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Meteorology in the 21st century

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a timeline of scientific and technological advancements as well as notable academic or government publications in the area of atmospheric sciences and meteorology during the 21st century. Some historical weather events are included that mark time periods where advancements were made, or even that sparked policy change.

2000s

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2001

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2002

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  • April–September – A Service Assessment Team was formed by the United States government to assess the quality of forecasts and post-tornado assessments conducted by the National Weather Service (NWS) office in Baltimore/Washington for the 2002 La Plata tornado. Their assessment and findings, released in September 2002, found:[2]
    • That the local NWS office failed to indicate the initial findings of F5 damage on the Fujita scale was "preliminary" to the media and public.[2]
    • The Service Assessment Team also recommended the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration require local National Weather Service offices to only release "potentially greater than F3" if F4 or F5 damage was suspected and to only release information regarding F4 or F5 damage after Quick Response Team (QRT) had assessed the damage.[2]
  • September – The National Weather Service creates a national Quick Response Team (QRT), whose job is to assess and analyze locations believed to have sustained F4 or F5 damage on the Fujita scale.[2]

2003

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2004

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2005

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2006

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2007

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2008

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2009

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2010s

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2010

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2011

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2012

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2013

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2014

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2015

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2016

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2017

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2018

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2019

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2020s

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2020

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2021

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2022

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2023

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2024

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Zhang, Da-Lin; Liu, Yubao; Yau, M. K. (January 2001). "A Multiscale Numerical Study of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Part IV: Unbalanced Flows". Monthly Weather Review. 129 (1). American Meteorological Society: 92–107. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0092:AMNSOH>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d Evans, Donald L.; Lautenbacher, Jr, Conrad C.; Kelly, Jr., John J. (September 2002). "Service Assessment: La Plata, Maryland, Tornado Outbreak April 28, 2002" (Press release). Silver Spring, Maryland: United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 25, 2024. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
  3. ^ McTaggart-Cowan, R.; Gyakum, J. R.; Yau, M. K. (August 1, 2003). "The Influence of the Downstream State on Extratropical Transition: Hurricane Earl (1998) Case Study". Monthly Weather Review. 131 (8). American Meteorological Society: 1910–1929. doi:10.1175//2589.1. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  4. ^ Kossin, James P.; Schubert, Wayne H. (February 2004). "Mesovortices in Hurricane Isabel". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 85 (2). American Meteorological Society: 151–153. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  5. ^ Lixion A. Avila (January 4, 2006). "Tropical Cyclone Report Tropical Storm Alpha" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
  6. ^ Miller, Susan. "Tropical Storm Eta expected to intensify into the season's 12th hurricane on Monday". USA TODAY. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
  7. ^ Beven, Jack; Blake, Eric S. (April 10, 2006). "Tropical Cyclone Report Unnamed Subtropical Storm 4–5 October 2005" (Press release and Academic analysis). University Park, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 11, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
