Cities in the Book of Joshua

The Book of Joshua lists almost 400 ancient Levantine city names (including alternative names and derivatives in the form of words describing citizens of a town) which refer to over 300 distinct locations in Israel, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. Each of those cities, with minor exceptions (e.g. Hamath, Gubla) is placed in one of the 12 regions, according to the tribes of Israel and in most cases additional details like neighbouring towns or geographical landmarks are provided. It has been serving as one of the primary sources for identifying and locating a number of Middle Bronze to Iron Age Levantine cities mentioned in ancient Egyptian and Canaanite documents, most notably in the Amarna correspondence.

The list of cities and suggested locations

City name				References in the Hebrew Bible		Location		Notes
Hebrew	Transliteration^[1]	English	Strong's Nr	Joshua	All	Tribe / Region	Modern^[2]	Notes
אבץ	ʾbṣ	Abez, Ebez	H0077	Joshua 19:20	1	Issachar
אדם	ʾdm	Adam	H0121	Joshua 3:16	1	? (Located by the Jordan, near Zaretan, far from Jericho)	Bedhat esh-Sha'ab^[3]
אדמה	ʾdmh	Adamah	H0128	Joshua 19:36	1	Naphtali (a fortified city)
אדמי	ʾdmy	Adami	H0129	Joshua 19:33	1	Naphtali
אדמים	ʾdmym	Adummim	H0131	Joshua 15:7; 18:17	2	? Judah? (a point of reference in describing the northern border of Judah and the southern border of Benjamin while mentioning Gilgal/Geliloth)
אדרה	ʾdrh	Adar, Addar	H0146	Joshua 15:3	1	Judah (southern border; to the east of Hezron and Kadesh-Barnea)
אדרעי	ʾdrʿy	Edrei [of Naphtali]	H0154	Joshua 19:37	1	Naphtali (a fortified city)
אדרעי	ʾdrʿy	Edrei [of Manasseh]	H0154	Joshua 12:4; 13:12.31	7	Manasseh (east of Jordan, in Bashan)	? Der'a^[4]^[5] 36°05′40″N 32°36′26″E / 36.09444°N 32.60722°E / 36.09444; 32.60722;^[6] Izra?^[4]
אזנות תבור	ʾznwt tbwr	Aznoth-Tabor	H0243	Joshua 19:34	1	Naphtali (to the west of the Jordan river)
אילון	ʾylwn	Elon, Ajalon [of Dan 2]	H0356	Joshua [10:12?;] 19:43	1	Dan	Tell el-Buṭme^[7]^: 435
אילון	ʾylwn	Ajalon [of Dan 1]	H0357	Joshua 10:12; 19:42; 21:24	10	Dan (a levitical city)	? Yalo, Khirbet Yalu^[8]^: 213–4^[9] 31°50′31″N 35°01′31″E / 31.84194°N 35.02528°E / 31.84194; 35.02528;^[10]^: 342 Tell Qiqa/Qoqa^[8]^: 213–4^[9] 31°50′23″N 35°01′25″E / 31.83972°N 35.02361°E / 31.83972; 35.02361^[11]^: 536
אכזיב	ʾkzyb	Achzib [of Judah]	H0392	Joshua 15:44	2	Judah (important cities: Libnah, Keilah, Achzib, Maresha)	? Khirbet 'En el-Kizbe^[12]
אכזיבה	ʾkzybh	Achzib [of Asher], Achzibah	H0392	Joshua 19:29	2	Asher (eastern border between Tyre and Achzib)	ez-Zib^[12]^: 377 33°02′52″N 35°06′08″E / 33.04778°N 35.10222°E / 33.04778; 35.10222
אכשף	ʾkšp	Achshaph	H0407	Joshua 11:1; 12:20; 19:25	3	Asher (not very far from Hazor, Madon and Shimrom)
אלון	ʾlwn	Allon	H0438	Joshua 19:33	1	Naphtali
אלמלך	ʾlmlk	Alammelech	H0487	Joshua 19:26	1	Asher
אלף, האלף	(h)ʾlp	Eleph, Ha-Eleph	H0507	Joshua 18:28	1	Benjamin (group B; important cities: Gibeon, Ramah, Mizpeh, Jerusalem)
אלתולד	ʾltwld	Eltolad	H0513	Joshua 15:30; 19:4	2	Simeon within Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)
אלתקה	ʾltqh	Eltekeh	H0514	Joshua 19:44; 21:23	2	Dan (a levitical city)	? Khirbet el-Mukenna'; Tell esh-Shalaf	= Eltekon (H0515, Judah's) ?
אלתקן	ʾltqn	Eltekon	H0515	Joshua 15:59	1	Judah (no important cities)		= Eltekeh (H0514, Dan's) ?
אמם	ʾmm	Amam	H0538	Joshua 15:26	1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)
אנחרת	ʾnḥrt	Anaharath	H0588	Joshua 19:19	1	Issachar
אפק	ʾpq	Aphek, Aphik	H0663	Joshua 12:18; 13:4; 19:30	9?	Asher (south-western coastal territory of Asher)	? Tell Kurdana/ Qurdana^[13]^: 85 32°50′41″N 35°06′31″E / 32.84472°N 35.10861°E / 32.84472; 35.10861^[13]^{: 99, 103}^[14]
אפקה	ʾpqh	Aphekah	H0664	Joshua 15:53	1	Judah (important cities: Hebron)
ארב	ʾrb	Arab	H0694	Joshua 15:52	1	Judah (important cities: Hebron)
ארכי, הארכי	(h)ʾrky	Archi, Ha-Archi^[15]	H0757	Joshua 16:2	7	Ephraim (southern border, Ataroth region between Bethel and the lower Beth-Horon)	? Ein 'Arik^[16]	An inhabitant of a city of a similar name or members of a clan
אשדוד	ʾšdwd	Ashdod	H0795	Joshua 11:22; 15:46.47	17 [22]^[17]	Judah (by the sea; important cities: Ekron, Ashdod, Gaza)	Tell Ashdod (near Ashdod) 31°45′21″N 34°39′29″E / 31.75583°N 34.65806°E / 31.75583; 34.65806^[11]^{: 229–230}
אשדודי	ʾšdwdy	Ashdothite, Ashdodite^[15]	H0796	Joshua 13:3	5	Judah	see Ashdod (H0795)	An inhabitant of Ashdod (H0795)
אשנה	ʾšnh	Ashnah [of Judah 1]	H0823	Joshua 15:33	1	Judah ("in the valley"; important cities: Eshtaol, Zoreah, Engannim, Tappuah, Jarmuth, Adullam, Socoh 1, Azekah)
אשנה	ʾšnh	Ashnah [of Judah 2]	H0823	Joshua 15:43	1	Judah (important cities: Libnah, Keilah, Achzib, Maresha)
אשען	ʾšʿn	Eshean	H0824	Joshua 15:52	1	Judah (important cities: Hebron)
אשקלונ	ʾšqlwn	Ashkelon^[18]	H0831	-	12 [13]^[17]	Judah ? (one of the main Philistine cities)	Tell Ashkelon 31°39′45″N 34°32′52″E / 31.66250°N 34.54778°E / 31.66250; 34.54778^[11]^: 231	Mentioned indirectly as Eshkalonite (H0832)
אשקלוני	ʾšqlwny	Eshkalonite^[15]	H0832	Joshua 13:3	1	Judah ? (one of the main Philistine cities)	see Ashqelon (H0831)	An inhabitant of Ashqelon (H0831)
אשר	ʾšr	Asher	H0836	Joshua 17:7	2?	Manasseh (not far? from Shechem)	? Tayasir^[19] 32°20′26″N 35°23′49″E / 32.34056°N 35.39694°E / 32.34056; 35.39694; Khirbet Yarzah^[19]	possibly not a city but the name of the Asher tribe
אשתאול	ʾštʾwl	Eshtaol	H0847	Joshua 15:33; 19:41	7	Judah ("in the valley"; important cities: Eshtaol, Zoreah, Engannim, Tappuah, Jarmuth, Adullam, Socoh 1, Azekah); Dan (border city between Dan and Judah?)	? Ishwa, Eshua^[20] 31°46′50″N 35°00′42″E / 31.78056°N 35.01167°E / 31.78056; 35.01167^[20]^: 8; Khirbet Islin/ Eselin^[20] 31°47′09″N 34°59′56″E / 31.78583°N 34.99889°E / 31.78583; 34.99889^[20]^: 8; Khirbet Deir/Dayr abu-Kabus, Tell Abu al-Qabus^[20] 31°47′06″N 35°00′38″E / 31.78500°N 35.01056°E / 31.78500; 35.01056^[20]^: 8; Khirbet Deir Shubeib^[20] 31°47′42″N 34°59′11″E / 31.79500°N 34.98639°E / 31.79500; 34.98639^[20]^: 8; Khirbet esh-Sheikh Ibrahim^[20] 31°46′34″N 35°00′57″E / 31.77611°N 35.01583°E / 31.77611; 35.01583^[20]^: 8; Artuf^[20] 31°46′04″N 35°00′08″E / 31.76778°N 35.00222°E / 31.76778; 35.00222^[20]^: 8
אשתמה, אשתמע	ʾštmh, ʾštmʿ	Eshtemoh, Eshtemoa	H0851	Joshua 15:50; 21:14	4	Judah ("in the mountains"; important cities: Debir, Goshen; a levitical city)	As-Samu^[21] 31°24′03″N 35°04′02″E / 31.40083°N 35.06722°E / 31.40083; 35.06722
בארות	bʾrwt	Beeroth	H0881	Joshua 9:17; 18:25	5	Benjamin (group B; important cities: Gibeon, Ramah, Mizpeh, Jerusalem; a city of Gibeonites alongside Gibeon, Chephirah and Kirjath-jearim)
באר שבע	bʾr šbʿ	Beer-Sheba	H0884	Joshua 15:28; 19:2	34	Simeon within Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)	Tell es-Seba (near Beersheba) 31°14′41″N 34°50′27″E / 31.24472°N 34.84083°E / 31.24472; 34.84083
לבוא חמת	lbwʾ ḥmt	Lebo-Hamath	H0935 + H2574	Joshua 13:5	11	Naphtali?, Manasseh?	? Tell Labweh (near Labweh) 34°11′51″N 36°20′32″E / 34.19750°N 36.34222°E / 34.19750; 36.34222^[11]^: 372–3	Possibly not a city but a geographical location
בזיותיה	bzywtyh	Bizjothjah	H0964	Joshua 15:28	1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)
בטן	bṭn	Beten	H0991	Joshua 19:25	1	Asher
בטנים	bṭnym	Betonim	H0993	Joshua 13:26	1	Gad (east of Jordan)	Khirbet Batneh^[22]^: 682
בית און	byt ʾwn	Beth-Aven	H1007	Joshua 7:2; 18:12	7	Benjamin ? (northern border of Benjamin's territory, between Jericho and Luz; near Ai, to the east of Bethel)	? Khirbet el-Maqatir^[23]^: 212 31°54′55″N 35°15′01″E / 31.91528°N 35.25028°E / 31.91528; 35.25028;^[23]^: 212 Beitin^[23]^{: 224–228} 31°55′36″N 35°14′23″E / 31.92667°N 35.23972°E / 31.92667; 35.23972;^[23]^: 207 et-Tell^[23]^: 222–3 31°55′01″N 35°15′41″E / 31.91694°N 35.26139°E / 31.91694; 35.26139;^[23]^: 205 Khirbet Nisieh^[24] 31°53′48″N 35°13′45″E / 31.89667°N 35.22917°E / 31.89667; 35.22917;^[25]^: 23 formerly identified with: Khirbet Haiyan^[23]^: 222 31°54′15″N 35°16′10″E / 31.90417°N 35.26944°E / 31.90417; 35.26944;^[23]^: 222 Deir Dibwan^[23]^: 222 31°54′38″N 35°16′17″E / 31.91056°N 35.27139°E / 31.91056; 35.27139;^[23]^: 222 Burg Beitin^[23]^: 222 31°55′21″N 35°14′43″E / 31.92250°N 35.24528°E / 31.92250; 35.24528;^[23]^: 222 Burqa^[23]^: 223 31°53′46″N 35°15′15″E / 31.89611°N 35.25417°E / 31.89611; 35.25417;^[23]^: 223 Tell Maryam^[23]^: 223 31°52′10″N 35°16′06″E / 31.86944°N 35.26833°E / 31.86944; 35.26833;^[23]^: 223 Khirbet Tell el-'Askar^[23]^: 223 31°52′49″N 35°16′52″E / 31.88028°N 35.28111°E / 31.88028; 35.28111^[23]^: 223
ביתאל	bytʾl	Bethel	H1008	Joshua 7:2; 8:9.12.17; 12:9.16; 16:1-2; 18:13.22	72	Benjamin (group A; important cities: Bethel, Jericho; southern border of Ephraim's territory, not far from Jericho; west of Beth-Aven and Ai; beside Ai; northern border of Benjamin's territory between Beth-Aven and Ataroth-Adar)	? Beitin 31°55′37″N 35°14′19″E / 31.92694°N 35.23861°E / 31.92694; 35.23861; Ras et-Tahuneh^[23]^: 205^[26] (in Al-Bireh) 31°54′30″N 35°12′44″E / 31.90833°N 35.21222°E / 31.90833; 35.21222	= Luz (H3870)
בית בעל מעון, בית מעון	byt bʿl mʿwn, byt mʿwn	Beth-Baal-Meon, Beth-Meon	H1010	Joshua 13:17	2	Reuben (east of Jordan)	? Khirbet et-Teim (near Ma'in, Jordan)^[22]^{: 667–668}
ביתדגון	bytdgwn	Beth-Dagon [of Judah]	H1016	Joshua 15:41	1	Judah (important cities: Lachish, Eglon, Makkedah)
ביתדגון	bytdgwn	Beth-Dagon [of Asher]	H1016	Joshua 19:27	1	Asher (between Carmel and the valley of Jipthah-El, close to Zebulun's territory)
בית הישמות	byt (h)yšmwt	Beth-Jeshimoth, Beth-Ha-Jeshimoth	H1020	Joshua 12:3; 13:20	4	Reuben (east of Jordan)	Tell el-‘Azeimeh (near Sweimeh, Jordan)^[27]^: 88–89 31°46′57″N 35°37′17″E / 31.782551°N 35.621250°E / 31.782551; 35.621250
ביתהמרכבות	byt(h)mrkbwt	Beth-Marcaboth, Beth-Ha-Marcaboth	H1024	Joshua 19:5	2	Simeon within Judah (listed between Hormah, Ziklag and Hazar-Susah, Beth-Lebaoth)		= Madmannah (H4086) ?
בית העמק	byt (h)ʿmq	Beth-Emek, Beth-Ha-Emek	H1025	Joshua 19:27	1	Asher (near the valley of Jipthah-El, close to Zebulun's territory)	Tell Mīmās^[28]
בית הערבה	byt (h)ʿrbh	Beth-Arabah, Beth-Ha-Arabah [of Judah]	H1026	Joshua 15:61	1	Judah ("in the wilderness"; important cities: En-Gedi)		= Beth-Arabah [of Benjamin] (H1026) ?
בית הערבה	byt (h)ʿrbh	Beth-Arabah, Beth-Ha-Arabah [of Benjamin]	H1026	Joshua 15:6; 18:22	2	Benjamin (group A; important cities: Bethel, Jericho; northern border of Judah, close to Beth-Hoglah and the Jordan river)		= Beth-Arabah [of Judah] (H1026) ?
בית הרם	byt hrm	Beth-Aram, Beth-Haram	H1027	Joshua 13:27	1	Gad (east of Jordan)	Tell Iktanu;^[22]^{: 684–685} Tell er-Rameh^[22]^{: 684–685} 31°49′32″N 35°38′40″E / 31.82556°N 35.64444°E / 31.82556; 35.64444
ביתחגלה	bytḥglh	Beth-Hoglah	H1031	Joshua 15:6; 18:19.21	3	Benjamin (group A; important cities: Bethel, Jericho; southern border of Benjamin and northern border of Judah; closest to the Jordan river)	? Deir Hajla area:^[29] 'Ain Ḥajla^[30] 31°49′41″N 35°30′44″E / 31.82806°N 35.51222°E / 31.82806; 35.51222 (optionally Dir Hg'la 31°49′23″N 35°30′26″E / 31.82306°N 35.50722°E / 31.82306; 35.50722 or Deir Hijleh 31°49′13″N 35°30′05″E / 31.82028°N 35.50139°E / 31.82028; 35.50139)^[31]
בית חורן עליון	byt ḥwrn ʿlywn	Beth-Horon the upper	H1032 + H5945	Joshua (10:10-11?;) 16:5; (21:22?)	11 or 4	Ephraim (Ephraim's eastern border, not far from Ataroth-Addar; a levitical city?)	Beit 'Ur al-Fawqa^[32] 31°53′09″N 35°06′51″E / 31.88583°N 35.11417°E / 31.88583; 35.11417
בית חורן תחתון	byt ḥwrn tḥtwn	Beth-Horon the lower	H1032 + H8481	Joshua (10:10-11?;) 16:3; 18:13-14; (21:22?)	13 or 6	Ephraim (southern border, between Bethel, Ataroth and Gezer; northern border of Benjamin's territory between Luz-Bethel, Ataroth-Adar and Kiriath-Jearim; a levitical city?)	Beit Ur al-Tahta^[32] 31°53′42″N 35°05′01″E / 31.89500°N 35.08361°E / 31.89500; 35.08361
בית לבאות	byt lbʾwt	Beth-Lebaoth	H1034	Joshua 19:6	1	Simeon within Judah (listed after Hormah, Ziklag and before Ain, Rimmon)		= Lebaoth (H3822) ?
בית לחם	byt lḥm	Bethlehem [of Zebulun]	H1035	Joshua 19:15	1?	Zebulun	Bethlehem of Galilee^[33]^: 212 32°44′12″N 35°11′29″E / 32.73667°N 35.19139°E / 32.73667; 35.19139
בית נמרה	byt nmrh	Beth-Nimrah	H1039	Joshua 13:27	2	Gad (east of Jordan)	Tell Nimrin^[22]^{: 685–687} 31°54′32″N 35°38′17″E / 31.909°N 35.638°E / 31.909; 35.638
ביתענות	bytʿnwt	Beth-Anoth	H1042	Joshua 15:59	1	Judah (no important cities)
ביתענת	bytʿnt	Beth-Anath	H1043	Joshua 19:38	3	Naphtali (a fortified city; not far from Beth-Shemesh)	? Safad El Battikh^[34]^: 30 33°12′00″N 35°25′58″E / 33.20000°N 35.43278°E / 33.20000; 35.43278
בית פלט	byt plṭ	Beth-Pelet	H1046	Joshua 15:27	2	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)
בית פעור	byt pʿwr	Beth-Peor	H1047	Joshua 13:20	4	Reuben (east of Jordan)	? Khirbet el-Meshed^[22]^: 672
בית פצץ	byt pṣṣ	Beth-Pazzez	H1048	Joshua 19:21	1	Issachar
ביתצור	bytṣwr	Beth-Zur	H1049	Joshua 15:58	2?	Judah (no important cities)	Khirbet et-Tubeiqa 31°35′00″N 35°06′00″E / 31.58333°N 35.1°E / 31.58333; 35.1
ביתשאן	bytšʾn	Beth-Shean	H1052	Joshua 17:11.16	9	Manasseh (west of Jordan, among Issachar and Asher)	Tell Beisan, Tell el-Husn^[35] 32°30′16″N 35°30′11″E / 32.50444°N 35.50306°E / 32.50444; 35.50306^[36]
ביתשמש	bytšmš	Beth-Shemesh [of Judah]	H1053	Joshua 15:10; 21:16	16	Judah (northern border, between Kirjath-Jearim and Timnah; a levitical city)	Tell er-Rumeileh (near Beit Shemesh) 31°45′03″N 34°58′31″E / 31.75083°N 34.97528°E / 31.75083; 34.97528^[11]^: 256–7
ביתשמש	bytšmš	Beth-Shemesh [of Issachar]	H1053	Joshua 19:22	1	Issachar?	Tell el-Muḫarḫaš^[37]^: 164–5	= Beth-Szemesh [of Naphtali] (H1053) ?
ביתשמש	bytšmš	Beth-Shemesh [of Naphtali]	H1053	Joshua 19:38	3	Naphtali (a fortified city)	? Ḫirbet Tell er-Ruwēse;^[37]^: 163–4 Ḥārīș^[37]^: 164
ביתתפוח	byttpwḥ	Beth-Tappuah	H1054	Joshua 15:53	1	Judah (important cities: Hebron)	Taffuh^[38] 31°32′21″N 35°3′11″E / 31.53917°N 35.05306°E / 31.53917; 35.05306
בלה	blh	Balah	H1088	Joshua 19:3	1	Simeon within Judah		= Baalah (H1173) ?
במות בעל, במות	bmwt bʿl, bmwt	Bamoth-Baal, Bamoth	H1120	Joshua 13:17	4	Reuben (east of Jordan)	? Khirbet el-Quweiqiyeh^[22]^: 666
בניברק	bnybrq	Bene-Berak	H1139	Joshua 19:45	1	Dan
בעל גד	bʿl gd	Baal-Gad	H1171	Joshua 11:17; 12:7; 13:5	3	Manasseh?, Naphtali? (in the valley of Lebanon under Mount Hermon, on the west side of the Jordan river)	? Tell Haush;^[27]^: 154 Hasbeija^[27]^: 154
