lyrical ideas that he was considering for future songs.[8][9] After hearing Headon's music, Strummer went into the studio's bathroom and wrote lyrics to match the song's melody.[6][7]

The version of the song on Combat Rock, as well as many other Clash compilations, features an electronic sound effect beginning at the 1:52-minute point of the song. This noise is a monophonic version of the song "Dixie". The sound effect source was generated by the alarm from a digital wristwatch that Mick Jones owned, and was intentionally added to the recording by Jones.[7]

Algerian rock singer Rachid Taha believes that an early demo tape of his, which he gave to The Clash in 1981, helped inspire the original song.[10]

Lyrics

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Joe Strummer had been toying with the phrase "rock the casbah" prior to hearing Topper Headon's musical track that would form the basis of the song. This phrase had originated during a jam session with Strummer's violinist friend Tymon Dogg. Dogg began playing Eastern scales with his violin and Strummer started shouting "rock the casbah!" Not hearing Strummer properly, Dogg thought that Strummer had been shouting at him to "stop, you cadger!"[8]

Further inspiration for the lyrics of "Rock the Casbah" originated from Strummer observing the band's manager Bernie Rhodes moaning about The Clash's increasing tendency to perform lengthy songs. Rhodes asked the band facetiously "does everything have to be as long as this rāga?" (referring to the Indian musical style known for its length and complexity). Strummer later returned to his room at the Iroquois Hotel in New York City and wrote the opening lines to the song: "The King told the boogie-men 'you have to let that rāga drop.'"[11][9][8]

The song gives a fabulist account of a ban on Western rock music by a Middle Eastern king.[5] The lyrics describe the king's efforts to enforce and justify the ban, and the populace's protests against it by holding rock concerts in temples and squares ("rocking the casbah"). This culminates in the king ordering his military's fighter jets to bomb the protestors; however, after taking off, the pilots ignore his orders and instead play rock music on their cockpit radios, joining the protest and implying the loss of the king's power.

The events depicted in the song are similar to an actual ban on Western music, including rock music, enforced in Iran since the Iranian Revolution. Though classical music and public concerts were briefly permitted in the 1980s and 1990s, the ban was reinstated in 2005, and has remained in force ever since. Western music is still distributed in Iran through black markets, and Iranian rock music artists are forced to record in secret, under threat of arrest.[12][13][14]

The song's lyrics feature various Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish, and Sanskrit loan-words, such as "sharif", "bedouin", "sheikh", "kosher", "rāga", "muezzin", "minaret", and "casbah".[15]

Single

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The single does not contain the album version of the song. Rather, it features a remix by Mick Jones and Bob Clearmountain with a "murkier" sound, more pronounced guitar and piano, more prominent sound effects, and the toy synth sound of the third verse turned down.[16]

Single issues

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The single has several issues, all with different cover, format and B-side (see the table below).[17][deprecated source]

Year B-side Format Label Country Note
1982 "Rock the Casbah" 45 rpm 7" vinyl Epic 34-03245 CAN/USA Promo
1982 "Mustapha Dance" 45 rpm 12" vinyl CBS/Sony Records Inc. 07.5P-191 JP —
1982 "Mustapha Dance" 33 1/3 rpm 12" vinyl Epic 49-03144 USA —
1982 "Mustapha Dance" 33 1/3 rpm 12" vinyl Epic 49-03144 CAN —
1982 "Mustapha Dance" 45 rpm 7" vinyl CBS A112479 UK Picture disc
1982 "Red Angel Dragnet" 45 rpm 7" vinyl Epic 34-03245 CAN —
1982 "Long Time Jerk" 45 rpm 7" vinyl Epic 34-03245 USA In blue Epic generic die cut sleeve
1982 "Mustapha Dance" 45 rpm 12" vinyl CBS A 13-2479 UK —
1982 "Long Time Jerk" 45 rpm 7" vinyl Epic 15-05540 USA —
1991 "Mustapha Dance" 45 rpm 7" vinyl Columbia 656814-7 UK Reissue
1991
  1. "Mustapha Dance"
  2. "The Magnificent Dance"
 45 rpm 12" vinyl Columbia 656814-6 UK —
1991
  1. "Mustapha Dance"
  2. "The Magnificent Dance"
 CD Columbia 656814-2 UK —