  8. ^ Marshall, Timothy P.; Robinson, Stuart (November 8, 2006). "Birmingham U.K. Tornado: 28 July 2005" (PDF). 23rd Conference on Severe Local Storms. 9. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  9. ^ "Fujita Tornado Damage Scale". www.spc.noaa.gov.
  10. ^ "Tornado Scale - The Enhanced Fujita Scale | TornadoFacts.net". www.tornadofacts.net.
  11. ^ a b Lemon, Leslie R.; Umscheid, Mike (October 27, 2008). The Greensburg, Kansas Tornadic Storm: A storm of Extremes (PDF). 24th Conference on Severe Local Storms. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  12. ^ Marshall, Timothy P.; Jungbluth, Karl A.; Baca, Abigail (August 2008). "The Parkersburg, IA Tornado: May 25, 2008" (Academic conference publication). 24th Conference on Severe Local Storms. Savannah, Georgia: Haag Engineering, National Weather Service, RMS Consulting Group via the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved May 4, 2024.
  13. ^ Clark, Matthew R. (July 2009). "The southern England tornadoes of 30 December 2006: Case study of a tornadic storm in a low CAPE, high shear environment". Atmospheric Research. 93 (1–3). Met Office via Elsevier: 50–65. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.10.008. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
  14. ^ Forgette, Richard; Dettrey, Bryan; Van Boening, Mark; Swanson, David A. (February 2009). "Before, Now, and After: Assessing Hurricane Katrina Relief". Population Research and Policy Review. 28 (1). Springer Science+Business Media: 31–44. doi:10.1007/s11113-008-9113-6. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  15. ^ Zoraster, Richard M. (February 2010). "Vulnerable Populations: Hurricane Katrina as a Case Study". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 25 (1): 74–78. doi:10.1017/S1049023X00007718. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  16. ^ Knox, John A.; Rackley, Jared A.; Black, Alan W.; Gensini, Vittorio A.; Butler, Michael; Dunn, Corey; Gallo, Taylor; Hunter, Melyssa R.; Lindsey, Lauren; Phan, Minh; Scroggs, Robert; Brustad, Synne (2013). "Tornado Debris Characteristics and Trajectories During the 27 April 2011 Super Outbreak as Determined Using Social Media Data". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (9): 1371–1380. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94.1371K. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00036.1.
  17. ^ j, Sanders; j., Sanders (January 8, 2013). "Abstract: Comparative Analysis of Multiple Tornado Tracks During Severe Weather Outbreaks: 2011 Super Outbreak, Alabama (93rd American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting)". confex.com.
  18. ^ "April 2011 tornado information". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 9, 2011. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
  19. ^ National Weather Service in Springfield, Missouri (April 17, 2021). "Commemoration of Joplin, Missouri EF-5 Tornado" (StoryMap). ArcGIS StoryMaps. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on October 11, 2023. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
  20. ^ Chan, P.W.; Wurman, J.; Shun, C.M.; Robinson, P.; Kosiba, K. (March 2012). "Application of a method for the automatic detection and Ground-Based Velocity Track Display (GBVTD) analysis of a tornado crossing the Hong Kong International Airport". Atmospheric Research. 106. Hong Kong Observatory and Center for Severe Weather Research via Elsevier: 18–29. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.10.010. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
  21. ^ Liu, Bin; Xie, Lian (February 1, 2012). "A Scale-Selective Data Assimilation Approach to Improving Tropical Cyclone Track and Intensity Forecasts in a Limited-Area Model: A Case Study of Hurricane Felix (2007)". Weather and Forecasting. 27 (1). American Meteorological Society: 124–140. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-10-05033.1. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  22. ^ "Enhanced Fujita Scale". Environment Canada. May 10, 2013.
  23. ^ National Weather Service (May 15, 2023). "May 20, 2013: The Day an EF-5 Tornado Struck the OKC Metro" (StoryMap). ArcGIS StoryMaps. Norman, Oklahoma: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
  24. ^ National Weather Service (May 31, 2023). "May 31, 2013: Tornado Outbreak & Historic Flooding" (StoryMap). ArcGIS StoryMaps. Norman, Oklahoma: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
  25. ^ Jeff Masters (June 4, 2013). "Largest Tornado on Record: the May 31 El Reno, OK EF-5 Tornado". Weather Underground. The Weather Company. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
  26. ^ Bluestein, Howard B.; Snyder, Jeffrey C.; Houser, Jana B. (2015). "A Multiscale Overview of the el Reno, Oklahoma, Tornadic Supercell of 31 May 2013". Weather and Forecasting. 30 (3): 525–552. Bibcode:2015WtFor..30..525B. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-14-00152.1.
  27. ^ Emergency appeal final report – Philippines: Tropical Storm Washi (PDF) (Report). International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. August 21, 2013. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