בעלה	bʿlh	Baalah [of Judah 1]	H1173	Joshua 15:9.10	3	Judah (northern border between Jerusalem and Beth-Shemesh)	see Kiriath-Jearim (H7157)	= Kiriath-Jearim (H7157)
בעלה	bʿlh	Baalah [of Judah 2]	H1173	Joshua 15:29	1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)		= Balah (H1088, Simeon's) ?
בעלות	bʿlwt	Bealoth	H1175	Joshua 15:24	2 or 1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)
בעלת	bʿlt	Baalath	H1191	Joshua 19:44	3	Dan
בעלת באר	bʿlt bʾr	Baalath-Beer	H1192	Joshua 19:8	1	Simeon (within Judah?, in the Negev?)
בעשתרה	bʿštrh	Beesh-Terah	H1203	Joshua 21:27	1	Manasseh (east of the Jordan river; a levitical city)	see Ashtaroth (H6252)^[27]^: 155	= Ashtaroth (H6252) ?
בצקת	bṣqt	Bozkath	H1218	Joshua 15:39	2	Judah (important cities: Lachish, Eglon, Makkedah)
בצר	bṣr	Bezer	H1221	Joshua 20:8; 21:36	4	Reuben (on the east side of the Jordan; not far from Jericho?; a city of refuge; a levitical city)	Jalul^[39] 31°43′0″N 35°51′0″E / 31.71667°N 35.85000°E / 31.71667; 35.85000
בתול	btwl	Bethul	H1329	Joshua 19:4	1	Simeon within Judah (listed between Azem, Eltolad and Hormah, Ziklag)		= Chesil (H3686) ?
גבל	gbl	Gebal^[18]	H1380	-	1 [3]^[17]	Asher ?	Byblos 34°07′25″N 35°39′07″E / 34.12361°N 35.65194°E / 34.12361; 35.65194	Mentioned indirectly as Giblite (H1382)
גבלי	gbly	Giblite, Gebalite^[15]	H1382	Joshua 13:5	2	Asher ?	see Gebal/Gubla (H1380)	An inhabitant of Gebal/Gubla (H1380)
גבע	gbʿ	Geba, Gaba	H1387	Joshua 18:24; 21:17	18	Benjamin (group A; important cities: Bethel, Jericho; a levitical city)	? Jaba'^[40] (near Jerusalem) 31°51′27″N 35°15′40″E / 31.85750°N 35.26111°E / 31.85750; 35.26111?
גבעה	gbʿh	Gibeah [of Judah]	H1390	Joshua 15:57	43 or 1	Judah (important cities: Gibeah, Timnah)		= Gibeah [of Benjamin] (H1390) ?
גבעון	gbʿwn	Gibeon	H1391	Joshua 9:3.17; 10:1-2.4-6.10.12.41; 11:19; 18:25; 21:17	37	Benjamin (group B; important cities: Gibeon, Ramah, Mizpeh, Jerusalem; a levitical city; a city of Gibeonites alongside Chephirah, Beeroth and Kirjath-jearim; a big city, yet not a royal city of Canaanites)	Al Jib 31°50′52″N 35°10′59″E / 31.84778°N 35.18306°E / 31.84778; 35.18306
גבעת	gbʿt	Gibeath	H1394	Joshua 18:28	1	Benjamin (group B; important cities: Gibeon, Ramah, Mizpeh, Jerusalem)	? Giv'at Ye'arim^[41] 31°47′14.47″N 35°5′20.25″E / 31.7873528°N 35.0889583°E / 31.7873528; 35.0889583	= Gibeah [of Benjamin] (H1390) ?
גבתון	gbtwn	Gibbethon	H1405	Joshua 19:44; 21:23	6	Dan (a levitical city)	? Tall Mlat, Tell el-Melat, Tel Malot^[42]^: 182 31°51′23″N 34°51′55″E / 31.85639°N 34.86528°E / 31.85639; 34.86528;^[43] Ras Abu Hamid/Humeid31°54′12″N 34°53′28″E / 31.90333°N 34.89111°E / 31.90333; 34.89111;^[8]^: 149^[42]^: 182 formerly identified with Gibbiah, Kibbiah, Qibya^[44] 31°58′36″N 35°00′42″E / 31.97667°N 35.01167°E / 31.97667; 35.01167^[45]
גדר	gdr	Geder	H1445	Joshua 12:13	1	? Judah? (listed between Gezer, Debir and Hormah, Arad)		= Gedor (H1446)?, = Gederah (H1449)?, = Gederoth (H1450)?
גדור	gdwr	Gedor	H1446	Joshua 15:58	3	Judah (no important cities)
גדרה	(h)gdrh	Gederah, Ha-Gederah	H1449	Joshua 15:36	2	Judah ("in the valley"; important cities: Eshtaol, Zoreah, Engannim, Tappuah, Jarmuth, Adullam, Socoh 1, Azekah)
גדרות	gdrwt	Gederoth	H1450	Joshua 15:41	2	Judah (important cities: Lachish, Eglon, Makkedah)
גדרתים	gdrtym	Gederothaim	H1453	Joshua 15:36	1	Judah ("in the valley"; important cities: Eshtaol, Zoreah, Engannim, Tappuah, Jarmuth, Adullam, Socoh 1, Azekah)
גלון, גולן	glwn, gwln	Golan	H1474	Joshua 20:8; 21:27	4	Manasseh (in Bashan, east of the Jordan river; a city of refuge; a levitical city)	Sahm el-Jaulān^[22]^{: 697–698} 32°46′52″N 35°56′5″E / 32.78111°N 35.93472°E / 32.78111; 35.93472
גזר	gzr	Gezer	H1507	Joshua 10:33; 12:12; 16:3.10; 21:21	15	Ephraim (southern border city closest to the Mediterranean Sea; a levitical city; not far from Lachish)	Tell el-Jezer (near Karmei Yosef) 31°51′34″N 34°55′12″E / 31.85944°N 34.92000°E / 31.85944; 34.92000
גלגל, הגלגל	(h)glgl	Gilgal 1 [of Judah?]	H1537	Joshua 4:19-20; 5:9-10; 9:6; 10:6-7.9.15.43; 14:6; 15:7	40?	? Judah? (a point of reference in describing the northern border of Judah between Debir and Jerusalem, not far from the Jordan river, not far from Jericho - "on the eastern border of Jericho", "on the wilderness of Jericho"; mentioned alongside Adummim; all night's march distance from Gibeon)	? Tell/Khirbet el-Mafjar/Mefjir^[8]^: 269^[46]^[47] (in Jericho) 31°52′30″N 35°27′54″E / 31.87500°N 35.46500°E / 31.87500; 35.46500;^[48] Ṣuwwanet eth-Thaniya/Jiser Abu Ghabush^[46] (in Jericho) 31°52′55″N 35°27′23″E / 31.88194°N 35.45639°E / 31.88194; 35.45639;^[49] Nitla, Khirbet en-/Tell Jaljul (Galgala), Tell Jeljul, Birket Jiljulieh^[50] (in Jericho) 31°51′06″N 35°29′17″E / 31.85167°N 35.48806°E / 31.85167; 35.48806^[51]; Gilgal Argaman 32°09′40″N 35°30′45″E / 32.16111°N 35.51250°E / 32.16111; 35.51250	= Geliloth (H1553) ?; Gilgal 2 (H1537) ?
גלגל	glgl	Gilgal 2 [of ?]	H1537	Joshua 12:23	1?	? (a king of this place was defeated by Joshua, it is listed between Jokneam of Carmel, Dor and Tirzah)	? Jaljulia 32°09′13″N 34°57′06″E / 32.15361°N 34.95167°E / 32.15361; 34.95167?; Jiljilia 32°01′39″N 35°13′11″E / 32.02750°N 35.21972°E / 32.02750; 35.21972?	= Gilgal 1 (H1537) ?
גלה	glh	Giloh	H1542	Joshua 15:51	2	Judah ("in the mountains"; important cities: Debir, Goshen)
	glylwt	Geliloth	H1553	Joshua 18:17	1	? Judah? (a point of reference in describing the southern border of Benjamin between Jerusalem and Beth-Hoglah, not far from the Jordan river; mentioned alongside Adummim)		= Gilgal (H1537) ?
גשן	gšn	Goshen	H1657	Joshua (10:41?; 11:16?;) 15:51	3?	Judah ("in the mountains"; important cities: Debir, Goshen)
גת	gt	Gath	H1661	Joshua 11:22	33 [43]^[17]	Judah ? (one of the main Philistine cities)	? Tell es-Safi (near Luzit) 31°41′59″N 34°50′49″E / 31.69972°N 34.84694°E / 31.69972; 34.84694; Tell 'Areini (near Kiryat Gat) 31°36′42″N 34°47′07″E / 31.61167°N 34.78528°E / 31.61167; 34.78528; Tell Hamid, Ras Abu Humeid (near Ramla) 31°54′11″N 34°53′28″E / 31.90306°N 34.89111°E / 31.90306; 34.89111; Tell en-Nejileh, Tel Nagila (between Ahuzam and Beit Kama) 31°30′08″N 34°45′28″E / 31.50222°N 34.75778°E / 31.50222; 34.75778
גתה חפר	gth ḥpr	Gittah-Hepher	H1662	Joshua 19:13	2	Zebulun (Zebulun's eastern? border, not far from Japhia)	? Ḫirbet Umm Ğebēl^[7]^: 429
גתי	gty	Gittite^[15]	H1663	Joshua 13:3	10	Judah ? (one of the main Philistine cities)	see Gath (H1661)	An inhabitant of Gath (H1661)
גתרמון	gtrmwn	Gath-Rimmon [of Dan]	H1667	Joshua 19:45; 21:24	3	Dan (a levitical city)	? Tel Gerisa, Tell Jerisheh; Tell Abu Zeitun
גתרמון	gtrmwn	Gath-Rimmon [of Manasseh]	H1667	Joshua 21:25	1	Manasseh (a levitical city; west of Jordan)	Rummanah^[52] 32°31′26″N 35°12′18″E / 32.52389°N 35.20500°E / 32.52389; 35.20500
דבר	dbr	Debir [of Judah 1]	H1688	Joshua 10:38-39; 11:21; 12:13; 15:15.49; 21:15	11?	Judah ("in the mountains"; important cities: Debir, Goshen; a levitical city)	? Khirbet Rabud^[53]^[54] 31°25′57″N 35°00′54″E / 31.43250°N 35.01500°E / 31.43250; 35.01500;^[11]^: 446 Tell Beit Mirsim^[55] 31°27′20″N 34°54′39″E / 31.45556°N 34.91083°E / 31.45556; 34.91083^[11]^: 251	= Kirjath-Sannah (H7158), = Kirjath-Sepher (H7158), = Debir [of Judah 2?] (H1688) ?
דבר	dbr	Debir [of Judah 2?]	H1688	Joshua (10:38-39?; 11:21?; 12:13?;) 15:7; (21:15?;)	1?	? Judah? (a point of reference in describing the northern border of Judah between Gilgal and Beth-Arabah)		= Debir [of Judah 1] (H1688) ?
דבר	dbr	Debir [of Gad]	H1688	Joshua 13:26	1?	Gad (east of Jordan)	Tell el-Husn;^[22]^{: 683–684} Tell Irbid^[22]^{: 683–684} 32°33′0″N 35°51′0″E / 32.55000°N 35.85000°E / 32.55000; 35.85000
הדברת	(h)dbrt	Daberath, Ha-Daberath [of Zebulun]	H1705	Joshua 19:12	1?	Zebulun (Zebulun's southern? border, between Sarid, Chisloth-Tabor and Japhia)	Hirbet Dabbureh^[33]^{: 207–208}	= Daberath [of Issahar] ?
דברת	dbrt	Daberath [of Issahar]	H1705	Joshua 21:28	2?	Issahar (a levitical city)	Daburiyya^[56] 32°41′31″N 35°22′18″E / 32.69194°N 35.37167°E / 32.69194; 35.37167	= Daberath [of Zebulun] ?
דבשת	dbšt	Dabbasheth	H1708	Joshua 19:11	1	Zebulun (Zebulun's border, between Sarid, Maralah and Jokneam)	Tell es-shamman^[33]^: 206
דומה	dwmh	Dumah	H1746	Joshua 15:52	1?	Judah (important cities: Hebron)
דאר	dʾr	Dor	H1756	Joshua 11:2; 12:23; 17:11	7	Manasseh (west of Jordan, among Issachar and Asher)	? Khirbet/Tell el-Burj^[57] 32°36′59″N 34°54′59″E / 32.61639°N 34.91639°E / 32.61639; 34.91639^[58]
דיבון	dybwn	Dibon	H1769	Joshua 13:9.17	10?	Reuben (east of Jordan)	? Tell Dhiban, Tall Dhiban^[59] 31°30′06″N 35°46′37″E / 31.50167°N 35.77694°E / 31.50167; 35.77694^[60]
דימונה	dymwnh	Dimonah	H1776	Joshua 15:22	1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)
דלען	dlʿn	Dilean	H1810	Joshua 15:38	1	Judah (important cities: Lachish, Eglon, Makkedah)
דמנה	dmnh	Dimnah	H1829	Joshua 21:35	1	Zebulun (a levitical city)
דן	dn	Dan	H1835	Joshua 19:47	24	Dan (within Naphtali's territory?)	Tell el-Qadi/Kadi (near Dan) 33°14′55″N 35°39′11″E / 33.24861°N 35.65306°E / 33.24861; 35.65306	= Leshem (H3959)
דנה	dnh	Dannah	H1837	Joshua 15:49	1	Judah ("in the mountains"; important cities: Debir, Goshen)
זיף	zyp	Ziph [of Judah 1]	H2128	Joshua 15:24	1?	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)	? Khirbet ez-Zeifeh^[61] 31°00′52″N 34°58′48″E / 31.01444°N 34.98000°E / 31.01444; 34.98000^[61]
זיף	zyp	Ziph [of Judah 2]	H2128	Joshua 15:55	8?	Judah (important cities: Gibeah, Timnah)	? Tell Zif^[61]^[62] 31°28′27″N 35°07′34″E / 31.47417°N 35.12611°E / 31.47417; 35.12611^[61]; Khribet Ziph^[63] 31°28′31″N 35°08′06″E / 31.47528°N 35.13500°E / 31.47528; 35.13500^[64]
זנוח	znwḥ	Zanoah 1, Shfela of Judah	H2182	Joshua 15:34	4?	Judah ("in the valley"; important cities: Eshtaol, Zoreah, Engannim, Tappuah, Jarmuth, Adullam, Socoh 1, Azekah)	Khirbet Zanûa on the ground of Moshav Zanoah^[65] 31°43′55.91″N 34°59′57.12″E / 31.7321972°N 34.9992000°E / 31.7321972; 34.9992000
זנוח	znwḥ	Zanoah 2, Hill Country of Judah	H2182	Joshua 15:56	1?	Judah (important cities: Gibeah, Timnah)
חברון	ḥbrwn	Hebron	H2275	Joshua 10:3.5.23.36.39; 11:21; 12:10; 14:13-15; 15:13.54; 20:7; 21:11.13	63	Judah (important cities: Hebron; Caleb's inheritance, not far from Debir; a city of refuge; a levitical city for Kohathites; one of the cities in the Jerusalem coalition: Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, Eglon)	Jabla al Rahama (in Hebron) 31°31′26″N 35°06′14″E / 31.52389°N 35.10389°E / 31.52389; 35.10389	= Kiriath-Arba (H7153)
חדשה	ḥdšh	Hadashah	H2322	Joshua 15:37	1	Judah (important cities: Lachish, Eglon, Makkedah)	Tel Sheqf^[66]
חלן	ḥln	Holon	H2473	Joshua 15:51; 21:15	2	Judah ("in the mountains"; important cities: Debir, Goshen; a levitical city)
חלחול	ḥlḥwl	Halhul	H2478	Joshua 15:58	1	Judah (no important cities)	Halhul 31°34′44″N 35°05′57″E / 31.57889°N 35.09917°E / 31.57889; 35.09917
חלי	ḥly	Hali	H2482	Joshua 19:25	1	Asher	Tel Hali Ha-Ma'aravi^[67]
חלף	ḥlp	Heleph	H2501	Joshua 19:33	1	Naphtali	Ḫirbet 'Arbiṯa^[68]
חלקת	ḥlqt	Helkath	H2520	Joshua 19:25; 21:31	2	Asher (a levitical city)
חמון	ḥmwn	Hammon	H2540	Joshua 19:28	2 or 1	Asher (northern border?)	Khirbet Umm el-ʿAwāmid^[34]^: 33
חמטה	ḥmṭh	Humtah	H2547	Joshua 15:54	1	Judah (important cities: Hebron)
חמת	ḥmt	Hamath [unassigned]	H2574	Joshua 13:5	36 or 25	? (north of Damascus)	Hama Castle area (in Hama) 35°08′11″N 36°44′58″E / 35.13639°N 36.74944°E / 35.13639; 36.74944
חמת	ḥmt	Hammath [of Naphtali]	H2575	Joshua 19:35	1	Naphtali (a fortified city)	Hamat Tiberias^[69] 32°46′6.51″N 35°32′54.43″E / 32.7684750°N 35.5484528°E / 32.7684750; 35.5484528	= Hammoth-Dor (H2576) ?
	ḥmt dʾr	Hammoth-Dor	H2576	Joshua 21:32	1	Naphtali (a levitical city)		= Hammath [of Naphtali] (H2575) ?
חנתן	ḥntn	Hannathon	H2615	Joshua 19:14	1	Zebulun (Zabulun's northern border)	Tel Hanaton^[33]^: 210 32°47′08″N 35°15′25″E / 32.78556°N 35.25694°E / 32.78556; 35.25694
חסה	ḥsh	Hosah	H2621	Joshua 19:29	1	Asher (eastern border between Tyre and Achzib)	Tell Rashidiyeh or Khirbet el-Hos,^[70] today both in Lebanon, one S of Tyre, see here, the other SE of it, see here.
חפר	ḥpr	Hepher	H2660	Joshua 12:17	2 or 1	? (a king of this city was defeated by Joshua)	? Tell el-Muḥaffar^[71]	a region?
חפרים	ḥprym	Haphraim	H2663	Joshua 19:19	1	Issachar
חצור	ḥṣwr	Hazor [of Judah 1]	H2674	Joshua 15:23	1?	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)
חצור	ḥṣwr	Hazor [of Judah 2]	H2674	Joshua 15:25	1?	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)	see Hezron (H2696)	= Hezron (H2696), = Kerioth[-Hezron] (H7152) ?
חצור	ḥṣwr	Hazor [of Naphtali]	H2674	Joshua 11:1.10-11.13; 12:19; 19:36	12	Naphtali (a fortified city)	Tell el Qedah, Khirbet Waqqas 33°01′03″N 35°34′05″E / 33.01750°N 35.56806°E / 33.01750; 35.56806^[11]^: 328
חצור חדתה	ḥṣwr ḥdth	Hazor Hadattah, Hazor-hadattah	H2675	Joshua 15:25	1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)	el-Ḫuḍēra^[72]
חצר גדה	ḥṣr gdh	Hazar-Gaddah	H2693	Joshua 15:27	1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)
חצרון	ḥṣrwn (qrywt ḥṣrwn ?)	Hezron	H2696	Joshua 15:3.25	2	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag; southern border, to the east of Kadesh-Barnea)		= Hazor [of Judah 2] (H2674), = Kerioth[-Hezron] (H7152) ?
חצר סוסה	ḥṣr swsh	Hazar-Susah	H2701	Joshua 19:5	1	Simeon within Judah (listed between Hormah, Ziklag, Beth-Marcaboth and Beth-Lebaoth)		= Sansannah (H5578) ?
חצר שועל	ḥṣr šwʿl	Hazar-Shual	H2705	Joshua 15:28; 19:3	4	Simeon within Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)
חוקקה	ḥwqqh	Hukkok	H2712	Joshua 19:34	2 or 1	Naphtali (south-western corner? with Zebulun on the south, Asher on the west and Judah on Jordan towards the east?)	? Huqoq 32°53′5″N 35°28′44″E / 32.88472°N 35.47889°E / 32.88472; 35.47889
חרם	ḥrm	Horem	H2765	Joshua 19:38	1	Naphtali (a fortified city)
חרמה	ḥrmh	Hormah	H2767	Joshua 12:14; 15:30; 19:4	9	Simeon within Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)	? Tell el-Milh, Tel Malhata^[73] 31°13′02″N 35°01′33″E / 31.21722°N 35.02583°E / 31.21722; 35.02583;^[74] Hirbet el-Mesas, Khirbet el-Meshash, Tel Masos^[73] 31°13′00″N 34°58′00″E / 31.21667°N 34.96667°E / 31.21667; 34.96667;^[75] Tell el-Khuweilifeh, Tel Halif^[73]^[76] 31°22′58″N 34°51′59″E / 31.38278°N 34.86639°E / 31.38278; 34.86639^[77]
