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Ansar-e Hezbollah

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Ansar-e Hezbollah
General SecretaryAbdolhamid Mohtasham[1]
Coordination headHossein Allahkaram[2]
Mashhad leaderHamid Ostad[3]
Kermanshah leaderSadegh Ashk-Talkh[4]
Tabriz leaderRuhollah Bejani[5]
Isfahan leaderKomeyl Kaveh[6]
Founded1990,[7] 1993[7] or 1995[8]
HeadquartersTehran
NewspaperYalasarat
Ideology
ReligionShi'a Islam
SloganArabic: فَإِنَّ حِزْبَ ٱللَّهِ هُمُ ٱلْغَالِبُونَ
"Verily the Party of God are they that shall be triumphant" [Quran 5:56]

Ansar-e Hezbollah[14] (Persian: انصار حزب‌الله, lit. 'Supporters of the Party of God') is a conservative paramilitary organization in Iran.[15] According to the Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism, it is a "semi-official quasi-clandestine organization of a paramilitary character that performs vigilante duties".[7]

Hossein Allahkaram, one of the organization's known leaders has described it as "groups of young war veterans who, based on their revolutionary-Islamic duty, claim to be carrying out the Imam's will and rectifying existing shortcomings in Iran".[16]

In 2018, the group was targeted with sanctions by the US for its involvement "in the violent suppression of Iranian citizens" and for working with the Basij carrying out attacks on student protesters using "knives, tear gas and electric batons".[15]

Origin and status

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Main article: Hezbollah of Iran

Ansar-e Hizbullah, or Followers of the Party of God or more literally Helpers of Hizbullah in Persian, is said to be a semi-official, paramilitary group[17] formed in 1995. Unlike some other paramilitary groups, Ansar-e Hizbullah undergoes formal training.[18]

It is thought to be financed and protected by many senior government clerics. It is often characterized as a vigilante group[19] as they use force but are not part of government law enforcement, although it may not meet the strict definition of the word inasmuch as the group pledge loyalty to the Supreme Leader of Iran Ali Khamenei[20] and is thought to be protected by him.

It has been described as an "offshoot" [21] or "vigilante associate" of the Iranian Hezbollah,[22] a loose-knit movement of groups formed at the time of the Iranian Revolution to assist the Ayatollah Khomeini and his forces in consolidating power.

Membership

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Most of the members of Ansar e Hezbollah are either members of the Basij militias or veterans of the Iran–Iraq War.[17]

Ideology

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The organization is described as Khomeinist and composed of poorer classes of the Iranian society.[10] It advocates the pricinple of the "permanent revolution", which regards the Iranian Revolution as incomplete and seeks to realize the principles of revolutionary Islam in Iran. It adheres to the principle of ‘enjoining good and forbidding wrong’ which derives from Quran, and justifies its actions by the need of combatting immoral and un-Islamic activities.[23] Ansar-e Hezbollah also advocates the pricinple of the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, by which it argues that the political legitimacy of the Supreme Leader of Iran derives from his religious credential and position as an Islamic jurists. The organization is anti-Western, arguing that the West seeks to undermine Iran by military invasion, as well as a 'cultural invasion' and soft power imperialism.[24] Despite its conservative orientation, it is critical of the Iranian right-wing politicians, attacking the old guard as "the right-wing monopolists".[25]

Hierarchy

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General Secretary Abdolhamid Mohtasham is a key figure known for his enforcement of Islamic values and alignment with conservative factions, making him a significant influence in Iran's political landscape.

Hossein Allahkaram, serving as the coordination head of Ansar-e Hezbollah, is a prominent figure within the organization. A former Revolutionary Guard Brigadier General, Allahkaram has been instrumental in the group's activities, which include enforcing Islamic codes. His close ties to factions within the Iranian government have enabled Ansar-e Hezbollah to operate with significant influence and impunity, despite its controversial methods.

Hamid Ostad is a key figure within Ansar-e Hezbollah, leading the group in Mashhad.

Sadegh Ashk-Talkh is a key figure within Ansar-e Hezbollah, leading the group in Kermanshah.

Ruhollah Bejani is a key figure within Ansar-e Hezbollah, leading the group in Tabriz.

