Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company

Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company was a Tasmanian mining company formed on 29 March 1893, most commonly referred to as Mount Lyell. Mount Lyell was the dominant copper mining company of the West Coast from 1893 to 1994, and was based in Queenstown, Tasmania.

Following consolidation of leases and company assets at the beginning of the twentieth century, Mount Lyell was the major company for the communities of Queenstown, Strahan and Gormanston. It remained dominant until its closure in 1994.

The Mount Lyell mining operations produced more than a million tonnes of copper, 750 tonnes of silver and 45 tonnes of gold since mining commenced in the early 1890s – which is equivalent to over 4 billion dollars worth of metal in 1995 terms.^[1]

History

In the early stage of operations, Mount Lyell was surrounded by smaller competing leases and companies. Eventually they were all absorbed into Mount Lyell operations, or were closed down. In 1903 the North Mount Lyell Copper Company was taken over, and in 1912 the most severe calamity to visit the Mount Lyell company was the 1912 North Mount Lyell Disaster, also known at the time as the North Lyell fire.

During its history, Mount Lyell had exploration leases surrounding its main mining area, and had at one time or other explored most of the West Coast Range revisiting many of the smaller mines that had been worked on in the early 1900s. As a consequence the Mount Lyell company had utilised considerable resources on maintaining leases over areas of promising geology – as well as checking older mining locations on the west coast. At various stages it also shared costs and resources with other companies which would assist by investing in exploration by becoming partners in some leases.

The operations were conducted in various parts of the Mount Lyell Lease, and in the mid-1970s, prior to reduction in the workforce, "Cape Horn" was located just west of the "Comstock" operation which was on the north side of Mount Lyell, while most of the North Mount Lyell workings were finished, "12 West" was still in operation due to its rich copper ores. "West Lyell open cut" which had been dominant in the 1950s was finished, and various parts of the lease were disappearing into the opening above the "Prince Lyell" workings.

Following the first large layoffs in the mid-1970s, the town of Queenstown lost its dominance on the west coast by the mid-1990s, and being mainly a company town many services closed by the 2000s, and the separate west Tasmanian local government authorities were amalgamated into the West Coast Council.

Centenary

On 29 March 1993 the company celebrated its centenary. At that stage it was known as the Copper Division of Renison Goldfields Consolidated Limited. The Mount Lyell Mining Field, and the various activities of the company in Queenstown and the west coast of Tasmania were celebrated throughout the community.

People associated with the company

Among the many individuals associated with the company during its long history were John Earle, Edward Braddon, Colin Syme, John Henry and Robert Sticht.

Current

The Mount Lyell Remediation and Research and Demonstration Program was conducted between 1994 and 1996 following the closing of the company, to reverse the ecological change upon the Queen and King Rivers, and Macquarie Harbour; caused by the release of mine waste and effluent into the rivers. It is estimated that 100 million tonnes of tailings were disposed of into the Queen River.

The Mount Lyell lease and mine was reopened by Copper Mines of Tasmania in 1995. This company in turn was acquired by Sterlite Industries, an Indian-based company, in 1999. As a consequence it is part of the Vedanta group of companies. Its concentrate material is shipped to India for processing. Government guidelines saw tailings dams created and special measures taken to prevent any further pollution of the rivers and harbour.

Mining was suspended at Mount Lyell due to accidents in the 2010s and remains in mothball situation in the late 2010s.^[2]

Mine operation

The following locations were within the operating mine lease and indicate a separate orebody and operating life:^[3]

Iron Blow (1883–1929)^[4]
North Lyell (1896–1972)^[5]^[6]
Royal Tharsis (1902–1991)^[7]
Lyell Comstock (1913–1959)^[8]
Crown Lyell (1931–1985)^[9]
West Lyell Open Cut (1934–1978)^[10]^[11]
Cape Horn (1969–1987)^[12]^[13]
Prince Lyell Mine (1969–1995)^[14]

Railway

See Mount Lyell Railway and West Coast Wilderness Railway for more details.

Mount Lyell was also the operator of the 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge^[15] Queenstown to Regatta Point railway from 1899 to 1963, which used the Abt rack system of cog railway for steep sections. In 1963 most of the railway was removed, leaving only a few items untouched.

The railway was totally rebuilt over the railway formation and recommenced operation in 2002 as the Abt Wilderness Railway, and was known as the West Coast Wilderness Railway and operated by Federal Hotels until 2013.