חשבון	ḥšbwn	Heshbon	H2809	Joshua 9:10; 12:2.5; 13:10.17.21.26-27; 21:39	38	Reuben, later Gad (east of Jordan, border between Reuben and Gad; a levitical city of Gad)	Tell Ḥesbān (in Hisban) 31°48′03″N 35°48′32″E / 31.80083°N 35.80889°E / 31.80083; 35.80889
חשמון	ḥšmwn	Heshmon	H2829	Joshua 15:27	1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)
טלם	ṭlm	Telem	H2928	Joshua 15:24	1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)
יבוס	ybws	Jebus^[18]	H2982	-	4 [45]^[17]	Benjamin, Judah	see Jerusalem (H3389)	= Jerusalem (H3389). Mentioned indirectly as Jebusi (H2983)
יבוסי, היבוסי	(h)ybwsy	Jebusi, Ha-Jebusi^[15]	H2983	Joshua 15:8; 18:16.28	41	Benjamin (group B; important cities: Gibeon, Ramah, Mizpeh, Jerusalem; northern border of Judah, southern border of Benjamin), Judah (eventually)	see Jerusalem (H3389)	= Jerusalem (H3389), also an inhabitant of Jebus (H2982)
יבלעם	yblʿm	Ibleam	H2991	Joshua 17:11	3	Manasseh (west of Jordan, among Issachar and Asher)	? Khirbet Belameh/ Bel'ameh/ Balameh, Sheikh Mansur^[78]^[79] 32°26′45″N 35°17′29″E / 32.44583°N 35.29139°E / 32.44583; 35.29139;^[11]^: 241 Yubla, Khirbet Yebla^[79] 32°34′33″N 35°28′10″E / 32.57583°N 35.46944°E / 32.57583; 35.46944^[80]
יבנאל	ybnʾl	Jabneel [of Judah]	H2995	Joshua 15:11	1	Judah (northern border, west or north-west of Ekron, between mount Baalah and the Mediterranean Sea)	Tel Yavne^[81] south of the modern village of Yavne 31°51′58″N 34°44′47″E / 31.86611°N 34.74639°E / 31.86611; 34.74639
יבנאל	ybnʾl	Jabneel [of Naphtali]	H2995	Joshua 19:33	1	Naphtali
יגור	ygwr	Jagur	H3017	Joshua 15:21	1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)	Hirbet Sumrā^[82]
ידאלה	ydʾlh	Idalah	H3030	Joshua 19:15	1	Zebulun	Hirbet el-Huwāra^[83]
יהד	yhd	Jehud	H3055	Joshua 19:45	1	Dan	Tell Yehud (Tell Al-Yahudiya)^[84] within the modern city od Yehud
יהצה	yhṣh	Jahaza, Jahaz	H3096	Joshua 13:18; 21:36	9	Reuben (east of Jordan; a levitical city)	? Hirbet al-Mudayyina^[85] 31°35′19″N 35°54′28″E / 31.58861°N 35.90778°E / 31.58861; 35.90778^[85]; Hirbet Libb^[85] 31°36′23″N 35°45′41″E / 31.60639°N 35.76139°E / 31.60639; 35.76139^[85]; Galul, Tell Jalul^[85] 31°43′10″N 35°51′21″E / 31.71944°N 35.85583°E / 31.71944; 35.85583^[85]; Umm al-Walid^[85] 31°38′47″N 35°53′42″E / 31.64639°N 35.89500°E / 31.64639; 35.89500^[85]
יזרעאל	yzrʿʾl	Jezreel [of Judah]	H3157	Joshua 15:56	2?	Judah (important cities: Gibeah, Timnah)
יזרעאל	yzrʿʾl	Jezreel [of Issachar]	H3157	Joshua 17:16; 19:18	32?	Issachar (near Manasseh's and Ephraim's territory)	Tell Jezreel (near Yizre'el, Zir'in) 32°33′28″N 35°19′41″E / 32.55778°N 35.32806°E / 32.55778; 35.32806
יוטה	ywṭh	Juttah	H3194	Joshua 15:55; 21:16	2	Judah (important cities: Gibeah, Timnah; a levitical city)
ינוחה	ynwḥh	Janohah, Janoah	H3239	Joshua 16:6-7	2	Ephraim (Ephraim's eastern border, between Taanath-Shiloh and Jericho)	? Khirbet Yanun; Nebi Nun^[86]
ינים, ינום	ynym, ynwm	Janim, Janum	H3241	Joshua 15:53	1	Judah (important cities: Hebron)
יעזר	yʿzr	Jazer	H3270	Joshua 13:25; 21:39	13	Gad (east of Jordan; a levitical city)	? Khirbat Jazzir,^[87] Hirbet Gazzir^[88]^{: 140–141} (south of Al-Salt) 32°00′17″N 35°44′21″E / 32.00472°N 35.73917°E / 32.00472; 35.73917?;^[89] Khirbet es-Sar^[87]^[88]^: 140 (west of Amman) 31°56′42″N 35°49′47″E / 31.94500°N 35.82972°E / 31.94500; 35.82972;^[89]^[90] Khirbet es-Sireh^[87]^[88]^: 140 (west of Amman) 31°57′25″N 35°48′53″E / 31.95694°N 35.81472°E / 31.95694; 35.81472;^[89]^[90] Yahuz/Yajuz/Yaguz^[87]^[88]^: 140 32°01′21″N 35°55′16″E / 32.02250°N 35.92111°E / 32.02250; 35.92111;^[89] Kom Yahuz/Yajuz^[87] 32°01′54″N 35°54′38″E / 32.03167°N 35.91056°E / 32.03167; 35.91056;^[89] Khirbat al-Yadudeh^[87]^[88]^: 140 31°50′47″N 35°54′46″E / 31.84639°N 35.91278°E / 31.84639; 35.91278;^[91]^[92] Beit Zerah, Hirbet Bet Zer'a;^[87]^[88]^: 140 Tell el-'Areme^[88]^: 141
יפו	ypw	Japho	H3305	Joshua 19:46	4	? (border of Dan's territory ran to the south? of the city)	Tell of Jaffa^[93] 32°03′08″N 34°45′11″E / 32.05222°N 34.75306°E / 32.05222; 34.75306
יפיע	ypyʿ	Japhia	H3309	Joshua 19:12	1	Zebulun (Zebulun's southern? border, between Chisloth-Tabor, Daberath and Gittah-Hepher)	Yafa;^[94] el-Mešhed^[94]
יפלטי, היפלטי	(h)yplṭy	Japhleti, Ha-Japhleti^[15]	H3311	Joshua 16:3	1	Ephraim (southern border, between Bethel, Ataroth and the lower Beth-Horon)		inhabitants of a city of a similar name or members of a clan
יפתח	yptḥ	Jiphtah, Jephthah	H3316	Joshua 15:43	1	Judah (important cities: Libnah, Keilah, Achzib, Maresha)
יפתחאל	yptḥʾl	Jipthah-El [a valley]	H3317	Joshua 19:14.27	2	Zebulun (border between Asher and Zebulun)	? Wadi al-Mālik;^[33]^: 210 Sahl el-Battōf;^[33]^: 210 Wadi ʾAbellīn^[33]^: 210	a valley, but possibly also a city of the same name
יקדעם	yqdʿm	Jokdeam	H3347	Joshua 15:56	1	Judah (important cities: Gibeah, Timnah)
יקנעם	yqnʿm	Jokneam	H3362	Joshua 12:22; 19:11; 21:34	3	Zebulun (Zebulun's border, north-western? corner; in Carmel; a levitical city)	Tel Yokneam^[95] in the northern part of the modern city of Yokneam Illit 32°39′51″N 35°06′6.3″E / 32.66417°N 35.101750°E / 32.66417; 35.101750
יקתאל	yqtʾl	Joktheel	H3371	Joshua 15:38	1	Judah (important cities: Lachish, Eglon, Makkedah)
יראון	yrʾwn	Iron	H3375	Joshua 19:38	1	Naphtali (a fortified city)
ירושלם	yrwšlm	Jerusalem	H3389	Joshua 10:1.3.5.23; 12:10; 15:8.63; 18:28	643	Benjamin (initially; group B; important cities: Gibeon, Ramah, Mizpeh, Jerusalem; northern border of Judah; not very far from Ai, Gibeon; one of the cities in the Jerusalem coalition: Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, Eglon), Judah (eventually)	City of David^[96]^: 166 (in Jerusalem) 31°46′26″N 35°14′09″E / 31.77389°N 35.23583°E / 31.77389; 35.23583	= Jebusi (H2983)
יריחו	yryḥw	Jericho	H3405	Joshua 2:1-3; 3:16; 4:13.19; 5:10.13; 6:1-2.25-26; 7:2; 8:2; 9:3; 10:1.28.30; 12:9; 16:1.7; 18:12.21; 20:8; 24:11	57	Benjamin (group A; important cities: Bethel, Jericho; north-eastern border of Benjamin's territory; south-eastern border of Ephraim's territory; not far from the Jordan river)	Tell es-Sultan^[97]^[98] (in Jericho) 31°52′16″N 35°26′39″E / 31.87111°N 35.44417°E / 31.87111; 35.44417
ירמוח	yrmwt	Jarmuth [of Judah]	H3412	Joshua 10:3.5.23; 12:11; 15:35	6	Judah ("in the valley"; important cities: Eshtaol, Zoreah, Engannim, Tappuah, Jarmuth, Adullam, Socoh 1, Azekah; one of the cities in the Jerusalem coalition: Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, Eglon)	? Khirbet el-Yarmuk, Tel Yarmuth^[99] 31°42′31″N 34°58′30″E / 31.70861°N 34.97500°E / 31.70861; 34.97500^[100]
ירמוח	yrmwt	Jarmuth [of Issachar]	H3412	Joshua 21:29	1	Issachar (a levitical city)	Kōkab el-Hawā;^[101] Ēn el-Ğirānī^[101]
ירפאל	yrpʾl	Irpeel	H3416	Joshua 18:27	1	Benjamin (group B; important cities: Gibeon, Ramah, Mizpeh, Jerusalem)	A nameless site near Rāfāt^[102]
יתיר	ytyr	Jattir	H3492	Joshua 15:48; 21:14	4	Judah ("in the mountains"; important cities: Debir, Goshen; a levitical city)
יתלה	ytlh	Jethlah	H3494	Joshua 19:42	1	Dan
יתנן	ytnn	Ithnan	H3497	Joshua 15:23	1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)
כבול	kbwl	Cabul	H3521	Joshua 19:27	1	Asher
כבון	kbwn	Cabbon	H3522	Joshua 15:40	1	Judah (important cities: Lachish, Eglon, Makkedah)
כנרת	knrt	Chinnereth	H3672	Joshua (11:2?;) 19:35	3?	Naphtali (a fortified city)	Tel el-'Oreimeh (Arab.)/Tel Kinrot (hebr.)^[103] (northwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee) 32°51′38″N 35°30′26″E / 32.86056°N 35.50722°E / 32.86056; 35.50722
כסיל	ksyl	Chesil	H3686	Joshua 15:30	1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag; listed between Azem, Eltolad and Hormah, Ziklag)		= Bethul (H1329, Simeon's) ?
כסולת, הכסולת	(h)kswlt	Chesulloth	H3694	Joshua 19:18	1	Issachar
כסלון	kslwn	Chesalon, Kesalon	H3693	Joshua 15:10	2	Judah	Tel Kesalon, just north of Moshav Kesalon^[104]^[105] 31°46′26″N 35°2′58″E / 31.77389°N 35.04944°E / 31.77389; 35.04944
כסלת תבר	kslt tbr	Chisloth-Tabor	H3696	Joshua 19:12	1	Zebulun (Zebulun's southern? border, not far from Sarid)	? Iksal;^[33]^: 207 Hirbet et-Tireh^[33]^: 207
כפירה, הכפירה	(h)kpyrh	Chephirah, Ha-Chephirah	H3716	Joshua 9:17; 18:26	4	Benjamin (group B; important cities: Gibeon, Ramah, Mizpeh, Jerusalem; a city of Gibeonites alongside Gibeon, Beeroth and Kirjath-jearim)
כפרהעמנה, כפרהעמני	kpr(h)ʿmnh, kpr(h)ʿmny	Chephar Ammoni, Kephar Ha-Ammoni	H3726	Joshua 18:24	1	Benjamin (group A; important cities: Bethel, Jericho)
כרמל	krml	Carmel [of Judah]	H3760	Joshua 15:55	7	Judah (important cities: Gibeah, Timnah)	? Khirbet el-Kirmil^[106]^: 433 31°25′21″N 35°07′52″E / 31.42250°N 35.13111°E / 31.42250; 35.13111^[106]^: 433
כרמל	krml	Carmel [of Asher]	H3760	Joshua 19:26	1	Asher		possibly only a mountain and not a city
כתליש	ktlyš	Kithlish	H3798	Joshua 15:40	1	Judah (important cities: Lachish, Eglon, Makkedah)
לבאות	lbʾwt	Lebaoth	H3822	Joshua 15:32	1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag; listed after Hormah, Ziklag and before Ain, Rimmon)		= Beth-Lebaoth (H1034, Simeon's) ?
לבנה	lbnh	Libnah	H3841	Joshua 10:29.31-32.39; 12:15; 15:42; 21:13	16 or 15	Judah (important cities: Libnah, Keilah, Achzib, Maresha; a levitical city; not far from Makkedah and Lachish)	? Tell Zeita^[107]^[108]^: 45–6 (near Gal On) 31°37′45″N 34°49′49″E / 31.62917°N 34.83028°E / 31.62917; 34.83028; Tell Burnat^[108]^{: 45–6, 55–6} (near Beit Nir) 31°37′47″N 34°52′24″E / 31.62972°N 34.87333°E / 31.62972; 34.87333^[109]
לוזה	lwzh	Luz	H3870	Joshua 16:2; 18:13	7	Benjamin (southern border of Ephraim's territory and northern border of Benjamin's territory between Beth-Aven and Ataroth-Adar; the former name of Bethel and, possibly, a twin city of Bethel)	see Bethel (H1008)	= Bethel (H1008)
לחמס	lḥms	Lahmas	H3903	Joshua 15:40	1	Judah (important cities: Lachish, Eglon, Makkedah)
לכיש	lkyš	Lachish	H3923	Joshua 10:3.5.23.31-35; 12:11; 15:39	24	Judah (important cities: Lachish, Eglon, Makkedah; one of the cities in the Jerusalem coalition: Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, Eglon; not far from Libnah, Gezer and Eglon)	? Tell ed-Duweir^[110] (near Lakhish) 31°33′55″N 34°50′55″E / 31.56528°N 34.84861°E / 31.56528; 34.84861; Tell Eitun/ Eiton^[110] 31°29′20″N 34°55′42″E / 31.48889°N 34.92833°E / 31.48889; 34.92833;^[111] formerly identified with Tell el-Hesi (near Shalva) 31°32′51″N 34°43′49″E / 31.54750°N 34.73028°E / 31.54750; 34.73028
לקום	lqwm	Lakkum	H3946	Joshua 19:33	1	Naphtali (not far from the Jordan river)
לשם	lšm	Leshem	H3959	Joshua 19:47	2	Dan (within Naphtali's territory?)	see Dan (H1835)	= Dan (H1835)
מגדו	mgdw	Megiddo	H4023	Joshua 12:21; 17:11	12	Manasseh (west of Jordan, among Issachar and Asher)	Tell al Mutesellim, just north of kibbutz Megiddo 32°35′08″N 35°11′04″E / 32.58556°N 35.18444°E / 32.58556; 35.18444^[11]^: 394–5
מגדלאל	mgdlʾl	Migdal-El	H4027	Joshua 19:38	1	Naphtali (a fortified city)
מגדלגד	mgdlgd	Migdal-Gad	H4028	Joshua 15:37	1	Judah (important cities: Lachish, Eglon, Makkedah)	Tell el-Hesi^[66] 31°32′52″N 34°43′49″E / 31.54778°N 34.73028°E / 31.54778; 34.73028
מדון	mdwn	Madon	H4068	Joshua 11:1; 12:19	2	? (not very far from Hazor of Naphtali, Shimrom of Zebulun and Achshaph of Asher)
מדין	mdyn	Middin	H4081	Joshua 15:61	1	Judah ("in the wilderness"; important cities: En-Gedi)
מדמנה	mdmnh	Madmannah, Madmen	H4086	Joshua 15:31	1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag; listed between Hormah, Ziklag and Sansannah, Lebaoth)		= Beth-Marcaboth (H1024, Simeon's) ?
מולדה	mwldh	Moladah	H4137	Joshua 15:26; 19:2	4	Simeon within Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)
מפעת, מיפעת	mpʿt, mypʿt	Mephaath	H4158	Joshua 13:18; 21:37	4	Reuben (east of Jordan; a levitical city)	Umm ar-Rasas^[22]^: 669 31°30′2.83″N 35°55′12.95″E / 31.5007861°N 35.9202639°E / 31.5007861; 35.9202639
מחנים	mḥnym	Mahanaim	H4266	Joshua 13:26.30; 21:38	13	Gad (east of Jordan; border between Gad and Manasseh; a levitical city)	? Tell/Tullul edh-Dhahab el-Gharbi^[88]^: 146–8^[112] 32°11′09″N 35°41′12″E / 32.18583°N 35.68667°E / 32.18583; 35.68667;^[113] Tell Hajjaj^[88]^: 146–8 32°08′58″N 35°41′31″E / 32.14944°N 35.69194°E / 32.14944; 35.69194^[11]^: 311^[88]^: 139; Khirbet Mahneh^[88]^: 146^[112] 32°21′48″N 35°45′16″E / 32.36333°N 35.75444°E / 32.36333; 35.75444?; Tell er-Ruheil, Tall Rehil^[88]^: 146 32°11′18″N 35°48′27″E / 32.18833°N 35.80750°E / 32.18833; 35.80750;^[11]^: 453 Khirbet Saleikhat, Maqbarat es Sleikhat^[112]32°19′53″N 35°35′54″E / 32.33139°N 35.59833°E / 32.33139; 35.59833;^[11]^: 386 'Ajlun^[112] 32°19′45″N 35°45′15″E / 32.32917°N 35.75417°E / 32.32917; 35.75417?
מידבא	mydbʾ	Medeba	H4311	Joshua 13:9.16	5	Reuben (east of Jordan)	Madaba 31°43′N 35°48′E / 31.717°N 35.800°E / 31.717; 35.800
מי הירקון	my (h)yrqwn	Me-Jarkon, Me-Ha-Jarkon	H4313	Joshua 19:46	1	Dan	? Tell Qasīle;^[114] Tell Gerise;^[114] Nahr el-Baride;^[114]	Possibly not a city, but a river known as Nahr el-'Ōğā^[114]
מכמתת, המכמתת	(h)mkmtt	Michmethah, Ha-Michmethah [of Ephraim]	H4366	Joshua 16:6	1?	Ephraim (Ephraim's eastern border, between the upper Beth-Horon and Taanath-Shiloh)	? Khirbet Ibn Naşer;^[115] Khirbet Kafr Beta;^[115] Jebel el-Tuwanik^[115]	= Michmethah [of Manasseh] (H0836) ?
מכמתת, המכמתת	(h)mkmtt	Michmethah, Ha-Michmethah [of Manasseh]	H4366	Joshua 17:7	1?	Manasseh (not far from Shechem, not far from Ephraim's border)	see Michmethah [of Ephraim] (H0836)	= Michmethah [of Ephraim] (H0836) ?
מעון	mʿwn	Maon	H4584	Joshua 15:55	5?	Judah (important cities: Gibeah, Timnah)	Khirbet Ma'in (Tell Maon)^[116] (3 km west of moshav Maon) 31°24′34″N 35°08′02″E / 31.40944°N 35.13389°E / 31.40944; 35.13389
מעלה עקרבים	mʿlh ʿqrbym	Maaleh-Acrabbim	H4610	Joshua 15:3	3	Judah (southern border, a place between Kadesh-Barnea and the Dead Sea)		a mountain?
מערה	mʿrh	Mearah	H4632	Joshua 13:4	1	Asher ? (beside Sidon)	? Muġar Jezzin;^[117] Ḫirbet 'Āra^[117]
מערת	mʿrt	Maarath	H4638	Joshua 15:59	1	Judah (no important cities)
מצה, המצה	(h)mṣh	Mozah, Ha-Mozah	H4681	Joshua 18:26	1	Benjamin (group B; important cities: Gibeon, Ramah, Mizpeh, Jerusalem)	Tel Mozah within the village area of modern Motza 31°47′40″N 35°09′50″E / 31.794452°N 35.163778°E / 31.794452; 35.163778
מצפה, המצפה	(h)mṣph	Mizpeh, Ha-Mizpeh [of Judah]	H4708	Joshua 15:38	1??	Judah (important cities: Lachish, Eglon, Makkedah)		= Mizpeh [of Benjamin] (H4708) ?
