Melitaea didyma

Melitaea didyma
	Two spotted fritillaries in the Republic of North Macedonia
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Nymphalidae
Genus:	Melitaea
Species:	M. didyma
Binomial name
	Melitaea didyma; (Esper, 1778)
Subspecies
	See text

Melitaea didyma, the spotted fritillary or red-band fritillary, is a Palearctic butterfly of the family Nymphalidae.

Description

Melitaea didyma is a medium-sized butterfly with a wingspan reaching 35–50 millimetres (1.4–2.0 in). The overside of the wings is a bright orange-brown with dark brown markings arranged in rows, which are quite variable in quantity and size. Sometimes the colour of the females is a duller orange, shaded with grey-green. The underside of the wings is chequered pale yellow and pale orange. M. didyma has seasonal forms and sexual dimorphism. The male is fiery red, with a narrow dentate black distal border and a moderate number of small black dots and spots, which are dispersed over the basal half of the wing and end with a short band extending beyond the cell from the costa into the disc. On the underside, which is very abundantly marked with small black dots and hooks, a flexuose subbasal band and a curved submarginal one are situated on a delicately greenish, or yellowish, white ground. In the female the forewing and the anal area of the hindwing are much paler, being moreover dusted with blackish, while the costal half of the hindwing has preserved the red tint : the whole wings are much more abundantly but less prominently marked with black. There occur sometimes specimens with a blue gloss on the upperside.^[2]

Biology

This butterfly flies from March to October depending on the location. This species has two or three generations and overwinters as young caterpillar.

The larvae feed on various plants, including Linaria, Plantago lanceolata, Veronica, Centaurea jacea and Digitalis purpurea.^[3]

Male
Male underside
Female
Female underside

Distribution

It is found in southern and central Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, central Asia and Siberia. It is absent from northern Europe (England, Ireland, northern France, Germany, Poland and Scandinavia).^[3]

Habitat

Melitaea didyma prefers flowery and grassy areas, meadows and roadsides.

Subspecies

The species is divided into the following subspecies:^[3]

Melitaea didyma didyma
Melitaea didyma elavar Fruhstorfer, 1917
Melitaea didyma kirgisica Bryk, 1940
Melitaea didyma neera Fischer de Waldheim, 1840
Melitaea didyma occidentalis Staudinger, 1861
Melitaea didyma turkestanica Sheljuzhko, 1929
Melitaea didyma ambra Higgings, 1941

Melitaea didyma occidentalis ♂
Melitaea didyma occidentalis ♂ △
Melitaea didyma occidentalis ♀
Melitaea didyma occidentalis ♀ △

Images of life cycle

Mating
Larva (or caterpillar)
Pupa (or chrysalis)

References

^ Biolib
^ Seitz. A. in Seitz, A. ed. Band 1: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen Tagfalter, 1909, 379 Seiten, mit 89 kolorierten Tafeln (3470 Figuren) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Melitaea Fabricius, 1807" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

Guide des papillons d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord, Delachaux et Niestlé, Tom Tolman, Richard Lewington
Russian insects
Catalogue of life^{[permanent dead link]}

External links

[biolib-1] Biolib

[2] Seitz. A. in Seitz, A. ed. Band 1: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen Tagfalter, 1909, 379 Seiten, mit 89 kolorierten Tafeln (3470 Figuren) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[funet-3] "Melitaea Fabricius, 1807" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

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[2]

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