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Middle East nuclear weapon free zone

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     Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones      Nuclear weapons states      Nuclear sharing      Neither, but NPT

The Middle East nuclear weapon free zone (MENWFZ) is a proposed agreement similar to other nuclear-weapon-free zones. Steps towards the establishment of such a zone began in the 1960s led to a joint declaration by Egypt and Iran in 1974 which resulted in a General Assembly resolution (broadened in 1990 through the Mubarak Initiative to cover all weapons of mass destruction).[1] Following the 1995 NPT Review Conference, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) held a series of meetings involving experts and academics to consider ways to advance this process.[2]

Such a zone would strengthen the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), would help to promote global nuclear disarmament, and would also help the Middle East peace as substantial confidence-building measures.[3] As of 2014, three countries in the Middle East have been found in non-compliance with their IAEA safeguards obligations under the NPT: Iraq, Iran and Syria. Of these cases, Syria remains unresolved.[4]

History

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Steps towards the establishment of such a zone began in the 1960s led to a joint declaration by Egypt and Iran in 1974 which resulted in a General Assembly resolution (broadened in 1990 through the Mubarak Initiative to cover all weapons of mass destruction).[citation needed]

The United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 (the ceasefire ending the Gulf War) recognizes the goal of establishing the MENWFZ (para 14).

Following the 1995 NPT Review Conference, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) held a series of meetings involving experts and academics to consider ways to advance this process.[2]

In 2004, the Gulf Research Center proposed the establishment of a WMD-free zone covering the six members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates), Iran, Iraq and Yemen. This subregional WMD-free zone was supposed to be a first step toward a broader one to cover the whole Middle East.[5]

Following pressure from Egypt and the Arab League, the 2010 NPT Review Conference called for holding a conference on a MENWFZ which would primarily press Israel to end its policy of ambiguity. Finland planned to host such an event in 2012.[6] However, no agreement was reached on the agenda and other issues, and the conference was called off in November 2012.[7]

An international group of concerned citizens, including former members of the Israeli Knesset, responded to the lack of progress in official talks by organizing an International Conference For A WMD-Free Middle East. It was held in Haifa in December 2013.[citation needed]

In September 2013, there was an initiative for a weapons of mass destruction free zone (WMDFZ) in the Middle East. As at January 2014, the Secretary-General of UNODA has received letters confirming support for declaring the Middle East a region free from weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. Such letters have been received from all members of the Arab League (except for Syria): Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen, and from permanent observer Palestine. Syria has not sent such a letter.[8][9])

As of 2014, three countries in the Middle East have been found in non-compliance with their IAEA safeguards obligations under the NPT: Iraq, Iran and Syria. Of these cases, Iran and Syria remain unresolved.[citation needed]

In 2017, civil society activists and disarmament experts established the Middle East Treaty Organization (METO) to create opportunities for track 1.5 and track 2 diplomatic efforts, and generally advocate for a WMDFZ in the Middle East (MEWMDFZ).[10] As an international non-governmental organization (NGO), METO's mission is in the spirit of the 2013 initiatives calling to expand the proposed MENWFZ to all weapons of mass destruction. Since their founding, METO has organized a series of roundtable conferences and negotiations among Middle Eastern diplomats, security experts, and former diplomats to negotiate on a draft treaty text for establishing such a zone.

The draft treaty text facilitated by METO's process was brought to the United Nations General Assembly by Egypt on 22 December 2018, alongside a proposal to launch an annual conference to discuss the zone. The UN General Assembly resolved to convene an annual meeting on the establishment of a Middle East WMDFZ. The first annual conference was held from 18 November to 22 November 2019 at UN Headquarters in New York, presided over by the UN Permanent Representative from Jordan. Almost all states of the region attended the conference, including the 22 members of the Arab League and Iran, as well as four nuclear-armed states China, France, Russia, and the United Kingdom, alongside other observer states and international organizations. The only regional country that did not participate was Israel.