  28. ^ Marshall, Timothy P.; Robinson, John; Kiesling, Ernst; Tanner, Larry (August 2014). "Damage survey of the Mayflower-Vilonia Arkansas tornado: 27 April 2014". 27th Conference on Severe Local Storms. Madison, Wisconsin: Haag Engineering, National Weather Service, National Wind Institute via the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
  29. ^ Burgess, Donald; Ortega, Kiel; Stumpf, Greg; Garfield, Gabe; Karstens, Chris; Meyer, Tiffany; Smith, Brandon; Speheger, Doug; Ladue, Jim; Smith, Rick; Marshall, Tim (October 1, 2014). "20 May 2013 Moore, Oklahoma, Tornado: Damage Survey and Analysis". Weather and Forecasting. 29 (5). American Meteorological Society: 1229–1237. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-14-00039.1. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
  30. ^ Atkins, Nolan T.; Butler, Kelly M.; Flynn, Kayla R.; Wakimoto, Roger M. (October 2014). "An Integrated Damage, Visual, and Radar Analysis of the 2013 Moore, Oklahoma, EF5 Tornado". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 95 (10). American Meteorological Society: 1549–1561. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00033.1. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
  31. ^ Bernold Feuerstein; Thilo Kühne (September 2015). "A violent tornado in mid-18th century Germany: the Genzmer Report". ECSS 2015 – European Conference on Severe Storms at: Wiener Neustadt, Austria. 8. European Severe Storms Laboratory. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.3733.8085. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
  32. ^ National Centers for Environmental Information; National Weather Service (August 2016). "Kansas Event Report: EF2 Tornado" (Press release). Storm Events Database. Asheville, North Carolina: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 7, 2024. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  33. ^ Lavandera, Ed (May 23, 2017). "One of the wildest tornado-chasing days ever recorded". CNN. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
  34. ^ Graham, Lindley; Butler, Troy; Walsh, Scott; Dawson, Clint; Westerink, Joannes J. (March 2017). "A Measure-Theoretic Algorithm for Estimating Bottom Friction in a Coastal Inlet: Case Study of Bay St. Louis during Hurricane Gustav (2008)". Monthly Weather Review. 145 (3). American Meteorological Society: 929–954. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-16-0149.1. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  35. ^ Bluestein, Howard B.; Thiem, Kyle J.; Snyder, Jeffrey C.; Houser, Jana B. (August 1, 2018). "The Multiple-Vortex Structure of the El Reno, Oklahoma, Tornado on 31 May 2013". Monthly Weather Review. 146 (8). American Meteorological Society: 2483–2502. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-18-0073.1. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
  36. ^ National Severe Storms Laboratory. "TORUS: TARGETED OBSERVATIONS BY RADARS AND UAS OF SUPERCELLS". NSSL Projects. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
  37. ^ "Targeted Observation by Radars and UAS of Supercells (TORUS)". University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
  38. ^ Press release (March 24, 2020). "Drop in aircraft observations could have impact on weather forecasts". European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  39. ^ Sanders, Shadya; Adams, Terri; Joseph, Everette (July 1, 2020). "Severe Weather Forecasts and Public Perceptions: An Analysis of the 2011 Super Outbreak in Tuscaloosa, Alabama". Weather, Climate, and Society. 12 (3). American Meteorological Society: 473–485. doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-18-0090.1. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
  40. ^ "WMO certifies Megaflash lightning extremes". World Meteorological Organization. June 24, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  41. ^ Cappucci, Matthew (June 25, 2020). "World record lightning 'megaflash' in South America — 440 miles long — confirmed by scientists". Washington Post. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  42. ^ "700-km Brazil 'megaflash' sets lightning record: UN". phys.org. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  43. ^ Cappucci, Matthew (April 19, 2021). "Typhoon Surigae intensified with surprising speed, bearing the fingerprint of climate change" (News article). Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 7, 2024. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  44. ^ National Weather Service (March 1, 2022). "National Weather Service Staff Looks Back on the Tenth Anniversary of March 2nd 2012" (Video). YouTube. Louisville, Kentucky: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on November 16, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
  45. ^ "Climate change is driving 2022 extreme heat and flooding". Thomson Reuters Foundation. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  46. ^ Clarke, Ben; Otto, Friederike; Stuart-Smith, Rupert; Harrington, Luke (June 28, 2022). "Extreme weather impacts of climate change: an attribution perspective". Environmental Research: Climate. 1 (1): 012001. doi:10.1088/2752-5295/ac6e7d. hdl:10044/1/97290. ISSN 2752-5295. S2CID 250134589.