מצפה, המצפה	(h)mṣph	Mizpeh, Ha-Mizpeh [of Benjamin]	H4708	Joshua 18:26	1??	Benjamin (group B; important cities: Gibeon, Ramah, Mizpeh, Jerusalem)	Tell en-Nasbeh 31°53′07″N 35°12′59″E / 31.88528°N 35.21639°E / 31.88528; 35.21639	= Mizpeh [of Judah] (H4708) ?
מצפה, המצפה	(h)mṣph	Mizpeh, Ha-Mizpeh [of Manasseh?, Naphtali?]	H4709	Joshua 11:3.8	2??	Manasseh?, Naphtali? (under Mount Hermon)		Possibly not a city
מקדה	mqdh	Makkedah	H4719	Joshua 10:10.16-17.21.28-29; 12:16; 15:41	9	Judah (important cities: Lachish, Eglon, Makkedah; not far from Libnah)	? Khirbet el-Kôm/ Qom^[109]^[118] at al-Kum 31°31′57″N 34°57′46″E / 31.53250°N 34.96278°E / 31.53250; 34.96278;^[119] Mughar^[109] 31°50′23″N 34°46′58″E / 31.83972°N 34.78278°E / 31.83972; 34.78278?;^[109] Deir edh/ed-Dhibban^[109] 31°40′23″N 34°53′33″E / 31.67306°N 34.89250°E / 31.67306; 34.89250?;^[109] Tell es-Safi^[109] 31°41′59″N 34°50′49″E / 31.69972°N 34.84694°E / 31.69972; 34.84694; Khirbet el-Kheishum^[109] 31°43′43″N 34°57′13″E / 31.72861°N 34.95361°E / 31.72861; 34.95361?;^[109] Tell Bornat/ Burnat^[109] 31°37′47″N 34°52′24″E / 31.62972°N 34.87333°E / 31.62972; 34.87333;^[109] Khirbet Beit Maqdum^[109] 31°31′40″N 34°58′04″E / 31.52778°N 34.96778°E / 31.52778; 34.96778;^[109] Qal'at el-Muwaqdah^[109] 31°55′29″N 35°00′33″E / 31.92472°N 35.00917°E / 31.92472; 35.00917?^[109]
מראשה	mrʾšh	Mareshah	H4762	Joshua 15:44	6	Judah (important cities: Libnah, Keilah, Achzib, Maresha)	Tell Sandahanna^[120] 31°35′34″N 34°53′54″E / 31.59278°N 34.89833°E / 31.59278; 34.89833^[121]
מרעלה	mrʿlh	Maralah	H4831	Joshua 19:11	1	Zebulun (Zebulun's border, between Sarid and Dabbasheth, Jokneam)	? Tell Ġalṭa;^[122] Tell Ṯōra;^[122] Tell eš-Šemmān;^[122] Tell el-Bēḍa^[122]
משאל	mšʾl	Misheal, Mishal	H4861	Joshua 19:26; 21:30	2	Asher (not far from Carmel; a levitical city)	? Tell en-Naḥl;^[123] Tell Kēsān^[123]
משרפת מים	mšrpt mym	Misrephoth-Maim	H4956	Joshua 11:8; 13:6	2	Asher ? (not far from Sidon)
נבשן	(h)nbšn	Nibshan, Ha-Nibshan	H5044	Joshua 15:62	1	Judah ("in the wilderness"; important cities: En-Gedi)	? Khirbet el-Maqāri;^[124] Ēn el-Ġuwēr;^[124] Ēn et-Turābe^[124]
נהלל	nhll	Nahallal, Nahalal	H5096	Joshua 19:15; 21:35	3	Zebulun (a levitical city)	? Tell en-Nahl;^[125] Tell el-Beida;^[125] Ma'lul^[125]
נעה, הנעה	(h)nʿh	Neah, Ha-Neah	H5269	Joshua 19:13	1	Zebulun (Zabulun's eastern? border)	? Tell el-Wāwiyāt;^[126] Tell el-Buṭme^[126]
נעיאל	nʿyʾl	Neiel	H5272	Joshua 19:27	1	Asher (between the valley of Jipthah-El and Cabul)	Khirbet Ya'nīn;^[28] formerly identified with Tamra^[28]
נעמה	nʿmh	Naamah	H5279	Joshua 15:41	1	Judah (important cities: Lachish, Eglon, Makkedah)	? Tel beside kibbutz Na'an^[127]
נערתה	nʿrth	Naarath	H5292	Joshua 16:7	1	Ephraim (Ephraim's eastern border, not far from Jericho)	Khirbet Auja el-Foqa^[128]
נציב	nṣyb	Nezib	H5334	Joshua 15:43	1	Judah (important cities: Libnah, Keilah, Achzib, Maresha)	Khirbet Bēt Neṣīb eš-Šerqīye^[129]
נקב, הנקב	(h)nqb	Nekeb, Ha-Nekeb	H5346	Joshua 19:33	1	Naphtali
סכות	skwt	Succoth	H5523	Joshua 13:27	14 or 13	Gad (east of Jordan)	? Deir Alla^[130]^: 46 32°11′48″N 35°37′15″E / 32.19667°N 35.62083°E / 32.19667; 35.62083
סככה	skkh	Secacah	H5527	Joshua 15:61	1	Judah ("in the wilderness"; important cities: En-Gedi)
סלכה	slkh	Salcah	H5548	Joshua 12:5; 13:11	4	? Manasseh? (east of Jordan; former territory of Og, king of Bashan)	? Salkhad^[27]^: 152 32°29′30″N 36°42′40″E / 32.49167°N 36.71111°E / 32.49167; 36.71111
סנסנה	snsnh	Sansannah	H5578	Joshua 15:31	1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag; listed between Hormah, Ziklag, Madmannah and Lebaoth)		= Hazar-Susah (H2701, Simeon's) ?
עבדון	ʿbdwn	Abdon	H5658	Joshua 21:30	2	Asher (a levitical city)	Khirbet ʿAbdeh^[34]^: 33
עברן	ʿbrn	Hebron, Ebron	H5683	Joshua 19:28	1	Asher (northern border?)		= Abdon (H5658) ?
עגלון	ʿglwn	Eglon	H5700	Joshua 10:3.5.23.34.36-37; 12:12; 15:39	8	Judah (important cities: Lachish, Eglon, Makkedah; one of the cities in the Jerusalem coalition: Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, Eglon; not far from Lachish and Hebron)	? Tel Eiton/ Eitun Aaton/ Eton/ Aitun^[111] 31°29′20″N 34°55′42″E / 31.48889°N 34.92833°E / 31.48889; 34.92833;^[111] Tel Hasi, Tell el-Hesi^[111] (near Tel Ajlan) 31°32′01″N 34°43′50″E / 31.53361°N 34.73056°E / 31.53361; 34.73056;^[111] Tel Beit Mirsim^[111] 31°27′20″N 34°54′39″E / 31.45556°N 34.91083°E / 31.45556; 34.91083^[11]^: 251^[111]
עדיתים	ʿdytym	Adithaim	H5723	Joshua 15:36	1	Judah ("in the valley"; important cities: Eshtaol, Zoreah, Engannim, Tappuah, Jarmuth, Adullam, Socoh 1, Azekah)
עדלם	ʿdlm	Adullam	H5725	Joshua 12:15; 15:35	8	Judah ("in the valley"; important cities: Eshtaol, Zoreah, Engannim, Tappuah, Jarmuth, Adullam, Socoh 1, Azekah)	? Khirbet Sheik Madkur/ Madkhur, Khurbet esh-Sheikh Madkour, ʿAīd el Mâ, `Eîd el Mieh^[11]^: 484^[131] 31°38′59″N 35°00′09″E / 31.64972°N 35.00250°E / 31.64972; 35.00250^[11]^: 484
עדעדה	ʿdʿdh	Adadah	H5735	Joshua 15:22	1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)
עדר	ʿdr	Eder	H5740	Joshua 15:21	1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)
עוים	ʿwym	Avites^[15]	H5757	Joshua 13:3	3	Judah ? (Philistia)		Inhabitants of Ivvah/Avva (H5755) or Avim (H5761)
עוים	(h)ʿwym	Avim, Ha-Avim	H5761	Joshua 18:23	1	Benjamin (group A; important cities: Bethel, Jericho)
עזה	ʿzh	Gaza, Azzah	H5804	Joshua 10:41; 11:22; 15:47	21 [23]^[17]	Judah (by the sea; important cities: Ekron, Ashdod, Gaza)	? Tell Harube, Tell 'Azza/Gaza^[11]^{: 300–301}^[132] (in Gaza City) 31°30′21″N 34°27′39″E / 31.50583°N 34.46083°E / 31.50583; 34.46083; formerly identified with Tall al-Ajjul 31°28′04″N 34°24′16″E / 31.46778°N 34.40444°E / 31.46778; 34.40444
עזקה	ʿzqh	Azekah	H5825	Joshua 10:10-11; 15:35	7	Judah ("in the valley"; important cities: Eshtaol, Zoreah, Engannim, Tappuah, Jarmuth, Adullam, Socoh 1, Azekah)	Tell Zakariya/ Zakariyeh^[133]^: 74–5 31°42′02″N 34°56′10″E / 31.70056°N 34.93611°E / 31.70056; 34.93611^[133]^: 75
עזתי	ʿzty	Gazathite^[15]	H5841	Joshua 13:3	2	Judah	see Gaza (H5804)	An inhabitant of Gaza (H5804)
עטרות	ʿṭrwt	Ataroth [of Ephraim 2]	H5852	Joshua 16:7	1	Ephraim (Ephraim's eastern border, between Taanath-Shiloh, Janohah and Jericho)		= Ataroth [of Ephraim 1] (H5852) ?, = Ataroth-Addar (H5853) ?
עטרות	ʿṭrwt	Ataroth [of Ephraim 1]	H5852	Joshua 16:2	1	Ephraim (southern border, between Bethel and the lower Beth-Horon)	? 'Atara 32°00′09″N 35°12′23″E / 32.00250°N 35.20639°E / 32.00250; 35.20639	= Ataroth [of Ephraim 2] (H5852) ?, = Ataroth-Addar (H5853) ?
עטרות אדר	ʿṭrwt ʾdr	Ataroth-Addar	H5853	Joshua 16:5; 18:13	2	Ephraim?, Benjamin? (Ephraim's eastern border, not far from the upper Beth-Horon; northern border of Benjamin's territory between Luz-Bethel and the lower Beth-Choron)
עי, העי	(h)ʿy	Ai, Ha-Ai	H5857	Joshua 7:2-5; 8:1-3.9-12.14.17-18.20-21.23-26.28-29; 9:3; 10:1-2; 12:9	38 or 36	Benjamin? (beside Bethel; a small town near Beth-Aven, to the east of Bethel)	? Et-Tell (near Deir Dibwan) 31°55′00″N 35°15′41″E / 31.91667°N 35.26139°E / 31.91667; 35.26139; Khirbet el-Maqatir^[11]^: 384^[23]^: 230 (between Deir Dibwan and Beitin) 31°54′55″N 35°14′59″E / 31.91528°N 35.24972°E / 31.91528; 35.24972; Khirbet Haiyan^[134] 31°54′18″N 35°16′17″E / 31.90500°N 35.27139°E / 31.90500; 35.27139; Khirbet Nisya/Nisieh^[25]^[26] (near Psagot) 31°53′48″N 35°13′45″E / 31.89667°N 35.22917°E / 31.89667; 35.22917^[25]^: 23
עיים	ʿyym	Iim	H5864	Joshua 15:29	2 or 1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)
עין	ʿyn	Ain	H5871	Joshua 15:32; 19:7; 21:16	4	Simeon within Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag; a levitical city)
עין גדי	ʿyn gdy	En-Gedi	H5872	Joshua 15:62	6	Judah ("in the wilderness"; important cities: En-Gedi)	? Tell el-Jurn, Tel Goren^[135] 31°27′54″N 35°23′21″E / 31.46500°N 35.38917°E / 31.46500; 35.38917^[136]
עין גנים	ʿyn gnym	En-Gannim [of Judah]	H5873	Joshua 15:34	1	Judah ("in the valley"; important cities: Eshtaol, Zoreah, Engannim, Tappuah, Jarmuth, Adullam, Socoh 1, Azekah)
עין גנים	ʿyn gnym	En-Gannim [of Issachar]	H5873	Joshua 19:21; 21:29	2	Issachar (a levitical city)
עין דר	ʿyndr	Endor	H5874	Joshua 17:11	3	Manasseh (west of Jordan, among Issachar and Asher)	? Tell 'el-'gul;^[137]^: 19 Hirbet Safsafe^[137]^: 19
עין חדה	ʿyn ḥdh	En-Haddah	H5876	Joshua 19:21	1	Issachar
עין חצור	ʿyn ḥṣwr	En-Hazor	H5877	Joshua 19:37	1	Naphtali (a fortified city)
עינם, העינם	(h)ʿynm	Enam, Ha-Enam, Enaim	H5879	Joshua 15:34	2	Judah ("in the valley"; important cities: Eshtaol, Zoreah, Engannim, Tappuah, Jarmuth, Adullam, Socoh 1, Azekah)
עין תפוח	ʿyn tpwḥ	En-Tappuah	H5887	Joshua 17:7	1	Ephraim ?, Manasseh ? (border between Ephraim and Manasseh)		= Tappuah [Ephraim's city in Manasseh's territory] (8599) ?
עירהמלח	ʿyr(h)mlḥ	Ir Melach, Ir Ha-Melach (City of Salt)	H5898	Joshua 15:62	1	Judah ("in the wilderness"; important cities: En-Gedi)
עיר שמש	ʿyr šmš	Ir-Shemesh	H5905	Joshua 19:41	1	Dan
עלמון	ʿlmwn	Almon	H5960	Joshua 21:18	1	Benjamin (a levitical city)
עמה	ʿmh	Ummah	H5981	Joshua 19:30	1	Asher (south-eastern coastal territory of Asher)
עמעד	ʿmʿd	Amad	H6008	Joshua 19:26	1	Asher
ענב	ʿnb	Anab	H6024	Joshua 11:21; 15:50	2	Judah ("in the mountains"; important cities: Debir, Goshen)
ענים	ʿnym	Anim	H6044	Joshua 15:50	1	Judah ("in the mountains"; important cities: Debir, Goshen)
ענתות	ʿntwt	Anathoth	H6068	Joshua 21:18	13	Benjamin (a levitical city)	? 'Anata^[138] 31°48′33″N 35°15′29″E / 31.80917°N 35.25806°E / 31.80917; 35.25806?; Ras el-Kharrubeh^[139] 31°48′06″N 35°15′12″E / 31.80167°N 35.25333°E / 31.80167; 35.25333??;^[139] Khirbet Deir es-Sidd^[140] 31°48′36″N 35°16′30″E / 31.81000°N 35.27500°E / 31.81000; 35.27500^[140]
עפני	(h)ʿpny	Ophni, Ha-Ophni	H6078	Joshua 18:24	1	Benjamin (group A; important cities: Bethel, Jericho)
עפרה	ʿprh	Ophrah	H6084	Joshua 18:23	7 or 1	Benjamin (group A; important cities: Bethel, Jericho)	? Taybeh, et-Taiyibeh/ Taiyiba/ Taiyibe/ Tayyibeh^[106]^: 121^[141] 31°57′09″N 35°18′10″E / 31.95250°N 35.30278°E / 31.95250; 35.30278;^[142] Beitin^[25]^: 21–2 31°55′37″N 35°14′19″E / 31.92694°N 35.23861°E / 31.92694; 35.23861
עצם	ʿṣm	Azem	H6107	Joshua 15:29; 19:3	3	Simeon within Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)
עצמונה	ʿṣmwnh	Azmon	H6111	Joshua 15:4	3	Judah (southern border; to the west of the river of Egypt, not far from the Mediterranean Sea)
עקרון	ʿqrwn	Ekron	H6138	Joshua 13:3; 15:11.45.46; 19:43	22 [24]^[17]	Judah (by the sea; important cities: Ekron, Ashdod, Gaza; northern border of Philistia?; near Judah's northern border); Dan (border city between Dan and Judah?)	? Khirbet el-Muqanna (near Yad Binyamin) 31°46′44″N 34°51′00″E / 31.77889°N 34.85000°E / 31.77889; 34.85000; formerly identified with Aqir 31°51′40″N 34°49′23″E / 31.86111°N 34.82306°E / 31.86111; 34.82306, Zikrin 31°39′48″N 34°51′38″E / 31.66333°N 34.86056°E / 31.66333; 34.86056, Qatra 31°49′19″N 34°46′39″E / 31.82194°N 34.77750°E / 31.82194; 34.77750
עקרוני	ʿqrwny	Ekronite^[15]	H6139	Joshua 13:3	2	Judah (one of the main Philistine cities)	see Ekron (H6138)	An inhabitant of Ekron (H6138)
הערבה	(h)ʿrbh	Arabah, Ha-Arabah	H6160	Joshua 18:18	2?	Benjamin? (southern border of Benjamin, close to Beth-Hoglah and the Jordan river)		= Beth-Arabah [of Benjamin] (H1026) ?
ערד	ʿrd	Arad	H6166	Joshua 12:14	4	Judah?	Tel Arad 31°16′52″N 35°7′34″E / 31.28111°N 35.12611°E / 31.28111; 35.12611
ערוער	ʿrwʿr	Aroer [of Reuben]	H6177	Joshua 12:2; 13:9.16	15 or 14	Reuben (east of Jordan, on the bank of the river Arnon, in the middle of the river)	? Khirbet 'Ara'ir^[143]^[144] at 'Ara'ir 31°28′16″N 35°49′10″E / 31.47111°N 35.81944°E / 31.47111; 35.81944
ערוער	ʿrwʿr	Aroer [of Gad]	H6177	Joshua 13:25	2 or 1	Gad (east of Jordan, not far from Rabbah of Amon)	Tell el-‘Umeiri^[22]^{: 680–681}
עשן	ʿšn	Ashan	H6228	Joshua 15:42; 19:7	4	Simeon within Judah (important cities: Libnah, Keilah, Achzib, Maresha)
עשתרות	ʿštrwt	Ashtaroth	H6252	Joshua 9:10; 12:4; 13:12.31	12	Manasseh (east of Jordan; in Bashan)	? Tell Ashtarah^[145] 32°48′15″N 36°00′56″E / 32.80417°N 36.01556°E / 32.80417; 36.01556;^[11]^: 232 Al-Shaykh Saad, Sheikh Sa'ad as Karnaim^[146] 32°50′11″N 36°02′10″E / 32.83639°N 36.03611°E / 32.83639; 36.03611^[10]^: 336
עתה קצין	ʿth qṣyn	Ittah-Kazin	H6278	Joshua 19:13	1	Zebulun (Zebulun's eastern? border)	? Ḫirbet Bēyīn;^[7]^: 430 Ḫirbet Felīh^[7]^: 430
עתר	ʿtr	Ether	H6281	Joshua 15:42; 19:7	2	Simeon within Judah (important cities: Libnah, Keilah, Achzib, Maresha)	Khirbat el-‘Atar^[147]
פרה	(h)prh	Parah, Ha-Pharah	H6511	Joshua 18:23	1	Benjamin (group A; important cities: Bethel, Jericho)
צדים, הצדים	(h)ṣdym	Ziddim, Ha-Ziddim	H6661	Joshua 19:35	1	Naphtali (a fortified city)
צידון, צידון רבה	ṣydwn (rbh)	Sidon (the great)	H6721 (+ H7227)	Joshua 11:8; 19:28	21 [37]^[17]	Asher (north-western border)	Saint Louis Castle area^[11]^: 500 at Sidon 33°33′38″N 35°22′14″E / 33.56056°N 35.37056°E / 33.56056; 35.37056
צידנים	ṣydnym	Sidonians^[15]	H6722	Joshua 13:4.6	16	Asher	see Sidon (H6721)	Inhabitants of Sidon (H6721)
ציער	ṣyʿr	Zior	H6730	Joshua 15:54	1	Judah (important cities: Hebron)
צלע	ṣlʿ	Zelah	H6762	Joshua 18:28	2	Benjamin (group B; important cities: Gibeon, Ramah, Mizpeh, Jerusalem)
צמרים	ṣmrym	Zemaraim	H6787	Joshua 18:22	1	Benjamin (group A; important cities: Bethel, Jericho)	? Ras et-Tahuneh;^[24] er-Rammun^[24]
צנן	ṣnn	Zenan	H6799	Joshua 15:37	1	Judah (important cities: Lachish, Eglon, Makkedah)	Arak el-Kharba^[148]
צעננים	ṣʿnnym	Zaanannim	H6815	Joshua 19:33	2	Naphtali	Ḫirbet ‘Arbīṯa^[37]^{: 256–258}
צפון	ṣpwn	Zaphon	H6829	Joshua 13:27	1	Gad (east of Jordan)	? Tell el-Qōs^[37]^{: 497–500}
צקלג	ṣqlg	Ziklag	H6860	Joshua 15:31; 19:5	15	Simeon within Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)	? Tell esh-Shari'ah, Tell Sera'^[149]^[150] 31°23′26″N 34°40′40″E / 31.39056°N 34.67778°E / 31.39056; 34.67778;^[11]^: 474 Tell el-Hesi^[149]^[150] 31°32′51″N 34°43′49″E / 31.54750°N 34.73028°E / 31.54750; 34.73028; Tell el-Khuweilifeh, Tel Halif^[149]^[150] 31°22′59″N 34°51′58″E / 31.38306°N 34.86611°E / 31.38306; 34.86611; Tell 'Areini^[150] (near Kiryat Gat) 31°36′42″N 34°47′07″E / 31.61167°N 34.78528°E / 31.61167; 34.78528; Tell en-Nejileh, Tel Nagila^[150] (between Ahuzam and Beit Kama) 31°30′08″N 34°45′28″E / 31.50222°N 34.75778°E / 31.50222; 34.75778; Khirbet Meshash, Tel Masos^[149] 31°12′47″N 34°58′00″E / 31.21306°N 34.96667°E / 31.21306; 34.96667; Tell es-Seba^[149] (near Beersheba) 31°14′41″N 34°50′27″E / 31.24472°N 34.84083°E / 31.24472; 34.84083; Khirbet Zuheilikah/Zuheiliqah^[150] 31°25′51″N 34°37′59″E / 31.43083°N 34.63306°E / 31.43083; 34.63306?^[151]