Music video

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The music video for "Rock the Casbah" was filmed in Austin, Texas by director Don Letts on 8 and 9 June 1982.[18] It intermixes footage of the Clash (with Terry Chimes on the drums) miming a performance of the song, with a storyline depicting two characters travelling together throughout Texas. The video depicts a Muslim hitchhiker (played by actor Titos Menchaca) and a Hasidic Jewish limo driver (Dennis Razze) befriending each other on the road and skanking together through the streets to a Clash concert at Austin's City Coliseum. Throughout the video, an armadillo appears at points. At one point they are seen eating hamburgers in front of a Burger King restaurant. At another point, the Muslim character is seen drinking a beer; Letts stated that all that imagery was "about breaking taboos."[19]

The Clash is shown miming a performance of the song in front of a pumpjack in a Texas oil field. For most of the video clip, guitarist Mick Jones's face is obscured by a veiled camouflage hat. The reason for this is that Jones was in a bad mood during the film shoot.[18] Jones' face remains hidden until the final 30 seconds of the clip, when Strummer pulls the hat off at the "he thinks it's not kosher!" line.

Topper Headon left the band because of a drug problem before the song was released at the beginning of the band’s Combat Rock tour, and was replaced by Terry Chimes, who appears in the “Rock the Casbah” video. Headon was extensively interviewed for the Joe Strummer: The Future Is Unwritten documentary film about the late Clash frontman, which was released in 2007. Headon related his experiences during this period, how he became addicted to heroin and how there were problems before his dismissal.

Legacy

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The song was chosen by Armed Forces Radio to be the first song broadcast on the service covering the area during Operation Desert Storm. In one of the campfire scenes late in the 2007 documentary Joe Strummer: The Future Is Unwritten, a friend states that Strummer wept when he heard that the phrase "Rock the Casbah" was written on an American bomb that was to be detonated on Iraq during the 1991 Gulf War.[20]

Following the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, the song was placed on the list of post-9/11 inappropriate titles distributed by Clear Channel.[21] In 2006, the conservative National Review released their list of the top 50 "Conservative Rock Songs", with "Rock the Casbah" at number 20, noting the Clear Channel list as well as frequent requests to the British Forces Broadcasting Service during the Iraq War.[22] Cultural reviewer and political analyst Charlie Pierce commented that "the notion of the Clash as spokesfolk for adventurism in the Middle East might have been enough to bring Joe Strummer back from the dead."[23]

Vulture writer Bill Wyman in 2017 ranked the song number ten of all the band's 139 songs, calling it "one of the greatest rock singles of all time."[24] Wyman further wrote, "Like other Clash songs, this song requires some historical context" about Iran, starting from the 1953 coup d'état—which overthrew the democratically elected leader Mohammad Mosaddegh—to the Islamic Revolution of 1979, which resulted in overthrowing the rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, king of the Imperial State of Iran, and the hostage crisis at the U.S. embassy in Tehran, rupturing their diplomatic relations—followed by Jimmy Carter, who was criticized for the way he handled the hostage crisis, losing the 1980 U.S. presidential election to Ronald Reagan.[24]

Cover versions

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Algerian rock singer Rachid Taha covered the song (in Algerian Arabic and the chorus in English) on his 2004 album Tékitoi. On 27 November 2005 at the Astoria, London, during the Stop the War Coalition Benefit Concert, "...for the night's grandstanding conclusion, the Clash legend Mick Jones strides on in a skinny black suit and plays probably the most exciting guitar he has delivered in years. He and the band are brilliant on Taha's definitive take on "Rock the Casbah", for which the audience goes berserk."[25] They again played Taha's version of the song, "Rock el Casbah", in February 2006, at the France 4 TV show Taratatà.[citation needed] In 2007 at the Barbican, ".... The band were later joined by special guest Mick Jones from the Clash who performed on "Rock El Casbah" and then stayed on stage for the remainder of the show."[26][27]

Charts

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Certifications

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Region Certification Certified units/sales
Italy (FIMI)[44] Gold 25,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)[45] Platinum 600,000‡
United States (RIAA)[46] 2× Platinum 2,000,000‡

‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Personnel

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References

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  1. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The Clash – Combat Rock". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 June 2013. the infectious, dance-inflected new wave pop of "Rock the Casbah"
  2. ^ Keefe, Michael (15 June 2010). "Combat Rock (CD) – The Clash". Amoeba Music. Retrieved 24 June 2013. ragga-tinged new wave anthem "Rock the Casbah"
  3. ^ "12 of the Most Underrated Punk Songs of All-Time". GIANT. 4 August 2010. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  4. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Hot Dance/Disco: 1974–2003. Record Research. p. 59.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Gilbert 2004, p. 306.
  6. ^ a b Webb, Spike (23 January 2014). Topper Headon (The Clash) – Q&A – Fan Questions (Interview). 00:24 minutes in. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d e Webb, Spike (3 May 2012). Topper Headon (The Clash) talks about 'Mad, Bad and Dangerous' (Interview). 00:54 minutes in. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021.
  8. ^ a b c Gilbert 2004, p. 305.
  9. ^ a b Temple, Julien (Director) (2007). Strummer: The Future is Unwritten (Motion picture). 68 minutes in.
  10. ^ Rosen, Jody (13 March 2005). "Shock the Casbah, Rock the French (and Vice Versa)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  11. ^ The Clash (19 November 1991). Clash on Broadway (CD). New York, NY: Epic. OCLC 25248082.
  12. ^ Kubo, Angela Erika. "Despite Western Music Ban, Iranians Rock On". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  13. ^ agencies, Staff and (20 December 2005). "Iran declares ban on western music". the Guardian. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  14. ^ Askew, Joshua (26 May 2022). "What happened when Iran criminalised music?". euronews. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  15. ^ "Rock the Casbah". Londonsburning.org. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012.
  16. ^ Fletcher, Tony (2012). The Clash: The Music that Matters. Omnibus Press. p. 72. ISBN 9781780383033.
  17. ^ "Rock the Casbah / Mustapha Dance". Rate Your Music. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  18. ^ a b Gilbert 2004, p. 323.
  19. ^ Tannenbaum, Rob; Marks, Ted (2011). I Want My MTV: The Uncensored Story of the Music Video Revolution. Penguin. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9781101526415.
  20. ^ Ty, Burr (9 November 2007). "Joe Strummer: The Future is Unwritten Movie Review". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 24 September 2010.[dead link‍]
  21. ^ Murphy, Heather (17 September 2001). "It's the End of the World as Clear Channel Knows It". Slate.
  22. ^ Miller, John J. (26 May 2006). "Rockin' the Right". National Review Online. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  23. ^ Pierce, Charles P. (2009). "5". Idiot America: How Stupidity Became a Virtue in the Land of the Free. Doubleday.
  24. ^ a b Wyman, Bill (October 2017). "All 139 the Clash Songs, Ranked From Worst to Best". Vulture. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  25. ^ Cumming, Tim (29 November 2005). "Stop the War Benefit Concert: Brian Eno/Imogen Heap/Nitin Sawhney/Rachid Taha, Astoria, London". The Independent. Archived from the original on 23 January 2008.
  26. ^ "Rachid Taha". BBC Online. 14 January 2008. Archived from the original (SHTML) on 14 January 2008.
  27. ^ "Rock The Casbah, Rachid Taha, Barbican,2007, Mick Jones, guest". YouTube. 7 April 2007. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  28. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 65. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
  29. ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 6194." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  30. ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 36, 1982" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  31. ^ "The Clash – Rock The Casbah" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  32. ^ "The Clash – Rock The Casbah". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  33. ^ "The Clash – Rock The Casbah". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  34. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  35. ^ a b c "The Clash – Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  36. ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending JANUARY 29, 1983". Cash Box. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012.
  37. ^ "The Clash – Rock The Casbah" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  38. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Rock the Casbah". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  39. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  40. ^ "National Top 100 Singles for 1982". Kent Music Report. 3 January 1983. Retrieved 6 January 2020 – via Imgur.
  41. ^ "End of Year Charts 1983". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  42. ^ "Top 100 Hits for 1983". The Longbored Surfer. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  43. ^ "The CASH BOX Year-End Charts: 1983". Cash Box. Archived from the original on 25 December 2012.
  44. ^ "Italian single certifications – The Clash – Rock the Casbah" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  45. ^ "British single certifications – Clash – Rock the Casbah". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  46. ^ "American single certifications – The Clash – Rock the Casbah". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  47. ^ "'I forgive you': The Clash's drummer Topper Headon makes peace with the man who sacked him". The Independent. 28 June 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2016.

Bibliography

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