Komeyl Kaveh is a key figure within Ansar-e Hezbollah, leading the group in Isfahan.

Activities

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The Ansar-e-Hezbollah is known for attacking protesters at anti-government demonstrations, in particular during the Iran student riots, July 1999.[26] and is thought to have been behind public physical assaults on two reformist government ministers in Sept. 1998.[27]

Ansar-e-Hezbollah is thought to have been behind death threats and a "series of physical assaults" on philosopher and ex-hardliner Abdolkarim Soroush "that left him bruised, battered and often in tattered clothes."[28]

The organization has been associated with a crackdown on "mal-veiling", i.e. the wearing of a hejab by a woman such that some hair is visible, which has been blamed in Iran for inciting sexual assaults. They operate Yalasarat, a newspaper and associated website that explain the official positions of hardliners in the Iranian government on female behavior.[29][30]

Attacking reformists

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According to Golnaz Esfandiari of RFERL news agency,

Ansar-e Hizbullah was active in the so-called era of reforms in Iran in the late 1990s and early 2000s, during which its members would disrupt meetings by reformists and attack members of then-President Mohammad Khatami's cabinet. Hard-liners generally regard reformists as enemies of Islam and the revolution, and they frequently allege that such people are collaborating with foreign governments to destabilize Iran's clerically dominated establishment.[31]

According to an ex-Ansar-e Hizbullah member, Amir Farshad Ebrahimi, orders to disrupt reformists' meetings or attack reformist politicians "came from above, including from senior conservative ayatollahs". Ansar-e Hizbullah was loyal to Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, and his office provided backing for the group.[31]

Ezzat Ebrahim-Nejad killing

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A 2000 expose of Ansar-e Hezbollah involved the murder of Ezzat Ebrahim-Nejad. Ebrahim-Nejad was a university student and poet whose killing by "plain-clothesmen" following a peaceful protest over a newspaper closing was partially responsible for the destructive five-day-long Iran student riots in July 1999. In March 2000, human rights lawyer Shirin Ebadi reports a man by the name of Amir Farshad Ebrahimi appeared at her office claiming to have

firsthand information about his comrades who had carried out the attack on the dormitory. He said he belonged to … Ansar-e Hezbollah … and that the group's chief had thrown him in prison for trying to resign from his unit.

Ebadi made a videotape of Ebrahimi confession in which he claimed that not only had his group been involved in the attack on the dormitory where Ebrahim-Nejad was killed, but that "During the time he was active in the group, he had also been involved in violent attacks on two reformist ministers" in president Khatami's cabinet.[32]

Hardline newspapers reported the existence of the confession, which they called the "Tape makers" case. In a number of inflammatory stories, they claimed Ebrahimi was mentally unstable and that Ebadi and another lawyer Rohami had manipulated him into testifying, and in any case confession blemished the Islamic revolution.[32] Ebadi and Rohami were sentenced to five years in jail and suspension of their law licenses for sending Ebrahimi's videotaped deposition to President Khatami. Ebarahimi was sentenced to 48 months jail, including 16 months in solitary confinement.

2009 Election Protests

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Main article: 2009 Iranian Election Protests

On 18 June 2009, the Los Angeles Times newspaper reported that "hard-line Ansar-e Hezbollah militiamen warned that they would be patrolling the streets to maintain law and order."[33]