צר	ṣr	Zer, Tyre [of Naphtali]	H6863	Joshua 19:35	1	Naphtali (a fortified city)
צר	ṣr	Tyre [of Asher]	H6865	Joshua 19:29	42	Asher (eastern border)	Tyre 33°16′15″N 35°11′40″E / 33.27083°N 35.19444°E / 33.27083; 35.19444
צרעה	ṣrʿh	Zoreah, Zorah	H6881	Joshua 15:33; 19:41	10	Judah ("in the valley"; important cities: Eshtaol, Zoreah, Engannim, Tappuah, Jarmuth, Adullam, Socoh 1, Azekah); Dan (border city between Dan and Judah?)	? Tel Tzora/ Tzar'a/ Tsar'a, (Tell) Sar'a^[152] 31°46′31″N 34°59′08″E / 31.77528°N 34.98556°E / 31.77528; 34.98556
צרת השחר	ṣrt (h)šḥr	Zareth-Shahar, Zareth-Ha-Shahar	H6890	Joshua 13:19	1	Reuben (east of Jordan)	Boz al-Mushelle^[22]^{: 671–672}
צרתן	ṣrtn	Zaretan	H6891	Joshua 3:16	3	? (Located by the Jordan river, near Adam, far from Jericho)	? el-Makhruq^[3]^: 100
קבצאל	qbṣʾl	Kabzeel	H6909	Joshua 15:21	3	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)
קבצים	qbṣym	Kibzaim	H6911	Joshua 21:22	1	Ephraim (a levitical city)
קדמת	qdmt	Kedemoth	H6932	Joshua 13:18; 21:37	4	Reuben (east of Jordan; a levitical city)	es-Saliyeh^[22]^: 669
קדש	qdš	Kedesh [of Judah]	H6943	Joshua 15:23	1?	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)		= Kedesh Barnea (H6947) ?
קדש	qdš	Kedesh [of Naphtali]	H6943	Joshua 12:22; 19:37; 20:7; 21:32	11?	Naphtali (a fortified city; in Galilee; a city of refuge; a levitical city)	? Tell Qadas/ Qades^[8]^: 295 (near Ramot Naftali) 33°06′36″N 35°31′51″E / 33.11000°N 35.53083°E / 33.11000; 35.53083;^[10]^: 348 Khirbet el-Kidish/ Qedish/ Qadish^[8]^: 295 (near Poria Illit) 32°44′03″N 35°33′17″E / 32.73417°N 35.55472°E / 32.73417; 35.55472;^[10]^: 341 some passages might refer to Tell Abu Qudeis^[8]^: 295 32°33′34″N 35°12′59″E / 32.55944°N 35.21639°E / 32.55944; 35.21639^[10]^: 350
קדש ברנע	qdš brnʿ	Kadesh Barnea	H6947	Joshua 10:41; 14:6.7; 15:3	10	Judah (southern border)	? Tell el-Qudeirat^[153] 30°38′53″N 34°25′21″E / 30.64806°N 34.42250°E / 30.64806; 34.42250;^[153] 'Ain el-Qudeirat^[154] 30°38′33″N 34°24′49″E / 30.64250°N 34.41361°E / 30.64250; 34.41361;^[155] 'Ain Qadeis/Kadeis^[154] 30°35′03″N 34°29′09″E / 30.58417°N 34.48583°E / 30.58417; 34.48583;^[156] 'Ain al-Qusaima/Quseima^[154] 30°40′00″N 34°22′00″E / 30.66667°N 34.36667°E / 30.66667; 34.36667;^[157] El Muweilah^[154] 30°41′09″N 34°19′12″E / 30.68583°N 34.32000°E / 30.68583; 34.32000;^[158] formerly identified with Petra^[159]	= Kedesh [of Judah] (H6943) ?
קטח	qṭḥ	Kattath	H7005	Joshua 19:15	1	Zebulun
קין	(h)qyn	Cain, Ha-Cain	H7014	Joshua 15:57	1	Judah (important cities: Gibeah, Timnah)	Ḫirbet Yūqīn^[160]
קינה	qynh	Kinah	H7016	Joshua 15:22	1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)
קנה	qnh	Kanah	H7071	Joshua 19:28	1	Asher (northern border?)	Qana^[34]^: 33 33°12′33″N 35°17′57″E / 33.20917°N 35.29917°E / 33.20917; 35.29917
קעילה	qʿylh	Keilah	H7084	Joshua 15:44	17	Judah (important cities: Libnah, Keilah, Achzib, Maresha)	Khirbet Qila (at Qila) 31°36′50″N 35°00′10″E / 31.61389°N 35.00278°E / 31.61389; 35.00278^[11]^: 359
קציץ, עמק קציץ	qṣyṣ, ʿmq qṣyṣ	Keziz, Emek-Keziz	H7104, H6010+H7104	Joshua 18:21	1	Benjamin (group A; important cities: Bethel, Jericho)	? Khirbet el-Marjameh^[24] 31°59′29″N 35°19′57″E / 31.99139°N 35.33250°E / 31.99139; 35.33250
קריות	qrywt (qrywt ḥṣrwn ?)	Kerioth (Kerioth-Hezron?)	H7152	Joshua 15:25	1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)		= Hezron (H2696) ?
קריתארבע	qrytʾrbʿ	Kirjath-Arba	H7153	Joshua 14:15; 15:13.54; 20:7; 21:11	9	Judah (important cities: Hebron; a city of refuge; a levitical city for Kohathites)	see Hebron (H2275)	= Hebron (H2275)
קריתבעל	qrytbʿl	Kiriath-Baal	H7154	Joshua 15:60; 18:14	2	Judah (important cities: Kiriath-Jearim; border between Judah and Benjamin - south-western corner of Benjamin's territory)	see Kiriath-Jearim (H7157)	= Kiriath-Jearim (H7157)
קריתים	qrytym	Kirjathaim	H7156	Joshua 13:19	6	Reuben (east of Jordan)	? Khirbat al-Qureijat^[27]^: 122 31°31′54″N 35°52′49″E / 31.53167°N 35.88028°E / 31.53167; 35.88028?;^[27]^: 122 Khirbat al-Qureiyeh^[27]^: 122–3 31°42′55″N 35°40′30″E / 31.71528°N 35.67500°E / 31.71528; 35.67500?;^[161] Qaryat al-Mekhaiyet, Khirbat Mukhayyat^[27]^: 122–3 31°44′56″N 35°44′37″E / 31.74889°N 35.74361°E / 31.74889; 35.74361;^[162] Qrajet el-Waran^[22]^: 670–1
קרית	qryt	Kirjath	H7157	Joshua 18:28	1	Benjamin (group B; important cities: Gibeon, Ramah, Mizpeh, Jerusalem)		= Kiriath-Jearim (H7157, Judah's) ?
קריתיערים	qrytyʿrym	Kiriath-Jearim	H7157	Joshua 9:17; 15:9.60; 18:14-15; [18:28?]	19	Judah, Benjamin? (important cities: Kiriath-Jearim; border between Judah and Benjamin - south-western corner of Benjamin's territory; a city of Gibeonites alongside Gibeon, Chephirah and Beeroth)	? Deir el Azar 31°48′39″N 35°05′59″E / 31.81083°N 35.09972°E / 31.81083; 35.09972^[11]^: 440	= Kiriath-Baal (H7154), = Baalah [of Judah 1] (H1173), = Kirjath (H7157) ?
קריתספר	qrytspr	Kirjath-Sepher	H7158	Joshua 15:15-16	4	Judah ("in the mountains"; important cities: Debir, Goshen)	see Debir [of Judah 1] (H1688)	= Debir [of Judah 1] (H1688)
קריתסנה	qrytsnh	Kirjath-Sannah	H7158	Joshua 15:49	1	Judah ("in the mountains"; important cities: Debir, Goshen)	see Debir [of Judah 1] (H1688)	= Debir [of Judah 1] (H1688)
קרקעה, הקרקעה	(h)qrqʿh	Karkaa, Ha-Karkaa	H7173	Joshua 15:3	1	Judah (southern border; to the east of Adar, Hezron and Kadesh-Barnea)
קרתה	qrth	Kartah	H7177	Joshua 21:34	1	Zebulun (a levitical city)
קרתן	qrtn	Kartan	H7178	Joshua 21:32	1	Naphtali (a levitical city)
קשיון	qšywn	Kishion	H7191	Joshua 19:20; 21:28	2	Issachar (a levitical city)
ראמת	rʾmt	Ramoth	H7216	Joshua 20:8; [21:38]	4	Gad (in Gilead; a city of refuge; a levitical city)	see Ramoth Gilead (H7433)	= Ramoth (H7433)
רבה	(h)rbh	Rabbah, Ha-Rabbah [of Judah]	H7237	Joshua 15:60	1	Judah (important cities: Kiriath-Jearim)
רבה	rbh	Rabbah, Rabbah [of Ammonites]	H7237	Joshua 13:25	14	Ammonites	Jabal al-Qal'a^[87] (in Amman) 31°57′17″N 35°56′03″E / 31.95472°N 35.93417°E / 31.95472; 35.93417
רבית, הרבית	(h)rbyt	Rabbith, Ha-Rabbith	H7245	Joshua 19:20	1	Issachar
רחב	rḥb	Rehob [of Asher 1]	H7340	Joshua 19:28; (21:31?)	6 or 1	Asher (northern border?; a levitical city?)	? Tell al-Balat^[163]^: 71 33°06′53″N 35°17′26″E / 33.11472°N 35.29056°E / 33.11472; 35.29056^[164]; Khirbat al-ʿAmri^[165] 33°03′59″N 35°08′18″E / 33.06639°N 35.13833°E / 33.06639; 35.13833?;^[166] Tel Rosh^[34] 32°02′28.6″N 35°19′57.9″E / 32.041278°N 35.332750°E / 32.041278; 35.332750; formerly identified with Hunin^[167]
רחב	rḥb	Rehob [of Asher 2]	H7340	Joshua 19:30; (21:31?)	1?	Asher (south-eastern coastal territory of Asher; a levitical city?)	? Tell Bir al-Gharbi, Tel Bira^[163]^: 71–2 32°54′04″N 35°10′09″E / 32.90111°N 35.16917°E / 32.90111; 35.16917^[13]^: 99
ראמת	rʾmt	Ramath, Ramath-Negev	H7414	Joshua 19:8	1?	Simeon (within Judah?, in the Negev?)
רמה, הרמה	(h)rmh	Ramah, Ha-Ramah [of Benjamin]	H7414	Joshua 18:25	33?	Benjamin (group B; important cities: Gibeon, Ramah, Mizpeh, Jerusalem)	? Al-Ram 31°51′13″N 35°14′00″E / 31.85361°N 35.23333°E / 31.85361; 35.23333
רמה, הרמה	(h)rmh	Ramah, Ha-Ramah [of Asher]	H7414	Joshua 19:29	1?	Asher (eastern border between Sidon and Tyre)	Rāmiye^[37]^{: 244–245}
רמה, הרמה	(h)rmh	Ramah, Ha-Ramah [of Naphtali]	H7414	Joshua 19:36	1?	Naphtali (a fortified city)	? Ḫirbet Zētūn er-Rāme (in ar-Rame)^[37]^: 245 32°56′21″N 35°22′02″E / 32.93917°N 35.36722°E / 32.93917; 35.36722
רמון	rmwn	Rimmon, Remmon	H7417	Joshua 15:32; 19:7	8 or 4	Simeon within Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag)	? Khirbet Umm er-Ramamin^[168] (Khirbet Raymond?) 31°22′19″N 34°51′55″E / 31.37194°N 34.86528°E / 31.37194; 34.86528;^[169] Ain-Urtās/Artās?^[170]
רמון המתאר	rmwn (h)mtʾr	Rimmon-Methoar, Remmon-Ha-Methoar	H7417	Joshua 19:13	3	Zebulun (Zabulun's eastern? border)	Ḫirbet er-Rūma;^[7]^: 430 Rummāne^[7]^: 430
רמת	rmt	Remeth	H7432	Joshua 19:21	1	Issachar
רמת, רמת גלעד	rmt, rmt glʿd	Ramoth, Ramoth Gilead	H7433	Joshua [20:8;] 21:38	21	Gad (in Gilead; a city of refuge; a levitical city)	? Khirbat al Rumaythah, Tell er-Rumeit^[171] (near Ar Ramtha) 32°29′59″N 36°00′53″E / 32.49972°N 36.01472°E / 32.49972; 36.01472	= Ramoth (H7216)
רמת המצפה	rmt (h)mṣph	Ramath-Mizpeh, Ramath-Ha-Mizpeh	H7434	Joshua 13:26	1	Gad (east of Jordan)	? Sūf;^[37]^{: 481–484} Tell el-Maṣfā^[37]^{: 481–484}
הרקון	(h)rqwn	Rakkon, Ha-Rakkon	H7542	Joshua 19:46	1	Dan
רקם	rqm	Rekem	H7552	Joshua 18:27	1	Benjamin (group B; important cities: Gibeon, Ramah, Mizpeh, Jerusalem)
רקת	rqt	Rakkath	H7557	Joshua 19:35	1	Naphtali (a fortified city)
שבמה	šbmh	Sibmah	H7643	Joshua 13:19	6	Reuben (east of Jordan)	? Umm el-Qanafid^[22]^: 671 31°50′N 35°50′E / 31.833°N 35.833°E / 31.833; 35.833
שבע	šbʿ	Sheba	H7652	Joshua 19:2	1	Simeon within Judah (listed alongside Moladah)		= Shema (H8090) ?
שברים, השברים	(h)šbrym	Shebarim, Ha-Shebarim	H7671	Joshua 7:5	1	Benjamin?, Judah? (not very far from Ai, probably to the east of Ai)
שוכה	šwkh	Socoh [of Judah 1]	H7755	Joshua 15:35	6	Judah ("in the valley"; important cities: Eshtaol, Zoreah, Engannim, Tappuah, Jarmuth, Adullam, Socoh 1, Azekah)	? Khirbet esh-Shuwaikah/Shuweikeh^[133]^: 77 + Khirbet 'Abbad^[172] 31°40′55″N 34°58′26″E / 31.68194°N 34.97389°E / 31.68194; 34.97389;^[173] formerly identified with Tell Zakariya^[133]^: 77 31°42′02″N 34°56′10″E / 31.70056°N 34.93611°E / 31.70056; 34.93611^[133]^: 75
שוכה	šwkh	Socoh [of Judah 2]	H7755	Joshua 15:48	1	Judah ("in the mountains"; important cities: Debir, Goshen)	? Khirbet Shuweikeh^[172] 31°24′13″N 35°00′18″E / 31.40361°N 35.00500°E / 31.40361; 35.00500^[174]
שונם	šwnm	Shunem	H7766	Joshua 19:18	3	Issachar
שחצומה, שחצימה	šḥṣwmh, šḥṣymh	Shahazimah	H7831	Joshua 19:22	1	Issachar
שטים, השטים	(h)šṭym	Shittim	H7851	Joshua 2:1; 3:1	5	? (a place on the east side of the Jordan river, not far from Jericho)	Tell el-Hammam^[27]^: 89–90 31°50′25″N 35°40′25″E / 31.8402°N 35.6737°E / 31.8402; 35.6737
שיאן	šyʾn	Shihon	H7866	Joshua 19:19	1	Issachar
שיחור	šyḥwr	Sihor	H7883	Joshua 13:3	2	? (southern Canaan, "before the face of Egypt")
שיחור לבנח	šyḥwr lbnḥ	Shihor-libnath	H7884	Joshua 19:26	1	Asher (not far from Carmel)
שלה	šlh	Shiloh	H7887	Joshua 18:1.8-10; 19:51; 21:2; 22:9.12	32	? Ephraim?	Khirbet Seilun (near Shilo) 32°03′21″N 35°17′23″E / 32.05583°N 35.28972°E / 32.05583; 35.28972
שכם	škm	Shechem	H7927	Joshua 17:7; 20:7; 21:21; 24:1.25.32	49 or 48	Ephraim (not far from Michmethah, not far from the border between Ephraim and Manasseh?; a city of refuge; a levitical city; an Israelite meeting place at the end of Joshua's life)	Tell Balata (in Balata) 32°12′49″N 35°16′56″E / 32.21361°N 35.28222°E / 32.21361; 35.28222
שכרונה	škrwnh	Shicron	H7942	Joshua 15:11	1	Judah (northern border, west or north-west of Ekron, not far from mount Baalah)
שלחים	šlḥym	Shilhim	H7978	Joshua 15:32	1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag; listed between Lebaoth and Ain, Rimmon)		= Sharuhen (H8287, Simeon's) ?
שמיר	šmyr	Shamir	H8069	Joshua 15:48	3	Judah ("in the mountains"; important cities: Debir, Goshen)
שמע	šmʿ	Shema	H8090	Joshua 15:26	1	Judah (southwestern territory bordering Edom; group A, important cities: Beersheba, Hormah, Ziklag; listed alongside Moladah)		= Sheba (H7652, Simeon's) ?
שמרון	šmrwn	Shimrom	H8110	Joshua 11:1; 19:15	2	Zebulun (not very far from Hazor, Madon and Achshaph)	Tel Shimron 32°42′13″N 35°12′50″E / 32.70361°N 35.21389°E / 32.70361; 35.21389	= Shimron-Meron (H8112) ?
שמרון מראון	šmrwn mrʾwn	Shimron-Meron	H8112	Joshua 12:20	1	? (the king of this city was defeated by Joshua)		= Shimrom (H8110) ?
שעלבין	šʿlbyn	Shaalabbin	H8169	Joshua 19:42	3	Dan	kibbutz Sha'alavim, former village Salbit^[175]
שורים	šʿrym	Shaaraim	H8189	Joshua 15:36	3 or 2	Judah ("in the valley"; important cities: Eshtaol, Zoreah, Engannim, Tappuah, Jarmuth, Adullam, Socoh 1, Azekah)	? Khirbet Qeiyafa^[176]
שרוחן	šrwḥn	Sharuhen	H8287	Joshua 19:6	1	Simeon within Judah (listed between Beth-Lebaoth and Ain, Rimmon)		= Shilhim (H7978) ?
לשרון	lšrwn	Lasharon	H8289	Joshua 12:18	1?	? (the king of this city was defeated by Joshua)
שריד	šryd	Sarid	H8301	Joshua 19:10.12	2	Zebulun (Zebulun's border - south-western? corner)	Tell Shadud^[177] just east of kibbutz Sarid 32°39′42″N 35°14′0″E / 32.66167°N 35.23333°E / 32.66167; 35.23333
תאנת שלה	tʾnt šlh	Taanath-Shiloh	H8387	Joshua 16:6	1	Ephraim (Ephraim's eastern border, between the upper Beth-Horon, Michmethah and Janohah, Jericho)	? Khirbet Tana el-Foqa;^[86] Khirbet Tana et-Tahta^[86] 32°09′09″N 35°23′44″E / 32.15250°N 35.39556°E / 32.15250; 35.39556
תבור	tbwr	Tabor	H8396	Joshua 19:22	1 to 4	Issachar	? Dabūrye^[37]^: 254
תמנה	tmnh	Timnah	H8553	Joshua 15:10.57	11?	Judah (important cities: Gibeah, Timnah; northern border, between Beth-Shemesh and Ekron)	? Tell el-Batashi^[178] 31°47′05″N 34°54′40″E / 31.78472°N 34.91111°E / 31.78472; 34.91111;^[179] formerly identified with Khirbet Tibneh^[178] 31°44′40″N 34°56′03″E / 31.74444°N 34.93417°E / 31.74444; 34.93417?^[173]^[180]	= Thimnathah (H8553, Dan's) ?
תמנתה	tmnth	Thimnathah	H8553	Joshua 19:43	1	Dan		= Timnah (H8553, Judah's) ?
תמנתסרח	tmntsrḥ	Timnathserah	H8556	Joshua 19:50; 24:30	3	Ephraim (Joshua's inheritance; on the north of the hill of Gaash)	Khirbet Tibnah^[37]^: 198 32°00′30″N 35°06′40″E / 32.00833°N 35.11111°E / 32.00833; 35.11111
תענך	tʿnk	Taanach	H8590	Joshua 12:21; 17:11; 21:25	7	Manasseh (west of Jordan, among Issachar and Asher; a levitical city)	Tell Ta'annek/Tiinik^[181] 32°31′15″N 35°13′11″E / 32.52083°N 35.21972°E / 32.52083; 35.21972^[11]^: 509
תפוח	tpwḥ	Tappuah [of Judah]	H8599	Joshua (12:17?;) 15:34	2 or 1	Judah ("in the valley"; important cities: Eshtaol, Zoreah, Engannim, Tappuah, Jarmuth, Adullam, Socoh 1, Azekah)
תפוח	tpwḥ	Tappuah [of Ephraim]	H8599	Joshua (12:17?;) 16:8; 17:8	4 or 3	Ephraim (northern border of Ephraim, located between Ephraim and Manasseh's territories)	Tell esh-Sheikh Abu-Zarad^[137]^: 13–14	= En-Tappuah (H5887) ?
תראלה	trʾlh	Taralah	H8634	Joshua 18:27	1	Benjamin (group B; important cities: Gibeon, Ramah, Mizpeh, Jerusalem)
תרצה	trṣh	Tirzah	H8656	Joshua 12:24	14	? (a king of this city was defeated by Joshua)	?^[96]^: 116 Tell el-Far'ah (North)^[182]^[183]^[184]^: 142 32°17′14″N 35°20′15″E / 32.28722°N 35.33750°E / 32.28722; 35.33750