  47. ^ Fountain, Henry (July 18, 2022). "Why Europe Is Becoming a Heat Wave Hot Spot". The New York Times. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  48. ^ Rousi, Efi; Kornhuber, Kai; Beobide-Arsuaga, Goratz; Luo, Fei; Coumou, Dim (July 4, 2022). "Accelerated western European heatwave trends linked to more-persistent double jets over Eurasia". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 3851. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13.3851R. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31432-y. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 9253148. PMID 35788585.
  49. ^ "Marine heatwave: Record sea temperatures seen in the Mediterranean could devastate marine life". interestingengineering.com. August 20, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  50. ^ Garrabou, Joaquim; Gómez-Gras, Daniel; Medrano, Alba; Cerrano, Carlo; Ponti, Massimo; Schlegel, Robert; Bensoussan, Nathaniel; Turicchia, Eva; Sini, Maria; Gerovasileiou, Vasilis; et al. (July 18, 2022). "Marine heatwaves drive recurrent mass mortalities in the Mediterranean Sea". Global Change Biology. 28 (19): 5708–5725. doi:10.1111/gcb.16301. hdl:10754/679702. ISSN 1354-1013. PMC 9543131. PMID 35848527. S2CID 250622761.
  51. ^ Lyza, Anthony W.; Goudeau, Barrett T.; Knupp, Kevin R. (2022). "Damage Analysis and Close-Range Radar Observations of the 13 April 2019 Greenwood Springs, Mississippi, Tornado during VORTEX-SE Meso18-19". Monthly Weather Review. 150 (7): 1873–1893. Bibcode:2022MWRv..150.1873L. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-21-0281.1.
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  53. ^ Labe, Zack. "There are still *no* areas of record cold so far in 2022. This visual is always so striking to me. [August monthly climate report from @BerkeleyEarth". Twitter. Zack Labe. Archived from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
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  55. ^ Stillman, Dan (April 3, 2023). "Upon further review, Hurricane Ian peaked as a rare Category 5". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
  56. ^ "Damaging 2022 Atlantic hurricane season draws to a close". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. November 29, 2022. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  57. ^ Timothy P. Marshall (Haag Engineering Company); Zachary B. Wienhoff (Haag Engineering Company); Brian E. Smith (NOAA/NWS); Christine L. Wielgos (NOAA/NWS) (January 2022). "Damage Survey of the Mayfield, KY Tornado: 10 December 2021". Academia.edu: 1–13. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
  58. ^ Cooper, Keith (January 25, 2023). "Perseverance Mars rover files 1st detailed weather report". Space.com. Archived from the original on January 27, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
  59. ^ National Centers for Environmental Information; National Weather Service in Houston, Texas (April 2023). "Texas Event Report: EF3 Tornado (Harris County)". Storm Event Database. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on September 11, 2023. Retrieved September 11, 2023.
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  64. ^ "A conversation with Oklahoma meteorologist Liz Leitman, the first woman to issue a thunderstorm watch". KOSU. February 28, 2023.
  65. ^ "WICKER, COLLEAGUES INTRODUCE TORNADO ACT". Roger Wicker. April 26, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
  66. ^ Stevenson, Sarah A.; Miller, Connell S.; Sills, David M.L.; Kopp, Gregory A.; Rhee, Daniel M.; Lombardo, Franklin T. (July 2023). "Assessment of wind speeds along the damage path of the Alonsa, Manitoba EF4 tornado on 3 August 2018". Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 238. Elsevier: 105422. doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2023.105422. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
  67. ^ Bucci, Lisa; Alaka, Laura; Hagen, Andrew; Delgao, Sandy; Beven, Jack (April 3, 2023). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Ian (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 3, 2023. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
  68. ^ Pieter Groenemeijer (ESSL); Lothar Bock (DWD); Juan de Dios Soriano (AEMet); Maciej Dutkiewicz (Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology); Delia Gutiérrez-Rubio (AEMet); Alois M. Holzer (ESSL); Martin Hubrig; Rainer Kaltenberger; Thilo Kühne (ESSL); Mortimer Müller (Universität für Bodenkultur); Bas van der Ploeg; Tomáš Púčik (ESSL); Thomas Schreiner (ESSL); Miroslav Šinger (SHMI); Gabriel Strommer (ESSL); Andi Xhelaj (University of Genova) (July 30, 2023). "The International Fujita (IF) Scale" (PDF). European Severe Storms Laboratory. Retrieved July 30, 2023.
  69. ^ National Weather Service in Jackson, Mississippi (September 22, 2023). "The Intense Mississippi Tornadoes of March 24, 2023" (StoryMap). ArcGIS StoryMaps. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