They agreed to meet again from 16 to 20 November 2020.[11] That meeting was postponed until 29 November 2021 - 03 December 2021 because of COVID.[12]

The third conference was held 14–18 November 2022, with the fourth scheduled for 13 to 17 November 2023.[13]

Positions

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Egypt

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Egypt sees a MENWFZ as a means of pressure on Israel to relinquish its ambiguous nuclear policy, and to sign the NPT.[14] Until the Iranian nuclear program, Israel was believed to be the only regional country to have a nuclear deterrence capability, developed in the 1960s.[15]

Iran

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Main article: Nuclear program of Iran

Iran has denied that it is pursuing a nuclear-weapons capability and insists that its nuclear program solely aims at meeting its growing civilian energy needs.[5] Tehran has taken a low-profile approach toward the MEC, neither endorsing nor rejecting it.[5]

In 1974, as concerns in the region grew over Israel's nuclear weapon program, Iran formally proposed the concept of a nuclear weapon free zone in the Middle East in a joint resolution in the UN General Assembly.[16] The Shah of Iran had made a similar appeal five years earlier but had failed to attract any support.[17]

The call for the creation of nuclear weapons free zone in the Middle East was repeated by Iran's President Ahmadinejad in 2006,[18] by Foreign Minister Mottaki in 2008,[19] and by Foreign Minister Zarif in 2015.[citation needed]

In early November 2012, Ali Asghar Soltanieh, Iran's ambassador to the IAEA, announced that his country planned to attend the WMD-free MidEast conference.[5] The conference was however later cancelled.

Israel

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See also: Nuclear weapons and Israel

Avner Cohen, Gerald Steinberg and other experts have noted that Israeli policy has emphasized the link between nuclear demilitarization and a comprehensive peace settlement including Palestinian issues and with countries and potential threats in the region, including Syria and Iran.[20] Israel maintains a veil of “studied ambiguity” (“amimut”) [15] about its nuclear arsenal, and has not signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.[21]

References

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  1. ^ “Mubarak initiative” expands the scope of the nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East to include all WMD, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 18 April 1990, Wikidata Q125765757
  2. ^ a b Steinberg, Gerald M. (1998). Thakur, Ramesh (ed.). The Obstacles to a Middle East Nuclear Weapon Free Zone. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 0-333-73980-9. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  3. ^ "Toward a Middle East Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone". European Dialogue.
  4. ^ "IAEA and Syria". www.iaea.org. May 14, 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d "A WMD-Free Zone in the Middle East? | Middle East Policy Council".
  6. ^ "Finland will host 2012 conference to start talks on nuclear weapons-free Mideast". European Dialogue.
  7. ^ "Diplomats: Mideast nuke talks called off". USA Today. 11 November 2012.
  8. ^ "Middle East Weapons of Mass Destruction Free Zone – UNODA".
  9. ^ "United Nations Official Document".
  10. ^ "Middle East Treaty Organization – Achieving the Possible". Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  11. ^ Conference on the Establishment of a Middle East Zone Free of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction, First session, 18–22 November 2019, Conference on the Establishment of a Middle East Zone Free of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction, United Nations, 28 November 2019, Wikidata Q125763544
  12. ^ 29 November 2021 - 03 December 2021: Second session of the Conference on the Establishment of a Middle East Zone Free of Nuclear Weapons and other WMD is held in New York, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, Wikidata Q125767048
  13. ^ Conference on the Establishment of a Middle East Zone Free of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction, Third session, 14–18 November 2022, Conference on the Establishment of a Middle East Zone Free of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction, United Nations, 21 November 2022, Wikidata Q125763673
  14. ^ Karawan, Ibrahim (1998). Thakur, Ramesh (ed.). The Case for a Nuclear Weapon Free Zone in the Middle East. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-73980-9. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  15. ^ a b Cohen, Aver (2010). The Worst Kept Secret: Israel's Bargain With The Bomb. Columbia University Press.
  16. ^ "Disarmament Diplomacy, Issue No. 86, Autumn 2007, Rethinking Security Interests for a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in the Middle East, Rebecca Johnson". Acronym.org.uk. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
  17. ^ "Iran Asks UN Action to Keep Region Free of Nuclear Arms, New York Times, July 13, 1974". Iranaffairs.com. 20 August 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2009.[permanent dead link‍]
  18. ^ "Iran call for nuclear-free region". BBC News. 27 February 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
  19. ^ "Iran seeks nuclear-free Middle East, says Mottaki, Ministry of the Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran". 5 February 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-08-14.
  20. ^ "Middle East Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone". Federation of American Scientists.
  21. ^ Telhami, Shibley; Kull, Steven (January 15, 2012). "Preventing a Nuclear Iran, Peacefully". The New York Times.
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