References

^ Academic style consonantal transliteration following Society of Biblical Literature (2014). "TRANSLITERATING AND TRANSCRIBING ANCIENT TEXTS". The SBL Handbook of Style. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature. p. 56. doi:10.2307/j.ctt14bs6ct.9. ISBN 9781589839656. JSTOR j.ctt14bs6ct.
^ Coordinates provided using the Palestine grid system (publications prior to 1994) have been converted to the World Geodetic System ("EPSG:4326 WGS 84") using the "EPSG.io: Coordinate Systems Worldwide" (Klokan Technologies GmbH) online converter (with "EPSG:7142 Palestine 1923 / Palestine Grid modified" as the source). Coordinates described by the Israeli Transverse Mercator (works published after 1993) have been converted using the "EPSG:2039 Israel 1993 / Israeli TM Grid" as the source.
^ ^a ^b Zertal, Adam; Bar, Shay (2017). The Manasseh Hill Country Survey Volume 4: From Nahal Bezeq to the Sartaba. BRILL. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-90-04-34696-3.
^ ^a ^b Porter, J. L. (1863). "Edrei". In Smith, William (ed.). A Dictionary of the Bible: Comprising Its Antiquities, Biography, and Natural History. Vol. 1. John Murray. pp. 491–2. Retrieved 2018-06-09.
^ Douglas, J. D.; Tenney, Merrill C. (2011) [1987]. "Edrei". Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Zondervan. p. 388. ISBN 9780310492351. Retrieved 2018-06-09.
^ Nelson, Richard D. (2004) [2002]. Deuteronomy: A Commentary. The Old Testament Library. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 52. ISBN 9780664229542.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gaß, Erasmus (2023). "Evaluating the Tribe of Zebulon according to the Border Description in Joshua 19". Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel. 12 (4): 416–437. doi:10.1628/hebai-2023-0030. ISSN 2192-2276.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Junkkaala, Eero Kalevi (2006). Three Conquests of Canaan (PDF). Åbo Akademi University Press. ISBN 978-9517653350. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-26. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
^ ^a ^b Langston, Scott M. (2000). "Aijalon". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. p. 37. ISBN 9789053565032. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Goren, Yuval; Finkelstein, Israel; Na'aman, Nadav (2004). Inscribed in Clay, Provenance Study of the Amarna Tablets and Other Ancient Near Eastern Texts. Monograph series. Vol. 23. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. ISBN 9789652660206.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Kennedy, Titus Michael (2013). A Demographic Analysis of Late Bronze Age Canaan: Ancient Population. Estimates and Insights through Archaeology (PhD). University of South Africa. hdl:10500/13257.
^ ^a ^b Zissu, Boaz; Gass, Erasmus (2011). "The identification of biblical Achzib at Khirbet 'Ēn el-Kizbe in the Judean Shephelah, and the origins of Shimon bar Kokhba". In Maeir, Aren M.; Magness, Jodi; Schiffman, Lawrence (eds.). 'Go Out and Study the Land' (Judges 18:2): Archaeological, Historical and Textual Studies in Honor of Hanan Eshel. BRILL. pp. 377–426. ISBN 978-90-04-20268-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lehmann, Gunnar (2001). "Phoenicians in Western Galilee: First Results of an Archaeological Survey in the Hinterland of Akko". In Mazar, Amihai (ed.). Studies in the Archaeology of the Iron Age in Israel and Jordan. Journal of the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement. Vol. 331. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 9781841272030.
^ "EPSG.io: Coordinate Systems Worldwide (1605.2500)". Klokan Technologies GmbH. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k A word (esp. describing citizens or inhabitants) derived from a given town's name
^ Some assume, that it is the place of Archi. (Johnson,Siegfried S.: Art. 'Archite', Anchor Bible Dictionary 1 (1992) p. 369, ISBN 978-0300140019)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Including derived words, esp. those describing citizens or inhabitants or a given town
^ ^a ^b ^c The city's name is not mentioned in the book of Joshua directly but its derivative (esp. a word describing the town's citizens) is used.
^ ^a ^b Zertal, Adam (2004). The Manasseh Hill Country Survey, Volume 2. BRILL. pp. 107, 110. ISBN 978-90-04-16369-0.
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^ Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 167f. ISBN 9780826485717.
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^ Younker, Randall W. (2023). "The Case for Jalul as Biblical Bezer". In Ben-Yosef, Erez; Jones, Ian W. N. (eds.). "And in Length of Days Understanding" (Job 12:12): Essays on Archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond in Honor of Thomas E. Levy. Springer Nature. pp. 943–959. ISBN 978-3-031-27330-8.
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^ Muilenburg, James (1955). "The Site of Ancient Gilgal". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 140 (140): 11–27. doi:10.2307/1355965. JSTOR 1355965. S2CID 164115319.
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^ Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section VI. South Gilead and Ammon" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 25–6. § B4.
^ "066) Nitla, Khirbet en-/Tell Jaljul (Galgala)". Palestine Archaeological Databank and Information System. Sapienza University of Rome & Palestinian Department of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage. 2011. Archived from the original on 2015-05-14. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
^ Zertal, Adam; Mirkam, Nivi (2016). The Manasseh Hill Country Survey: Volume 3: From Nahal 'Iron to Nahal Shechem. BRILL. pp. 67–68. ISBN 978-90-04-31230-2.
^ Kochavi, Moshe (1974). "Khirbet Rabûd = Debir". Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University. 1 (1): 2–33. doi:10.1179/033443574788593494.
^ Greenberg, Raphael (1987). "New Light on the Early Iron Age at Tell Beit Mirsim". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 265 (265): 55–80. doi:10.2307/1356807. JSTOR 1356807. S2CID 164106925.
^ Albright, William F. (1926). "The Excavations at Tell Beit Mirsim". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 23 (23): 2–14. doi:10.2307/1354957. JSTOR 1354957. S2CID 163246424.
^ Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 130. ISBN 9780826485717.
^ Stern, Ephraim (1997). "Discoveries at Tel Dor". In Silberman, Neil Asher; Small, David B. (eds.). The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present. Journal for the study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series. Vol. 237. Sheffield Academic Press. p. 128. ISBN 9781850756507.
^ Strange, John (2000). "The Palestinian City-States of the Bronze Age". In Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.). A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures. Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter. Vol. 21. p. 69. ISBN 9788778761774.
^ Steiner, Margreet L. (2014). "Moab during the Iron Age II period". In Steiner, Margreet L.; Killebrew, Ann E. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: C. 8000-332 BCE. Oxford University Press. p. 773. ISBN 9780199212972.
^ Liverani, Mario (2014). Israel's History and the History of Israel. Routledge. p. 424. ISBN 9781317488934.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Rainey, Anson F. (1982). "Wine from the Royal Vineyards". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 245 (245): 57–62. doi:10.2307/1356528. JSTOR 1356528. S2CID 164003915.
^ Pitkänen, Pekka (2010). Joshua. Apollos Old Testament Commentary. Vol. 6. InterVarsity Press. p. 295. ISBN 9780830825066.
^ Finkelstein, Israel (2013). "Geographical and Historical Realities behind the Earliest Layer in the David Story". Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament. 27 (2): 131–150. doi:10.1080/09018328.2013.839104. S2CID 161351735.
^ Rahmani, L. Y. (1972). "A Bilingual Ossuary-Inscription from Khirbet Zif". Israel Exploration Journal. 22 (2/3): 113–116. JSTOR 27925335.
^ Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land. (3rd edition 1993) Jerusalem, Carta, p.481, ISBN 965-220-186-3
^ ^a ^b Hardin, James; Rollston, Christopher A.; Blakely, Jeffrey A. (2012). "Biblical Geography in Southwestern Judah". Near Eastern Archaeology. 75 (1): 20–35. doi:10.5615/neareastarch.75.1.0020. ISSN 1094-2076.
^ Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land. (3rd edition 1993) Jerusalem, Carta, p.71 ("Adi"), ISBN 965-220-186-3
^ Gaß, Erasmus (2015). "Heleph" (PDF). In Allison, Dale C.; Helmer, Christine; Leppin, Volker; Seow, Choon-Leong; Spieckermann, Hermann; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Halah – Hizquni. Vol. 11. De Gruyter. p. 743. ISBN 978-3-11-031328-4.
^ Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 215. ISBN 9780826485717.
^ Pitkänen, Pekka (2010). Joshua. InterVarsity Press. p. 327. ISBN 978-0-8308-2506-6.
^ Gaß, Erasmus (2015). "Hepher" (PDF). In Allison, Dale C.; Helmer, Christine; Leppin, Volker; Seow, Choon-Leong; Spieckermann, Hermann; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Halah – Hizquni. Vol. 11. De Gruyter. pp. 825–826. ISBN 978-3-11-031328-4.
^ Gaß, Erasmus (2015). "Hazor-Hadattah" (PDF). In Allison, Dale C.; Helmer, Christine; Leppin, Volker; Seow, Choon-Leong; Spieckermann, Hermann; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Halah – Hizquni. Vol. 11. De Gruyter. pp. 444–445. ISBN 978-3-11-031328-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Na'aman, Nadav (1980). "The Inheritance of the Sons of Simeon". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 96 (2): 136–152. JSTOR 27931137.
^ Åhlfeldt, Johan (2014-11-01). "Malatha, Tell el Milh/Malhatha". Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire. Lund University, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History. Archived from the original on 2018-06-05. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
^ "Tel Masos: Israel". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 1993. Archived from the original on 2018-06-05. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
^ Grabbe, Lester L. (2006) [2004]. A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 9780567216175.
^ "Tel H̱alif: Israel". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 1993. Archived from the original on 2018-06-05. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
^ Miller, Robert D. (2012) [2005]. Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries BC. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 16. ISBN 9781620322086.
^ ^a ^b Phythian-Adams, William John (1922). "The Site of Ibleam". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 54 (4): 142–147. doi:10.1179/peq.1922.54.4.142.
^ Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section III. Galilee" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 19–20. § D4.
^ Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 253. ISBN 9780826485717.
^ Gaß, Erasmus (2016). "Jagur" (PDF). In Allison, Dale C.; Helmer, Christine; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Seow, Choon-Leong; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Ho Tsun Shen – Insult. Vol. 12. De Gruyter. pp. 679–680. ISBN 978-3-11-031329-1.
^ Gaß, Erasmus (2016). "Idalah" (PDF). In Allison, Dale C.; Helmer, Christine; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Seow, Choon-Leong; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Ho Tsun Shen – Insult. Vol. 12. De Gruyter. pp. 800–801. ISBN 978-3-11-031329-1.
^ Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 547f. ISBN 9780826485717.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Lipiński, Edward (2006). On the Skirts of Canaan in the Iron Age: Historical and Topographical Researches. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Vol. 153. Peeters Publishers. p. 328. ISBN 9789042917989.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bar, Shay; Zertal, Adam (2021). The Manasseh Hill Country Survey Volume 6: The Eastern Samaria Shoulder, from Nahal Tirzah (Wadi Far'ah) to Ma'ale Ephraim Junction. BRILL. p. 74. ISBN 978-90-04-46323-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h MacDonald, Burton (1999). "Ammonite Territory and Sites". In MacDonald, Burton; Younker, Randall W. (eds.). Ancient Ammon. Studies in the History and Culture of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 17. BRILL. pp. 35–6. ISBN 9789004107625.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Finkelstein, Israel; Koch, Ido; Lipschits, Oded (2011). "The Biblical Gilead". Ugarit-Forschungen (43): 131–159. ISSN 0342-2356.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Younker, Randall W. (2000). "Jazer". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. p. 675. ISBN 9789053565032. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
^ ^a ^b Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section VI. South Gilead and Ammon" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 25–6. § D4.
^ Ibach, Robert Jr. (1978). "Expanded Archaeological Survey of the Hesban Region". Andrews University Seminary Studies (AUSS). 16 (1): 201–213. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-30. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
^ "EPSG.io: Coordinate Systems Worldwide (2365.1395)". Klokan Technologies GmbH. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
^ Burke, Aaron A. (2011). "Early Jaffa: From the Bronze Age to the Persian Period" (PDF). In Burke, Aaron A.; Peilstocker, Martin (eds.). The History and Archaeology of Jaffa 1. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press. pp. 72–73. ISBN 9781938770562.
^ ^a ^b Gaß, Erasmus (2016). "Japhia" (PDF). In Allison, Dale C.; Helmer, Christine; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Seow, Choon-Leong; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Ho Tsun Shen – Insult. Vol. 12. De Gruyter. pp. 773–774. ISBN 978-3-11-031329-1.
^ Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land. (3rd edition 1993) Jerusalem, Carta, p.479f, ISBN 965-220-186-3
Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 550. ISBN 9780826485717.
^ ^a ^b Laughlin, John Charles Hugh (2006). Fifty Major Cities of the Bible: From Dan to Beersheba. Routledge. ISBN 9780415223157.
^ Sala, Maura (2014). "The Archaeological Expeditions to Tell es-Sultan (1868–2012)". In Wagemakers, Bart (ed.). Archaeology in the Land of 'Tells and Ruins'. Oxbow Books. pp. 117–130. ISBN 9781782972464. Archived from the original on 2018-05-29. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
^ Nigro, Lorenzo (2016). "Tell es-Sultan 2015: A Pilot Project for Archaeology in Palestine". Near Eastern Archaeology. 79 (1): 4–17. doi:10.5615/neareastarch.79.1.0004. hdl:11573/896220. JSTOR 10.5615/neareastarch.79.1.0004. S2CID 163776801. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
^ de Miroschedji, Pierre (1999). "Yarmuth: The Dawn of City-States in Southern Canaan". Near Eastern Archaeology. 62 (1): 2–19. doi:10.2307/3210719. JSTOR 3210719. S2CID 224790959. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
^ Cole, R. Dennis (2000). "Jarmuth". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. p. 674. ISBN 9789053565032. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
^ ^a ^b Gaß, Erasmus (2016). "Jarmuth" (PDF). In Allison, Dale C.; Helmer, Christine; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Seow, Choon-Leong; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Ho Tsun Shen – Insult. Vol. 12. De Gruyter. p. 777. ISBN 978-3-11-031329-1.
^ Gaß, Erasmus (2016). "Irpeel" (PDF). In Allison, Dale C.; Helmer, Christine; Leppin, Volker; Seow, Choon-Leong; Spieckermann, Hermann; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Integrity – Jesuit Order. Vol. 13. De Gruyter. pp. 257–258. ISBN 978-3-11-031330-7.
^ It is dentified with this tel by most scholars as W.F. Albright, G. Dalman, Y. Aharoni. (Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 285. ISBN 9780826485717.
Avi-Yonah, Michael; Stern, Ephraim (1977). Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, Vol III. Englewood Cliffs N.J.: Prentice Hall. p. 719. ISBN 0132751313.)
^ Tel Kesalon
^ Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land. (3rd edition 1993) Jerusalem, Carta, p.268, ISBN 965-220-186-3
^ ^a ^b ^c Aharoni, Yohanan (1979). The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664242664.
^ Tappy, Ron E. (2008). "Tel Zayit and the Tel Zayit Abecedary in Their Regional Context" (PDF). In Tappy, Ron E.; McCarter, P. Kyle Jr (eds.). Literate Culture and Tenth-Century Canaan: The Tel Zayit Abecedary in Context. Eisenbrauns. pp. 11, 37. ISBN 9781575061504. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-28. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
^ ^a ^b Shai, Itzhaq (2017). "Tel Burna: A Judahite Fortified Town in the Shephelah" (PDF). In Lipschits, Oded; Maeir, Aren M. (eds.). The Shephelah during the Iron Age: Recent Archaeological Studies. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575064871. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-28. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Dorsey, David A. (1980). "The Location of Biblical Makkedah". Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University. 7 (3–4): 185–193. doi:10.1179/033443580788441008.
^ ^a ^b Davies, Graham I. (1982). "Tell Ed-Duweir = Ancient Lachish: A Response to G. W. Ahlström". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 114 (1): 25–28. doi:10.1179/peq.1982.114.1.25.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Bekkum, Koert van (2011). From Conquest to Coexistence: Ideology and Antiquarian Intent in the Historiography of Israel's Settlement in Canaan. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 45. BRILL. p. 158. ISBN 9789004194809. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Mounce, William D. (1995). "Mahanaim". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 222–3. ISBN 9780802837851. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
^ Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section VI. South Gilead and Ammon" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 25–6. § D2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gaß, Erasmus (2020). "Me-Jarkon" (PDF). In Furey, Constance M.; Matz, Brian; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Mass – Midnight. Vol. 18. De Gruyter. pp. 481–482. ISBN 978-3-11-031335-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gaß, Erasmus (2020). "Michmethath" (PDF). In Furey, Constance M.; Matz, Brian; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Mass – Midnight. Vol. 18. De Gruyter. pp. 1172–1173. ISBN 978-3-11-031335-2.
^ Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 313. ISBN 9780826485717.
Avi-Yonah, Michael; Stern, Ephraim (1977). Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, Vol III. Englewood Cliffs N.J.: Prentice Hall. p. 779. ISBN 0132751313.
^ ^a ^b Gaß, Erasmus (2020). "Mearah" (PDF). In Furey, Constance M.; Matz, Brian; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Mass – Midnight. Vol. 18. De Gruyter. pp. 248–249. ISBN 978-3-11-031335-2.
^ Lemaire, André (2006). "New Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea and Their Historical Interpretation". In Lipschitz, Oded; Oeming, Manfred (eds.). Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period. Eisenbrauns. p. 413. ISBN 9781575061047.
^ Hadley, Judith M. (2000). The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah: Evidence for a Hebrew Goddess. University of Cambridge Oriental Publications. Vol. 57. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. ISBN 9780521662352.
^ Kloner, Amos; Eshel, Esther; Korzakova, Hava B.; Finkielsztejn, Gerald (2010). "The Site and the Epigraphic Finds". Maresha Excavations Final Report III: Epigraphic Finds from the 1989-2000 Seasons. Israel Antiquities Authority Reports. Vol. 45. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority. p. 1. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1fzhd1t. ISBN 9789654062350. JSTOR j.ctt1fzhd1t.
^ Oren, Eliezer D.; Rappaport, Uriel (1984). "The Necropolis of Maresha–Beth Govrin". Israel Exploration Journal. 34 (2/3): 114–153. JSTOR 27925934.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gaß, Erasmus (2019). "Maralah/Mareal" (PDF). In Helmer, Christine; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Lotus – Masrekah. Vol. 17. De Gruyter. pp. 867–868. ISBN 978-3-11-031334-5.
^ ^a ^b Gaß, Erasmus (2021). "Mishal" (PDF). In Furey, Constance M.; LeMon, Joel; Matz, Brian; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Midrash and Aggada – Mourning. Vol. 19. De Gruyter. pp. 375–376. ISBN 978-3-11-031336-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gaß, Erasmus (2023). "Nibshan" (PDF). In Furey, Constance M.; LeMon, Joel; Matz, Brian; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Negative Theology – Offspring. Vol. 21. De Gruyter. p. 391. ISBN 978-3-11-062827-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gaß, Erasmus (2022). "Nahalal" (PDF). In Furey, Constance M.; LeMon, Joel; Matz, Brian; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Mouse, Mice – Nefesh. Vol. 20. De Gruyter. pp. 564–565. ISBN 978-3-11-062827-2.
^ ^a ^b Gaß, Erasmus (2022). "Neah" (PDF). In Furey, Constance M.; LeMon, Joel; Matz, Brian; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Mouse, Mice – Nefesh. Vol. 20. De Gruyter. pp. 1141–1142. ISBN 978-3-11-062827-2.
^ Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land. (3rd edition 1993) Jerusalem, Carta, p.343, ISBN 965-220-186-3.
^ Bar, Shay; Zertal, Adam (2022). The Manasseh Hill Country Survey Volume 7: The South-Eastern Samaria Shoulder, from Wadi Rashash to Wadi 'Aujah. BRILL. p. 68. ISBN 978-90-04-51304-4.
^ Gaß, Erasmus (2023). "Nezib" (PDF). In Furey, Constance M.; LeMon, Joel; Matz, Brian; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Negative Theology – Offspring. Vol. 21. De Gruyter. p. 387. ISBN 978-3-11-062827-2.
^ Albright, William F. (1926). "The Jordan Valley in the Bronze Age". The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 6: 13–74. doi:10.2307/3768510. JSTOR 3768510.
^ Clermont-Ganneau, Charles (1875). "The Site of the City of Adullam" (PDF). Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement. 7 (3): 168–177. doi:10.1179/peq.1875.016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-29. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
^ Hasel, Michael G. (1998). Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant, Ca. 1300-1185 B.C.. BRILL. p. 137. ISBN 9789004109841. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Napchan-Lavon, Sharon; Gadot, Yuval; Lipschits, Oded (2015). "Bliss and Macalister's Excavations at Tell Zakariya (Tel Azekah) in Light of Published and Previously Unpublished Material". In Wolff, Samuel R. (ed.). Villain or Visionary?: R. A. S. Macalister and the Archaeology of Palestine. The Palestine Exploration Fund Annual. Vol. 12. Routledge (published 2017). ISBN 9781351537704.
^ Callaway, Joseph A.; Nicol, Murray B. (1966). "A Sounding at Khirbet Ḥaiyân". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 183 (183): 12–19. doi:10.2307/1356456. JSTOR 1356456. S2CID 163761158.
^ Mazar, Benjamin; Dunayevsky, Immanuel (1964). "En-Gedi: Third Season of Excavations: Preliminary Report". Israel Exploration Journal. 14 (3): 121–130. JSTOR 27924977.
^ Marrs, Rick R. (2000). "Balm". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. p. 145. ISBN 9789053565032. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
^ ^a ^b ^c van der Meer, Michaël N. (2020). "Manasseh in Maps and Manuscripts: Historical Geography of West-Manasseh and Textual Criticism of LXX-Joshu 17:1-2, 7-13". In Bons, Eberhard; Geiger, Michaela; Ueberschaer, Frank; Sigismund, Marcus; Meiser, Martin (eds.). Die Septuaginta - Themen, Manuskripte, Wirkungen: 7. Internationale Fachtagung veranstaltet von Septuaginta Deutsch (LXX.D), Wuppertal 19.-22. Juli 2018. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 515–543. ISBN 978-3-16-157715-4.
^ Blair, Edward P. (1936). "Soundings at 'Anâtā (Roman Anathoth)". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 62 (62): 18–21. doi:10.2307/1355493. JSTOR 1355493. S2CID 163987323.
^ ^a ^b Bergman, A. (1936). "Soundings at the Supposed Site of Old Testament Anathoth". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 62 (62): 22–26. doi:10.2307/1355494. JSTOR 1355494. S2CID 163537912.
^ ^a ^b Nadelman, Yonatan (1994). "The Identification of Anathoth and the Soundings at Khirbet Deir es-Sidd". Israel Exploration Journal. 44 (1/2): 62–74. JSTOR 27926334.
^ Niesiołowski-Spanò, Łukasz (2005). "Where Should One Look for Gideon's Ophra?". Biblica. 86 (4): 478–493. JSTOR 42614624.
^ "Et Taiyibe: West Bank". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 1993. Archived from the original on 2018-06-08. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
^ Olávarri, Emilio (1965). "Sondages a 'Arô'er sur l'Arnon". Revue Biblique (1946–). 72 (1): 77–94. JSTOR 44087832.
^ Olávarri, Emilio (1969). "Fouilles a 'Arô'er sur l'Arnon". Revue Biblique (1946–). 76 (2): 230–259. JSTOR 44088002.
^ La Sor, William Sanford (1979). "Ashtaroth". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 319. ISBN 9780802837813. Retrieved 2018-06-02.
^ Galil, Gershon (1998). "Ashtaroth in the Amarna Period". In Izre'el, Shlomo; Singer, Itamar; Zadok, Ran (eds.). Past Links: Studies in the Languages and Cultures of the Ancient Near East. Israel Oriental Studies. Vol. 18. Eisenbrauns. p. 379. ISBN 9781575060354.
^ Tavger, Aharon; McKinny, Chris; Shai, Itzhaq (2022). ""Libnah and 'Ether" (Josh 15:42): The Archaeological Survey of Khirbat el-'Atar in Light of over a Decade of Excavations at Tel Burna". In Golani, Amir; Varga, Daniel; Tchekhanovets, Yana; Birkenfeld, Michal (eds.). Archaeological Excavations and Research Studies in Southern Israel: Collected Papers Volume 5: 18th Annual Southern Conference. Israel Antiquities Authority. pp. 91–116. ISBN 978-965-406-755-3.
^ Walton, John H.; Matthews, Victor H.; Chavalas, Mark W. (2012). The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament. InterVarsity Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-8308-6608-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Blakely, Jeffrey A. (2007). "The Location of Medieval/Pre-Modern and Biblical Ziklag". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 139 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1179/003103207x162988. S2CID 56099418.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Harris, Horton (2011). "The Location of Ziklag: A Review of the Candidate Sites, Based on Biblical, Topographical and Archaeological Evidence". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 143 (2): 119–133. doi:10.1179/003103211X12971861556954. S2CID 162186999.
^ Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section VII - Beersheba and the Negeb" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 27–28. § B2.
^ Niemann, Hermann Michael (1999). "Zorah, Eshtaol, Beth-Shemesh and Dan's Migration to the South: A Region and its Traditions in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages". Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. 24 (86): 25–48. doi:10.1177/030908929902408602. S2CID 131156716.
^ ^a ^b Cohen, Rudolph; Bernick-Greenberg, Hannah; Mayer, Daniella E. Bar-Yosef; Carmi, Israel; Druk, Michal; Eldar-Nir, Iris; Gera, Avivit; Haiman, Mordechai; Hakker-Orion, Dalia; Lender, Yshayahu; Münger, Stefan; Nahlieli, Dov; Segal, Dror; Shamir, Orit; Shor, Pnina (2007). "Excavations at Kadesh Barnea (Tell el-Qudeirat) 1976-1982". In Cohen, Rudolph; Bernick-Greenberg, Hannah (eds.). Excavations at Kadesh Barnea (Tell el-Qudeirat) 1976-1982: Part 1. Text. Israel Antiquities Authority Reports. Vol. 34. Israel Antiquities Authority. ISBN 9789654062046. JSTOR j.ctt1fzhfvq.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bimson, John J. (2008) [1980]. "Archaeological Data and the Dating of the Patriarchs". In Millard, Alan R.; Wiseman, Donald J. (eds.). Essays on the Patriarchal Narratives. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 74. ISBN 9781556356667. Archived from the original on 2004-02-17. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
^ "'Ayn al Qudayrāt: Egypt". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 2007. Archived from the original on 2018-06-04. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
^ "'Ain el Qadeis: Egypt". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-01-03. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
^ "Ain el Quṣaima: Egypt". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-01-03. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
^ "El Muweilah: Egypt". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 2007. Archived from the original on 2018-06-04. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
^ Graf, David F. (2013). "Petra and the Nabateans in the Early Hellenistic period: the literary and archaeological evidence". In Mouton, Michel; Schmid, Stephan G. (eds.). Men on the Rocks: The Formation of Nabataean Petra. Supplement to the Bulletin of Nabataean studies. Vol. 1. Berlin: Logos Verlag. p. 50. ISBN 9783832533137.
^ Gaß, Erasmus (2017). "Kain (Place)" (PDF). In Helmer, Christine; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Jesus – Kairos. Vol. 14. De Gruyter. pp. 1225–1226. ISBN 978-3-11-031331-4.
^ Curtis, Adrian, ed. (2009) [2007]. "The Kingdom of Judah" (Map). Oxford Bible Atlas. Oxford University Press. pp. 114, 213. § Y5. ISBN 9780199560462.
^ "Qaryat al Mukhayyaţ: Jordan". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 2008. Archived from the original on 2018-06-16. Retrieved 2018-06-16.
^ ^a ^b La Sor, William Sanford (1995). "Rehob". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802837844. Retrieved 2018-06-16.
^ Finkelstein, Israel (1981). "The Shephelah of Israel". Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University. 8 (1): 84–94. doi:10.1179/033443581788440936.
^ Baly, Denis; Tushingham, A. Douglas (1971). Atlas of the Biblical World. William Collins Pub. p. 205. ISBN 9780529001504.
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^ Tristram, Henry Baker (1866). The Land of Israel: A Journal of Travels in Palestine, Undertaken with Special Reference to Its Physical Character. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 584.
^ Selms, A. van (1995). "Rimmon". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 196. ISBN 9780802837844. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
^ Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section VII - Beersheba and the Negeb" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 27–28. § D2.
^ Baldensperger, Philip J. (1912). "The Identification of Ain-Rimmon with Ain-Urtās (Artās)". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 44 (4): 209–211. doi:10.1179/peq.1912.44.4.209.
^ Finkelstein, Israel; Lipschits, Oded; Sergi, Omer (2013). "Tell er-Rumeith in Northern Jordan: Some Archaeological and Historical Observations". Semitica. 55: 7–23. ISBN 9782720011931. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
^ ^a ^b Bromiley, Geoffrey W., ed. (1995). "Socoh; Soco". The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 559. ISBN 9780802837844. Retrieved 2018-06-16.
^ ^a ^b Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section V. Samaria & Judaea" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 23–4. § C5.
^ Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section VII - Beersheba and the Negeb" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 27–28. § D2-3.
^ Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 458. ISBN 9780826485717.
^ Garfinkel, Yosef; Ganor, Saar (2008). "Khirbet Qeiyafa: Sha'arayimn". The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. 8. doi:10.5508/jhs.2008.v8.a22. ISSN 1203-1542.
^ Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 451. ISBN 9780826485717.
^ ^a ^b Kelm, George L.; Mazar, Amihay (1995). Timnah: A Biblical City in the Sorek Valley. Eisenbrauns. p. 4. ISBN 9780931464973.
^ Kelm, George L.; Mazar, Amihai (1982). "Three Seasons of Excavations at Tel Batash: Biblical Timnah". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 248 (248): 1–36. doi:10.2307/1356672. JSTOR 1356672. S2CID 164111158.
^ Miller, J. Maxwell; Tucker, Gene M. (1974). The Book of Joshua. The Cambridge Bible Commentary on the New English Bible. Cambridge University Press. p. 200. ISBN 9780521086165.
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^ de Vaux, Roland (1956). "The Excavations at Tell El-Far'ah and the Site of Ancient Tirzah". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 88 (2): 125–140. doi:10.1179/peq.1956.88.2.125.
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[1] Academic style consonantal transliteration following Society of Biblical Literature (2014). "TRANSLITERATING AND TRANSCRIBING ANCIENT TEXTS". The SBL Handbook of Style. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature. p. 56. doi:10.2307/j.ctt14bs6ct.9. ISBN 9781589839656. JSTOR j.ctt14bs6ct.