See also

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References and notes

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  1. ^ "Iran: Radical group gears up to begin morality patrols". Asharq Al-Awsat. 11 September 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  2. ^ Changiz M. Varzi (5 December 2016). "Iranian hard-liner alleges FM Zarif is American spy". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  3. ^ Rachel Avraham (4 January 2016). "Report: Saudi Embassy attacked by Iranian governmental mobs". Jerusalem Online. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  4. ^ Iran Report, vol. 5, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 15 July 2002, retrieved 25 March 2017
  5. ^ Emil Souleimanov; Kamil Pikal; Josef Kraus (Spring 2013), The Rise of Nationalism Among Iranian Azerbaijanis: A Step toward Iran's Disintegration? (PDF), vol. 17, Middle East Review of International Affairs, pp. 71–91, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-12, retrieved 2017-05-11
  6. ^ Morteza Nikoubazl (18 August 2014), "Acid Attacks on Women Spread Terror in Iran", The Daily Beast, Reuters, retrieved 17 April 2017
  7. ^ a b c d Antoine, Olivier; Sfeir, Roy (2007), The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism, Columbia University Press, p. 149
  8. ^ Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Iran: Group known as Anssar-e Hizbollah (Ansar/Anzar e Hezbollah), 18 September 2000,IRN34994.E, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3df4be430.html [accessed 11 May 2017]
  9. ^ Hamoon Khelghat-Doost (22 August 2016), The Ideo-Pragmatic Model (IPM); Understanding the Foreign and Security Policy of Ideologically Driven Authoritarian States, vol. 22, National University of Singapore[permanent dead link‍]
  10. ^ a b Clawson, Patrick (July 1997). "Iran: Torn by Domestic Disputes: Persian Gulf Futures II" (PDF). Strategic Forum (124). Institute for National Strategic Studies: 2. That alliance is loosely linked to the Ansar-e Hezbollah, an ardent and radical Khomeinist group drawn from the poorer classes.
  11. ^ Afshon Ostovar (2016). Vanguard of the Imam: Religion, Politics, and Iran's Revolutionary Guards. Oxford University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-19-049170-3.
  12. ^ Ali Alfoneh (1 January 2007), "Iran's Suicide Brigades", Critical Threats Project, retrieved 17 April 2017
  13. ^ a b Sinkaya, Bayram (2015), The Revolutionary Guards in Iranian Politics: Elites and Shifting Relations, Routledge, p. 137, ISBN 978-1-317-52564-6
  14. ^ CIA - The World Factbook see the "Government" section, "Political pressure groups and leaders" subsection in the 2006 version
  15. ^ a b Iran's Evin prison, Ansar-e Hezbollah face new US sanctions May 31, 2018
  16. ^ Moslem, Mehdi (2002). Factional Politics in Post-Khomeini Iran. Syracuse University Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-8156-2978-8.
  17. ^ a b Ansar-i Hizbullah Followers of the Party of God
  18. ^ Basij Militia. NYT.com June 19, 2009
  19. ^ Debate hots up in Iranian media July 1999
  20. ^ Vigilantes join the fray June 2003
  21. ^ Amnesty International. 1997. "Iran: Human Rights Violations Against Shi'a Religious Leaders and Their Followers." London: Amnesty International. (MDE 13/18/97)
  22. ^ Middle East International, 15 Oct. 1999, 23
  23. ^ Posch, Walter (July 2024). The Iranian Security Apparatus: History – Present – Mission (PDF). Vol. 11. Vienna: Schriftenreihe der Landesverteidigungsakademie. p. 33. ISBN 978-3-903359-93-2.
  24. ^ Golkar, Saeid (2018). "Book Review: The Eternal Revolution: Hardliners and Conservatives in Iran by Hamad Albolshi Bustan". The Middle East Book Review. 9 (1). Review of Middle East Studies: 66–69. doi:10.5325/bustan.9.1.0066.
  25. ^ Alamadri, Kazem (2005). "The Power Structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran: transition from populism to clientelism, and militarization of the government". Third World Quarterly. 26 (8). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 1298. doi:10.1080/01436590500336690. ISSN 1360-2241.
  26. ^ Injustice and ill treatment Amnesty International 7 July 2004
  27. ^ Situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran
  28. ^ The Last Great Revolution by Robin Wright c2000, p.56
  29. ^ CORRESPONDENT (2011-07-08). "Paint it Black: The Hejab Hype and the Force of Fear". PBS Frontline. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  30. ^ "Ansar-i Hizbullah". Globalsecurity.org.
  31. ^ a b Esfandiari, Golnaz (9 July 2009). "Ex-Vigilante 'Shocked' At Iran Violence". RFERL. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  32. ^ a b Ebadi, Shirin, Iran Awakening, by Shirin Ebadi with Azadeh Moaveni, Random House New York, 2006, p.160-1
  33. ^ Daragahi, Borzou; Mostaghim, Ramin; Murphy, Kim (19 June 2009). "Iran protests continue for fourth day". Los Angeles Times.

Further reading

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