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  71. ^ "DELTA: Detecting and Evaluating Low-level Tornado Attributes". University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
  72. ^ Butt, Daniel G.; Jaffe, Aaron L.; Miller, Connell S.; Kopp, Gregory A.; Sills, David M. L. (January 2024). "Automated Large-Scale Tornado Treefall Detection and Directional Analysis Using Machine Learning". Artificial Intelligence for the Earth Systems. 3 (1). Northern Tornadoes Project and Western University via the American Meteorological Society. doi:10.1175/AIES-D-23-0062.1. ISSN 2769-7525. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
  73. ^ First, Jennifer M.; Carnahan, Megan; Yu, Mansoo; Lee, Sangwon; Houston, J. Brian (February 19, 2024). "'Recovering from Tornado Brain': A Qualitative Analysis of Long-Term Needs after One of the Deadliest Tornadoes in U.S. History". Clinical Social Work Journal. The University of Tennessee and University of Missouri via Springer Science+Business Media: 1–11. doi:10.1007/s10615-024-00926-1. ISSN 1573-3343. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
  74. ^ Roueche, David B.; Chen, Guangzhao; Soto, Mariantonieta Gutierrez; Kameshwar, Sabarethinam; Safiey, Amir; Do, Trung; Lombardo, Franklin T.; Nakayama, Jordan O.; Rittelmeyer, Brandon M.; Palacio-Betancur, Alejandro; Demaree, Garrett (May 2024). "Performance of Hurricane-Resistant Housing during the 2022 Arabi, Louisiana, Tornado". Journal of Structural Engineering. 150 (5). American Society of Civil Engineers. doi:10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-12986. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  75. ^ Wehner, Michael F.; Kossin, James P. (February 5, 2024). "The growing inadequacy of an open-ended Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale in a warming world". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 121 (7): e2308901121. Bibcode:2024PNAS..12108901W. doi:10.1073/pnas.2308901121. PMC 10873601. PMID 38315843.
  76. ^ Lyza, Anthony W.; Flournoy, Matthew D.; Alford, A. Addison (March 19, 2024). "Comparison of Tornado Damage Characteristics to Low-Altitude WSR-88D Radar Observations and Implications for Tornado Intensity Estimation" (Academic publication). Monthly Weather Review. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and University of Oklahoma via the American Meteorological Society. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-23-0242.1. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
  77. ^ Colby, Frank P.; Barlow, Mathew; Penny, Andrew B. (March 6, 2024). "Steering Flow Sensitivity in Forecast Models for Hurricane Ian (2022)". Weather and Forecasting. American Meteorological Society. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-23-0169.1. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
  78. ^ Agnew, Duncan Car (March 27, 2024). "A global timekeeping problem postponed by global warming". Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07170-0.
  79. ^ "House Passes Weather Act Reauthorization". House Committee on Science Space & Tech. United States House of Representatives. April 30, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
  80. ^ Púčik, Tomáš; Rýva, David; Staněk, Miloslav; Šinger, Miroslav; Groenemeijer, Pieter; Pistotnik, Georg; Kaltenberger, Rainer; Zich, Miloš; Koláček, Jan; Holzer, Alois (April 10, 2024). "The violent tornado on 24 June 2021 in Czechia: damage survey, societal impacts and lessons learned" (Academic publication). Weather, Climate, and Society. European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL), Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI), Charles University (CU), Meteopress, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMÚ), Commenius University, Geosphere, Austrocontrol, and Brno University of Technology (BUT) via the American Meteorological Society. doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-23-0080.1. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
  81. ^ Coleman, Timothy A.; Thompson, Richard L.; Forbes, Gregory S. (April 29, 2024). "A Comprehensive Analysis of the Spatial and Seasonal Shifts in Tornado Activity in the United States" (Academic publication). Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. University of Alabama in Huntsville, Storm Prediction Center, The Weather Channel via the American Meteorological Society. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-23-0143.1. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
  82. ^ Fan, Lei; Fu, Hui-Huang; Liang, Yu (May 3, 2024). "Two Characteristic Patterns of the Summer Indian Ocean Dipole". Journal of Climate. American Meteorological Society. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-23-0534.1. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  83. ^ Frost, Robby; Welty, Colin; Ruppert, James (May 2024). "The Influence of the Great Plains Low-Level Jet on Tropical Storm Erin's (2007) Overland Intensification". 36th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology (Academic publication). University of Oklahoma via the American Meteorological Society.