[2] Coordinates provided using the Palestine grid system (publications prior to 1994) have been converted to the World Geodetic System ("EPSG:4326 WGS 84") using the "EPSG.io: Coordinate Systems Worldwide" (Klokan Technologies GmbH) online converter (with "EPSG:7142 Palestine 1923 / Palestine Grid modified" as the source). Coordinates described by the Israeli Transverse Mercator (works published after 1993) have been converted using the "EPSG:2039 Israel 1993 / Israeli TM Grid" as the source.

[ZerBar-3] Zertal, Adam; Bar, Shay (2017). The Manasseh Hill Country Survey Volume 4: From Nahal Bezeq to the Sartaba. BRILL. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-90-04-34696-3.

[Porter_1863-4] Porter, J. L. (1863). "Edrei". In Smith, William (ed.). A Dictionary of the Bible: Comprising Its Antiquities, Biography, and Natural History. Vol. 1. John Murray. pp. 491–2. Retrieved 2018-06-09.

[5] Douglas, J. D.; Tenney, Merrill C. (2011) [1987]. "Edrei". Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Zondervan. p. 388. ISBN 9780310492351. Retrieved 2018-06-09.

[6] Nelson, Richard D. (2004) [2002]. Deuteronomy: A Commentary. The Old Testament Library. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 52. ISBN 9780664229542.

[Zebulun-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gaß, Erasmus (2023). "Evaluating the Tribe of Zebulon according to the Border Description in Joshua 19". Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel. 12 (4): 416–437. doi:10.1628/hebai-2023-0030. ISSN 2192-2276.

[Junkkaala_2006-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Junkkaala, Eero Kalevi (2006). Three Conquests of Canaan (PDF). Åbo Akademi University Press. ISBN 978-9517653350. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-26. Retrieved 2018-05-26.

[Langston_2000-9] Langston, Scott M. (2000). "Aijalon". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. p. 37. ISBN 9789053565032. Retrieved 2018-06-04.

[Goren_et_al_2004-10] Goren, Yuval; Finkelstein, Israel; Na'aman, Nadav (2004). Inscribed in Clay, Provenance Study of the Amarna Tablets and Other Ancient Near Eastern Texts. Monograph series. Vol. 23. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. ISBN 9789652660206.

[Kennedy_2013-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Kennedy, Titus Michael (2013). A Demographic Analysis of Late Bronze Age Canaan: Ancient Population. Estimates and Insights through Archaeology (PhD). University of South Africa. hdl:10500/13257.

[Achzib-12] Zissu, Boaz; Gass, Erasmus (2011). "The identification of biblical Achzib at Khirbet 'Ēn el-Kizbe in the Judean Shephelah, and the origins of Shimon bar Kokhba". In Maeir, Aren M.; Magness, Jodi; Schiffman, Lawrence (eds.). 'Go Out and Study the Land' (Judges 18:2): Archaeological, Historical and Textual Studies in Honor of Hanan Eshel. BRILL. pp. 377–426. ISBN 978-90-04-20268-9.

[Lehmann_2001-13] Lehmann, Gunnar (2001). "Phoenicians in Western Galilee: First Results of an Archaeological Survey in the Hinterland of Akko". In Mazar, Amihai (ed.). Studies in the Archaeology of the Iron Age in Israel and Jordan. Journal of the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement. Vol. 331. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 9781841272030.

[14] "EPSG.io: Coordinate Systems Worldwide (1605.2500)". Klokan Technologies GmbH. Retrieved 2018-06-05.

[derivative-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k A word (esp. describing citizens or inhabitants) derived from a given town's name

[16] Some assume, that it is the place of Archi. (Johnson,Siegfried S.: Art. 'Archite', Anchor Bible Dictionary 1 (1992) p. 369, ISBN 978-0300140019)

[including_derivatives-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Including derived words, esp. those describing citizens or inhabitants or a given town

[only_as_derivative-18] The city's name is not mentioned in the book of Joshua directly but its derivative (esp. a word describing the town's citizens) is used.

[Asher-19] Zertal, Adam (2004). The Manasseh Hill Country Survey, Volume 2. BRILL. pp. 107, 110. ISBN 978-90-04-16369-0.

[Chesnut_2006-20] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Chesnut, Owen D. (2006). The Location of Biblical Eshtaol (MA). Jerusalem University College. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-08-27. Retrieved 2019-01-27.

[21] Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 167f. ISBN 9780826485717.

[McKinny24-22] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p McKinny, Chris (2024). "The Historical Geography of The Settlements of The Transjordanian Tribes of Reuben, Gad, and Manasseh (Num 32:2–4, 33–42; Josh 13)". In Beitzel, Barry J. (ed.). Lexham Geographic Commentary on the Pentateuch. Lexham Press. pp. 660–704. ISBN 978-1-68359-729-2.

[Wood_2008-23] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Wood, Bryant G. (2008). "The Search for Joshua's Ai" (PDF). In Hess, Richard S.; Klingbeil, Gerald A.; Ray, Paul J. (eds.). Critical Issues in Early Israelite History. Bulletin for Biblical Research Supplement. Vol. 3. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575068046.

[McKinny-24] McKinny, Chris (2015). "Dividing the Spoil - A Discussion of the Identifications of Beth-Aven, Emek-Keziz and Zemaraim in the Territory of Benjamin". In Tavger, Aharon; Amar, Zohar; Billig, Miriam (eds.). In the Highland's Depth - Ephraim Range and Binyamin Research Studies. Vol. 5. pp. 10*–32*. ISBN 9781575068046.

[Livingston_1989-25] Livingston, David Palmer (1989). Khirbet Nisya 1979-1986: a Report on Six Seasons of Excavation (PhD). Andrews University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-26.

[Livingston_1994-26] Livingston, David P. (1994). "Further Considerations on the Location of Bethel at El-Bireh". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 126 (2): 154–159. doi:10.1179/peq.1994.126.2.154.

[MacDonald_2000-27] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j MacDonald, Burton (2000). "East of the Jordan": Territories and Sites of the Hebrew Scriptures (PDF). ASOR Books. Vol. 6. American Schools of Oriental Research. ISBN 9780897570312. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-05.

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[Smith_Bartholomew_1915_VI_C5-29] Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section VI. South Gilead and Ammon" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 25–6. § C5.

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[Michael16-33] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ van der Meer, Michaël N. (2016). "Galilee in the Septuagint: Textual Criticism and Topography in Joshua 19:10-19". In Kreuzer, Siegfried; Meiser, Martin; Sigismund, Marcus (eds.). Die Septuaginta - Orte und Intentionen: 5. Internationale Fachtagung veranstaltet von Septuaginta Deutsch (LXX. D), Wuppertal 24.-27. Juli 2014. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 186–214. ISBN 978-3-16-153832-2.

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[39] Younker, Randall W. (2023). "The Case for Jalul as Biblical Bezer". In Ben-Yosef, Erez; Jones, Ian W. N. (eds.). "And in Length of Days Understanding" (Job 12:12): Essays on Archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond in Honor of Thomas E. Levy. Springer Nature. pp. 943–959. ISBN 978-3-031-27330-8.

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[55] Albright, William F. (1926). "The Excavations at Tell Beit Mirsim". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 23 (23): 2–14. doi:10.2307/1354957. JSTOR 1354957. S2CID 163246424.

[56] Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 130. ISBN 9780826485717.

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[68] Gaß, Erasmus (2015). "Heleph" (PDF). In Allison, Dale C.; Helmer, Christine; Leppin, Volker; Seow, Choon-Leong; Spieckermann, Hermann; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Halah – Hizquni. Vol. 11. De Gruyter. p. 743. ISBN 978-3-11-031328-4.

[69] Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 215. ISBN 9780826485717.

[PP-70] Pitkänen, Pekka (2010). Joshua. InterVarsity Press. p. 327. ISBN 978-0-8308-2506-6.

[71] Gaß, Erasmus (2015). "Hepher" (PDF). In Allison, Dale C.; Helmer, Christine; Leppin, Volker; Seow, Choon-Leong; Spieckermann, Hermann; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Halah – Hizquni. Vol. 11. De Gruyter. pp. 825–826. ISBN 978-3-11-031328-4.

[72] Gaß, Erasmus (2015). "Hazor-Hadattah" (PDF). In Allison, Dale C.; Helmer, Christine; Leppin, Volker; Seow, Choon-Leong; Spieckermann, Hermann; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Halah – Hizquni. Vol. 11. De Gruyter. pp. 444–445. ISBN 978-3-11-031328-4.

[Naaman_1980-73] Na'aman, Nadav (1980). "The Inheritance of the Sons of Simeon". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 96 (2): 136–152. JSTOR 27931137.

[74] Åhlfeldt, Johan (2014-11-01). "Malatha, Tell el Milh/Malhatha". Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire. Lund University, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History. Archived from the original on 2018-06-05. Retrieved 2018-06-05.

[75] "Tel Masos: Israel". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 1993. Archived from the original on 2018-06-05. Retrieved 2018-06-05.

[76] Grabbe, Lester L. (2006) [2004]. A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 9780567216175.

[77] "Tel H̱alif: Israel". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 1993. Archived from the original on 2018-06-05. Retrieved 2018-06-05.

[78] Miller, Robert D. (2012) [2005]. Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries BC. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 16. ISBN 9781620322086.

[Phythian-Adams_1922-79] Phythian-Adams, William John (1922). "The Site of Ibleam". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 54 (4): 142–147. doi:10.1179/peq.1922.54.4.142.

[Smith_Bartholomew_1915_III_D4-80] Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section III. Galilee" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 19–20. § D4.

[81] Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 253. ISBN 9780826485717.

[82] Gaß, Erasmus (2016). "Jagur" (PDF). In Allison, Dale C.; Helmer, Christine; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Seow, Choon-Leong; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Ho Tsun Shen – Insult. Vol. 12. De Gruyter. pp. 679–680. ISBN 978-3-11-031329-1.

[83] Gaß, Erasmus (2016). "Idalah" (PDF). In Allison, Dale C.; Helmer, Christine; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Seow, Choon-Leong; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Ho Tsun Shen – Insult. Vol. 12. De Gruyter. pp. 800–801. ISBN 978-3-11-031329-1.

[84] Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 547f. ISBN 9780826485717.

[Lipinski_2006-85] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Lipiński, Edward (2006). On the Skirts of Canaan in the Iron Age: Historical and Topographical Researches. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Vol. 153. Peeters Publishers. p. 328. ISBN 9789042917989.

[Zertal-86] Bar, Shay; Zertal, Adam (2021). The Manasseh Hill Country Survey Volume 6: The Eastern Samaria Shoulder, from Nahal Tirzah (Wadi Far'ah) to Ma'ale Ephraim Junction. BRILL. p. 74. ISBN 978-90-04-46323-3.

[MacDonald_1999-87] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h MacDonald, Burton (1999). "Ammonite Territory and Sites". In MacDonald, Burton; Younker, Randall W. (eds.). Ancient Ammon. Studies in the History and Culture of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 17. BRILL. pp. 35–6. ISBN 9789004107625.

[Finkelstein_Koch_Lipschits_2011-88] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Finkelstein, Israel; Koch, Ido; Lipschits, Oded (2011). "The Biblical Gilead". Ugarit-Forschungen (43): 131–159. ISSN 0342-2356.

[Younker_2000-89] Younker, Randall W. (2000). "Jazer". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. p. 675. ISBN 9789053565032. Retrieved 2018-05-29.

[Smith_Bartholomew_1915_VI_D4-90] Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section VI. South Gilead and Ammon" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 25–6. § D4.

[91] Ibach, Robert Jr. (1978). "Expanded Archaeological Survey of the Hesban Region". Andrews University Seminary Studies (AUSS). 16 (1): 201–213. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-30. Retrieved 2018-05-30.