Environmental impact

Pollution of the Queen and King Rivers, and Macquarie Harbour was caused by the release of mine waste and effluent into the rivers. It is estimated that 100 million tonnes of tailings were disposed of into the Queen River.^[16] The environmental impacts included:

tailings, slag and acid drainage into rivers and a delta of tailings the size of a city suburb in Macquarie Harbour;
all aquatic life in the Queen River and lower King River has been killed;
waterways contaminated with toxic metals, particularly copper, representing a potential hazard to the fishing industry and other harbour uses;
vegetation on Queenstown hills destroyed by felling, fire, erosion and toxic fumes from smelting.

Smelting ended in the 1960s and CMT built a dam to contain tailings.^[17]

Research by the Supervising Scientist published in 1997 overwhelmingly identified the lease site as the major source of acid drainage-related pollutants affecting the rivers and harbour, with metals contamination from tailing and slag deposits being very minor in comparison.

Within the lease site, the North Lyell Tunnel had water derived in part from underground workings and has approximately 78% of the lease site copper loading. Discharge from other tunnels and waste rock dumps accounts for 21%. The remaining 1% is from smaller sources.

Downstream, chemical modelling and toxicological testing indicates that 95% to 99% of the acid drainage from the site must be neutralised or stemmed for the resultant water quality to meet downstream environmental quality objectives. Contaminated sediments in the King River and Macquarie Harbour contribute relatively little of the total pollutant load entering the harbour.^[18]

References

^ The Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company Limited (1994) A Century of Copper Queenstown, Tasmania page 2, see also later editions of The Peaks of Lyell
^ "Queenstown residents reeling after Mount Lyell mine closure". ABC News. 9 July 2014.
^ The Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company Limited (1994) A Century of Copper Queenstown, Tasmania page 6,
^ Corbett, Keith D. (Keith Douglas) (2001), The geology of the Mount Lyell mines area, Tasmania : a re-interpretation based on studies at Lyell Comstock, North Lyell and the Iron Blow area, retrieved 4 June 2016
^ Bryant, Colin J (1975), The geology and mineralisation of the corridor area, Mt Lyell, Tasmania: Crown Lyell, North Lyell, Lyell Tharsis, retrieved 19 September 2021
^ Corbett, Keith D. (Keith Douglas); Corbett, Keith D (2001), The geology of the Mount Lyell mines area, Tasmania: a re-interpretation based on studies at Lyell Comstock, North Lyell and the Iron Blow area, retrieved 19 September 2021
^ Tasmania. Dept. of Mines & Petterd, W. F. (William Frederick). Catalogue of mineral of Tasmania & Geological Survey of Tasmania (1970). In Catalogue of the minerals of Tasmania. Hobart – identifies the separate Tharsis workings – West Tharsis, Tharsis
^ Green, Geoffrey Richard (1971), Geology and mineralization of the Cape Horn – Lyell Comstock area, Mt Lyell, retrieved 4 June 2016
^ Bryant, Colin J (1975), The geology and mineralisation of the corridor area, Mt Lyell, Tasmania: Crown Lyell, North Lyell, Lyell Tharsis, retrieved 4 June 2016
^ "WEST LYELL OPEN CUT". The Mercury. Vol. CLXVII, no. 24, 896. Tasmania, Australia. 4 October 1950. p. 10. Retrieved 31 October 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Mt. Lyell: A Self-Contained Enterprise". The Advocate (Tasmania). Tasmania, Australia. 30 October 1954. p. 12. Retrieved 4 June 2016 – via National Library of Australia. anecdotal news report about the importance in the 1950s of the West Lyell open cut
^ Green, GR (1971), Geology and mineralisation of the Cape Horn – Lyell Comstock area, Mt Lyell, retrieved 4 June 2016
^ Comstock and Cape Horn areas, Queenstown, Tasmania – drilling results, bore logging and geophysical reinterpretation, Geoscience Australia, retrieved 19 September 2021
^ McKeown, Michael V; University of Ballarat. School of Engineering (1996), Kriging, selective mining and profitability of the Prince Lyell Mine, The Author, retrieved 4 June 2016
^ "Locos of the Mt Lyell Railway". railtasmania.com.
^ McQuade, Christopher V; Johnston, John F; Innes, Shelley M; Supervising Scientist for the Alligator Rivers Region (Australia); Tasmania. Department of Environment and Land Management; Mount Lyell Remediation Research and Demonstration Program (1995), Mount Lyell remediation : review of historical literature and data on the sources and quality of effluent from the Mount Lyell lease site, Supervising Scientist, ISBN 978-0-642-24303-4
^ "SSR126 – Final report: Mount Lyell Remediation Research and Demonstration Program". environment.gov.au.
^ http://www.environment.gov.au/ssd/publications/ssr/126.html, Koehnken L (1997) Final report: Mount Lyell Remediation Research and Demonstration Program, Supervising Scientist Report 126.