[92] "EPSG.io: Coordinate Systems Worldwide (2365.1395)". Klokan Technologies GmbH. Retrieved 2018-05-30.

[93] Burke, Aaron A. (2011). "Early Jaffa: From the Bronze Age to the Persian Period" (PDF). In Burke, Aaron A.; Peilstocker, Martin (eds.). The History and Archaeology of Jaffa 1. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press. pp. 72–73. ISBN 9781938770562.

[Japhia-94] Gaß, Erasmus (2016). "Japhia" (PDF). In Allison, Dale C.; Helmer, Christine; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Seow, Choon-Leong; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Ho Tsun Shen – Insult. Vol. 12. De Gruyter. pp. 773–774. ISBN 978-3-11-031329-1.

[95] Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land. (3rd edition 1993) Jerusalem, Carta, p.479f, ISBN 965-220-186-3
Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 550. ISBN 9780826485717.

[Laughlin_2006-96] Laughlin, John Charles Hugh (2006). Fifty Major Cities of the Bible: From Dan to Beersheba. Routledge. ISBN 9780415223157.

[97] Sala, Maura (2014). "The Archaeological Expeditions to Tell es-Sultan (1868–2012)". In Wagemakers, Bart (ed.). Archaeology in the Land of 'Tells and Ruins'. Oxbow Books. pp. 117–130. ISBN 9781782972464. Archived from the original on 2018-05-29. Retrieved 2018-05-29.

[98] Nigro, Lorenzo (2016). "Tell es-Sultan 2015: A Pilot Project for Archaeology in Palestine". Near Eastern Archaeology. 79 (1): 4–17. doi:10.5615/neareastarch.79.1.0004. hdl:11573/896220. JSTOR 10.5615/neareastarch.79.1.0004. S2CID 163776801. Retrieved 2018-05-29.

[99] Miroschedji, Pierre (1999). "Yarmuth: The Dawn of City-States in Southern Canaan". Near Eastern Archaeology. 62 (1): 2–19. doi:10.2307/3210719. JSTOR 3210719. S2CID 224790959. Retrieved 2018-06-15.

[100] Cole, R. Dennis (2000). "Jarmuth". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. p. 674. ISBN 9789053565032. Retrieved 2018-06-15.

[JarIss-101] Gaß, Erasmus (2016). "Jarmuth" (PDF). In Allison, Dale C.; Helmer, Christine; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Seow, Choon-Leong; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Ho Tsun Shen – Insult. Vol. 12. De Gruyter. p. 777. ISBN 978-3-11-031329-1.

[102] Gaß, Erasmus (2016). "Irpeel" (PDF). In Allison, Dale C.; Helmer, Christine; Leppin, Volker; Seow, Choon-Leong; Spieckermann, Hermann; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Integrity – Jesuit Order. Vol. 13. De Gruyter. pp. 257–258. ISBN 978-3-11-031330-7.

[103] It is dentified with this tel by most scholars as W.F. Albright, G. Dalman, Y. Aharoni. (Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 285. ISBN 9780826485717.
Avi-Yonah, Michael; Stern, Ephraim (1977). Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, Vol III. Englewood Cliffs N.J.: Prentice Hall. p. 719. ISBN 0132751313.)

[104] Tel Kesalon

[105] Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land. (3rd edition 1993) Jerusalem, Carta, p.268, ISBN 965-220-186-3

[Aharoni_1979-106] Aharoni, Yohanan (1979). The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664242664.

[107] Tappy, Ron E. (2008). "Tel Zayit and the Tel Zayit Abecedary in Their Regional Context" (PDF). In Tappy, Ron E.; McCarter, P. Kyle Jr (eds.). Literate Culture and Tenth-Century Canaan: The Tel Zayit Abecedary in Context. Eisenbrauns. pp. 11, 37. ISBN 9781575061504. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-28. Retrieved 2018-05-28.

[Shai_2017-108] Shai, Itzhaq (2017). "Tel Burna: A Judahite Fortified Town in the Shephelah" (PDF). In Lipschits, Oded; Maeir, Aren M. (eds.). The Shephelah during the Iron Age: Recent Archaeological Studies. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575064871. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-28. Retrieved 2018-05-28.

[Dorsey_1980-109] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Dorsey, David A. (1980). "The Location of Biblical Makkedah". Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University. 7 (3–4): 185–193. doi:10.1179/033443580788441008.

[Davies_1982-110] Davies, Graham I. (1982). "Tell Ed-Duweir = Ancient Lachish: A Response to G. W. Ahlström". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 114 (1): 25–28. doi:10.1179/peq.1982.114.1.25.

[Bekkum_2011-111] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Bekkum, Koert van (2011). From Conquest to Coexistence: Ideology and Antiquarian Intent in the Historiography of Israel's Settlement in Canaan. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 45. BRILL. p. 158. ISBN 9789004194809. Retrieved 2018-06-07.

[Mounce_1995-112] Mounce, William D. (1995). "Mahanaim". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 222–3. ISBN 9780802837851. Retrieved 2018-05-29.

[Smith_Bartholomew_1915_VI_D2-113] Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section VI. South Gilead and Ammon" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 25–6. § D2.

[MeJarkon-114] Gaß, Erasmus (2020). "Me-Jarkon" (PDF). In Furey, Constance M.; Matz, Brian; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Mass – Midnight. Vol. 18. De Gruyter. pp. 481–482. ISBN 978-3-11-031335-2.

[Michmethah-115] Gaß, Erasmus (2020). "Michmethath" (PDF). In Furey, Constance M.; Matz, Brian; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Mass – Midnight. Vol. 18. De Gruyter. pp. 1172–1173. ISBN 978-3-11-031335-2.

[116] Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 313. ISBN 9780826485717.
Avi-Yonah, Michael; Stern, Ephraim (1977). Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, Vol III. Englewood Cliffs N.J.: Prentice Hall. p. 779. ISBN 0132751313.

[Mearah-117] Gaß, Erasmus (2020). "Mearah" (PDF). In Furey, Constance M.; Matz, Brian; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Mass – Midnight. Vol. 18. De Gruyter. pp. 248–249. ISBN 978-3-11-031335-2.

[118] Lemaire, André (2006). "New Aramaic Ostraca from Idumea and Their Historical Interpretation". In Lipschitz, Oded; Oeming, Manfred (eds.). Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period. Eisenbrauns. p. 413. ISBN 9781575061047.

[119] Hadley, Judith M. (2000). The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah: Evidence for a Hebrew Goddess. University of Cambridge Oriental Publications. Vol. 57. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. ISBN 9780521662352.

[120] Kloner, Amos; Eshel, Esther; Korzakova, Hava B.; Finkielsztejn, Gerald (2010). "The Site and the Epigraphic Finds". Maresha Excavations Final Report III: Epigraphic Finds from the 1989-2000 Seasons. Israel Antiquities Authority Reports. Vol. 45. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority. p. 1. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1fzhd1t. ISBN 9789654062350. JSTOR j.ctt1fzhd1t.

[121] Oren, Eliezer D.; Rappaport, Uriel (1984). "The Necropolis of Maresha–Beth Govrin". Israel Exploration Journal. 34 (2/3): 114–153. JSTOR 27925934.

[Maralah-122] Gaß, Erasmus (2019). "Maralah/Mareal" (PDF). In Helmer, Christine; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Lotus – Masrekah. Vol. 17. De Gruyter. pp. 867–868. ISBN 978-3-11-031334-5.

[Mishal-123] Gaß, Erasmus (2021). "Mishal" (PDF). In Furey, Constance M.; LeMon, Joel; Matz, Brian; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Midrash and Aggada – Mourning. Vol. 19. De Gruyter. pp. 375–376. ISBN 978-3-11-031336-9.

[Nib-124] Gaß, Erasmus (2023). "Nibshan" (PDF). In Furey, Constance M.; LeMon, Joel; Matz, Brian; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Negative Theology – Offspring. Vol. 21. De Gruyter. p. 391. ISBN 978-3-11-062827-2.

[Nahalal-125] Gaß, Erasmus (2022). "Nahalal" (PDF). In Furey, Constance M.; LeMon, Joel; Matz, Brian; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Mouse, Mice – Nefesh. Vol. 20. De Gruyter. pp. 564–565. ISBN 978-3-11-062827-2.

[Neah-126] Gaß, Erasmus (2022). "Neah" (PDF). In Furey, Constance M.; LeMon, Joel; Matz, Brian; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Mouse, Mice – Nefesh. Vol. 20. De Gruyter. pp. 1141–1142. ISBN 978-3-11-062827-2.

[127] Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land. (3rd edition 1993) Jerusalem, Carta, p.343, ISBN 965-220-186-3.

[128] Bar, Shay; Zertal, Adam (2022). The Manasseh Hill Country Survey Volume 7: The South-Eastern Samaria Shoulder, from Wadi Rashash to Wadi 'Aujah. BRILL. p. 68. ISBN 978-90-04-51304-4.

[129] Gaß, Erasmus (2023). "Nezib" (PDF). In Furey, Constance M.; LeMon, Joel; Matz, Brian; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Negative Theology – Offspring. Vol. 21. De Gruyter. p. 387. ISBN 978-3-11-062827-2.

[130] Albright, William F. (1926). "The Jordan Valley in the Bronze Age". The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 6: 13–74. doi:10.2307/3768510. JSTOR 3768510.

[131] Clermont-Ganneau, Charles (1875). "The Site of the City of Adullam" (PDF). Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement. 7 (3): 168–177. doi:10.1179/peq.1875.016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-29. Retrieved 2018-06-07.

[132] Hasel, Michael G. (1998). Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant, Ca. 1300-1185 B.C.. BRILL. p. 137. ISBN 9789004109841. Retrieved 2018-06-13.

[Napchan_Lavon_et_al_2015-133] Napchan-Lavon, Sharon; Gadot, Yuval; Lipschits, Oded (2015). "Bliss and Macalister's Excavations at Tell Zakariya (Tel Azekah) in Light of Published and Previously Unpublished Material". In Wolff, Samuel R. (ed.). Villain or Visionary?: R. A. S. Macalister and the Archaeology of Palestine. The Palestine Exploration Fund Annual. Vol. 12. Routledge (published 2017). ISBN 9781351537704.

[Callaway_and_Nicol_1966-134] Callaway, Joseph A.; Nicol, Murray B. (1966). "A Sounding at Khirbet Ḥaiyân". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 183 (183): 12–19. doi:10.2307/1356456. JSTOR 1356456. S2CID 163761158.

[135] Mazar, Benjamin; Dunayevsky, Immanuel (1964). "En-Gedi: Third Season of Excavations: Preliminary Report". Israel Exploration Journal. 14 (3): 121–130. JSTOR 27924977.

[136] Marrs, Rick R. (2000). "Balm". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. p. 145. ISBN 9789053565032. Retrieved 2018-06-15.

[Michael20-137] van der Meer, Michaël N. (2020). "Manasseh in Maps and Manuscripts: Historical Geography of West-Manasseh and Textual Criticism of LXX-Joshu 17:1-2, 7-13". In Bons, Eberhard; Geiger, Michaela; Ueberschaer, Frank; Sigismund, Marcus; Meiser, Martin (eds.). Die Septuaginta - Themen, Manuskripte, Wirkungen: 7. Internationale Fachtagung veranstaltet von Septuaginta Deutsch (LXX.D), Wuppertal 19.-22. Juli 2018. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 515–543. ISBN 978-3-16-157715-4.

[138] Blair, Edward P. (1936). "Soundings at 'Anâtā (Roman Anathoth)". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 62 (62): 18–21. doi:10.2307/1355493. JSTOR 1355493. S2CID 163987323.

[Bergman_1936-139] Bergman, A. (1936). "Soundings at the Supposed Site of Old Testament Anathoth". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 62 (62): 22–26. doi:10.2307/1355494. JSTOR 1355494. S2CID 163537912.

[Nadelman_1994-140] Nadelman, Yonatan (1994). "The Identification of Anathoth and the Soundings at Khirbet Deir es-Sidd". Israel Exploration Journal. 44 (1/2): 62–74. JSTOR 27926334.

[141] Niesiołowski-Spanò, Łukasz (2005). "Where Should One Look for Gideon's Ophra?". Biblica. 86 (4): 478–493. JSTOR 42614624.

[142] "Et Taiyibe: West Bank". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 1993. Archived from the original on 2018-06-08. Retrieved 2018-06-08.

[143] Olávarri, Emilio (1965). "Sondages a 'Arô'er sur l'Arnon". Revue Biblique (1946–). 72 (1): 77–94. JSTOR 44087832.

[144] Olávarri, Emilio (1969). "Fouilles a 'Arô'er sur l'Arnon". Revue Biblique (1946–). 76 (2): 230–259. JSTOR 44088002.

[ISBE_V1_1979_Ashtaroth-145] La Sor, William Sanford (1979). "Ashtaroth". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 319. ISBN 9780802837813. Retrieved 2018-06-02.

[Galil_1998-146] Galil, Gershon (1998). "Ashtaroth in the Amarna Period". In Izre'el, Shlomo; Singer, Itamar; Zadok, Ran (eds.). Past Links: Studies in the Languages and Cultures of the Ancient Near East. Israel Oriental Studies. Vol. 18. Eisenbrauns. p. 379. ISBN 9781575060354.

[147] Tavger, Aharon; McKinny, Chris; Shai, Itzhaq (2022). ""Libnah and 'Ether" (Josh 15:42): The Archaeological Survey of Khirbat el-'Atar in Light of over a Decade of Excavations at Tel Burna". In Golani, Amir; Varga, Daniel; Tchekhanovets, Yana; Birkenfeld, Michal (eds.). Archaeological Excavations and Research Studies in Southern Israel: Collected Papers Volume 5: 18th Annual Southern Conference. Israel Antiquities Authority. pp. 91–116. ISBN 978-965-406-755-3.

[148] Walton, John H.; Matthews, Victor H.; Chavalas, Mark W. (2012). The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament. InterVarsity Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-8308-6608-3.

[Blakely_2007-149] Blakely, Jeffrey A. (2007). "The Location of Medieval/Pre-Modern and Biblical Ziklag". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 139 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1179/003103207x162988. S2CID 56099418.

[Harris_2011-150] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Harris, Horton (2011). "The Location of Ziklag: A Review of the Candidate Sites, Based on Biblical, Topographical and Archaeological Evidence". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 143 (2): 119–133. doi:10.1179/003103211X12971861556954. S2CID 162186999.

[Smith_Bartholomew_1915_VII_B2-151] Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section VII - Beersheba and the Negeb" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 27–28. § B2.

[152] Niemann, Hermann Michael (1999). "Zorah, Eshtaol, Beth-Shemesh and Dan's Migration to the South: A Region and its Traditions in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages". Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. 24 (86): 25–48. doi:10.1177/030908929902408602. S2CID 131156716.

[Cohen_et_al_2007-153] Cohen, Rudolph; Bernick-Greenberg, Hannah; Mayer, Daniella E. Bar-Yosef; Carmi, Israel; Druk, Michal; Eldar-Nir, Iris; Gera, Avivit; Haiman, Mordechai; Hakker-Orion, Dalia; Lender, Yshayahu; Münger, Stefan; Nahlieli, Dov; Segal, Dror; Shamir, Orit; Shor, Pnina (2007). "Excavations at Kadesh Barnea (Tell el-Qudeirat) 1976-1982". In Cohen, Rudolph; Bernick-Greenberg, Hannah (eds.). Excavations at Kadesh Barnea (Tell el-Qudeirat) 1976-1982: Part 1. Text. Israel Antiquities Authority Reports. Vol. 34. Israel Antiquities Authority. ISBN 9789654062046. JSTOR j.ctt1fzhfvq.

[Bimson_1980-154] Bimson, John J. (2008) [1980]. "Archaeological Data and the Dating of the Patriarchs". In Millard, Alan R.; Wiseman, Donald J. (eds.). Essays on the Patriarchal Narratives. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 74. ISBN 9781556356667. Archived from the original on 2004-02-17. Retrieved 2018-06-04.

[155] "'Ayn al Qudayrāt: Egypt". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 2007. Archived from the original on 2018-06-04. Retrieved 2018-06-04.

[156] "'Ain el Qadeis: Egypt". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-01-03. Retrieved 2018-06-04.

[157] "Ain el Quṣaima: Egypt". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-01-03. Retrieved 2018-06-04.

[158] "El Muweilah: Egypt". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 2007. Archived from the original on 2018-06-04. Retrieved 2018-06-04.

[159] Graf, David F. (2013). "Petra and the Nabateans in the Early Hellenistic period: the literary and archaeological evidence". In Mouton, Michel; Schmid, Stephan G. (eds.). Men on the Rocks: The Formation of Nabataean Petra. Supplement to the Bulletin of Nabataean studies. Vol. 1. Berlin: Logos Verlag. p. 50. ISBN 9783832533137.

[160] Gaß, Erasmus (2017). "Kain (Place)" (PDF). In Helmer, Christine; McKenzie, Stephen L.; Römer, Thomas; Schröter, Jens; Dov Walfish, Barry; Ziolkowski, Eric J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception: Jesus – Kairos. Vol. 14. De Gruyter. pp. 1225–1226. ISBN 978-3-11-031331-4.

[161] Curtis, Adrian, ed. (2009) [2007]. "The Kingdom of Judah" (Map). Oxford Bible Atlas. Oxford University Press. pp. 114, 213. § Y5. ISBN 9780199560462.

[162] "Qaryat al Mukhayyaţ: Jordan". Geographical Names (SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA). Information Technology Associates. 2008. Archived from the original on 2018-06-16. Retrieved 2018-06-16.

[ISBE_V4_1995_Rehob-163] La Sor, William Sanford (1995). "Rehob". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802837844. Retrieved 2018-06-16.

[164] Finkelstein, Israel (1981). "The Shephelah of Israel". Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University. 8 (1): 84–94. doi:10.1179/033443581788440936.

[165] Baly, Denis; Tushingham, A. Douglas (1971). Atlas of the Biblical World. William Collins Pub. p. 205. ISBN 9780529001504.

[166] Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael, eds. (2007). Encyclopaedia Judaica: Ra-Sam. Vol. 17. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 191. ISBN 9780028659459.

[167] Tristram, Henry Baker (1866). The Land of Israel: A Journal of Travels in Palestine, Undertaken with Special Reference to Its Physical Character. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 584.

[168] Selms, A. van (1995). "Rimmon". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 196. ISBN 9780802837844. Retrieved 2018-06-07.

[Smith_Bartholomew_1915_VII_D2-169] Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section VII - Beersheba and the Negeb" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 27–28. § D2.

[170] Baldensperger, Philip J. (1912). "The Identification of Ain-Rimmon with Ain-Urtās (Artās)". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 44 (4): 209–211. doi:10.1179/peq.1912.44.4.209.

[Finkelstein_et_al_2013-171] Finkelstein, Israel; Lipschits, Oded; Sergi, Omer (2013). "Tell er-Rumeith in Northern Jordan: Some Archaeological and Historical Observations". Semitica. 55: 7–23. ISBN 9782720011931. Retrieved 2018-05-26.

[ISBE_V4_1995_Socoh-172] Bromiley, Geoffrey W., ed. (1995). "Socoh; Soco". The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 559. ISBN 9780802837844. Retrieved 2018-06-16.

[Smith_Bartholomew_1915_V_C5-173] Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section V. Samaria & Judaea" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 23–4. § C5.

[Smith_Bartholomew_1915_VII_D2-3-174] Smith, George Adam; Bartholomew, John George (1915). "Section VII - Beersheba and the Negeb" (Map). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 1:253440. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 27–28. § D2-3.

[175] Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 458. ISBN 9780826485717.

[176] Garfinkel, Yosef; Ganor, Saar (2008). "Khirbet Qeiyafa: Sha'arayimn". The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. 8. doi:10.5508/jhs.2008.v8.a22. ISSN 1203-1542.

[177] Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 451. ISBN 9780826485717.

[Kelm_Mazar_1995-178] Kelm, George L.; Mazar, Amihay (1995). Timnah: A Biblical City in the Sorek Valley. Eisenbrauns. p. 4. ISBN 9780931464973.

[179] Kelm, George L.; Mazar, Amihai (1982). "Three Seasons of Excavations at Tel Batash: Biblical Timnah". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 248 (248): 1–36. doi:10.2307/1356672. JSTOR 1356672. S2CID 164111158.

[180] Miller, J. Maxwell; Tucker, Gene M. (1974). The Book of Joshua. The Cambridge Bible Commentary on the New English Bible. Cambridge University Press. p. 200. ISBN 9780521086165.

[181] Lapp, Paul W. (1969). "The 1968 Excavations at Tell Ta'annek". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 195 (195): 2–49. doi:10.2307/1356432. JSTOR 1356432. S2CID 166843242.

[182] Vaux, Roland (1956). "The Excavations at Tell El-Far'ah and the Site of Ancient Tirzah". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 88 (2): 125–140. doi:10.1179/peq.1956.88.2.125.

[183] Finkelstein, Israel (2012). "Tell el-Far'ah (Tirzah) and the Early Days of the Northern Kingdom". Revue Biblique. 119 (3): 331–346. JSTOR 44092170. Retrieved 2018-05-29.

[Dever_2001-184] Dever, William G. (2001). What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802821263.

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The list of cities and suggested locations

See also

References