Meldrum's acid
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| Names | |
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| Preferred IUPAC name
2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione | |
| Other names
Isopropylidene malonate
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.016.358 |
PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C6H8O4 | |
| Molar mass | 144.126 g·mol−1 |
| Melting point | 94 to 95 °C (201 to 203 °F; 367 to 368 K) (decomposes)[1] |
| Acidity (pKa) | 4.97 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Meldrum's acid or 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione is an organic compound with formula C6H8O4. Its molecule has a heterocyclic core with four carbon and two oxygen atoms; the formula can also be written as [−O−(C(CH3)2)−O−(C=O)−(CH2)−(C=O)−].
It is a crystalline colorless solid, sparingly soluble in water. It decomposes on heating with release of carbon dioxide and acetone.[2][3]
Properties
[edit]Acidity
[edit]The compound can easily lose a hydrogen ion from the methylene (CH2) in the ring (carbon 5); which creates a double bond between it and one of the adjacent carbons (number 4 or 6), and a negative charge in the corresponding oxygen. The resulting anion [C6H7O4]− is stabilized by resonance between the two alternatives, so that the double bond is delocalized and each oxygen in the carbonyls has a formal charge of −1/2.
The ionization constant pKa is 4.97; which makes it behave as a monobasic acid even though it contains no carboxylic acid groups.[2] In this and other properties, the compound resembles dimedone and barbituric acid. However, while dimedone exists in solution predominantly as the mono-enol tautomer, Meldrum's acid is almost entirely as the diketone form.[2]
The unusually high acidity of this compound was long considered anomalous—it is 8 orders of magnitude more acidic than the closely related compound dimethyl malonate. In 2004, Ohwada and coworkers determined that the energy-minimizing conformation structure of the compound places the alpha proton's σ*CH orbital in the proper geometry to align with the π*CO, so that the ground state poses unusually strong destabilization of the C-H bond.[4]
Preparation
[edit]Original synthesis
[edit]The compound was first made by Meldrum by a condensation reaction of acetone with malonic acid in acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid.[3]
Alternative syntheses
[edit]As an alternative to its original preparation, Meldrum's acid can be synthesized from malonic acid, isopropenyl acetate (an enol derivative of acetone), and catalytic sulfuric acid.
A third route is the reaction of carbon suboxide C3O2 with acetone in the presence of oxalic acid.[2]
Uses
[edit]Like malonic acid and its ester derivatives, and other 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, Meldrum's acid can and serve as a reactant for a variety of nucleophilic reactions.
Alkylation and acylation
[edit]The acidity of carbon 5 (between the two carbonyl groups) allows simple derivatization of Meldrum's acid at this position, through reactions such as alkylation and acylation. For example, deprotonation and reaction with a simple alkyl halide (R−Cl) attaches the alkyl group (R−) at that position:
The analogous reaction with an acyl chloride (R−(C=O)−Cl) attaches the acyl (R−(C=O)−) instead:
These two reactions allow Meldrum's acid to serve as a starting scaffold for the synthesis of many different structures with various functional groups. The alkylated products can be further manipulated to produce various amide and ester compounds. Heating the acyl product in the presence of an alcohol leads to ester exchange and decarboxylation in a process similar to the malonic ester synthesis. The reactive nature of the cyclic-diester allows good reactivity even for alcohols as hindered as t-butanol,[5] and this reactivity of Meldrum's acid and it's derivatives has been used to develop a range of reactions.[6][7][8][9] Ketoesters formed from the reaction of alcohols with Meldrum's acid derivatives are useful in the Knorr pyrrole synthesis.
Synthesis of ketenes
[edit]At temperatures greater than 200 °C[10] Meldrum's acid undergoes a pericyclic reaction that releases acetone and carbon dioxide and produces a highly reactive ketene compound:[11]
These ketenes can be isolated using flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP). Ketenes are highly electrophilic and can undergo addition reaction with a range of other chemicals, particularly ketene cycloadditions, or dimerisation to diketene. With this approach it is possible to form new C–C bonds, rings, amides, esters, and acids:
Alternately, the pyrolysis can be performed in solution, to obtain the same results without isolating the ketene, in a one-pot reaction. The ability to form such diverse products makes Meldrum's acid a very useful reagent for synthetic chemists.[12][13][14]
History
[edit]
The compound is named after Andrew Norman Meldrum who reported its synthesis in 1908.[3] He misidentified its structure as a β-lactone of β-hydroxyisopropylmalonic acid; the correct structure, the bislactone of 1,3-dioxane was reported in 1948.[15]
References
[edit]- ^ "Meldrum's Acid". The Merck Index. 14th. Vol. edition. Merck Research Laboratories. 2006. p. 1005. ISBN 978-0-911910-00-1.
- ^ a b c d McNab, Hamish (1978). "Meldrum's acid". Chemical Society Reviews. 7 (3): 345–358. doi:10.1039/CS9780700345.
- ^ a b c Norman Meldrum, Andrew (1908). "A β-lactonic acid from acetone and malonic acid". Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions. 93: 598–601. doi:10.1039/CT9089300598.
- ^ Nakamura, Satoshi; Hirao, Hajime; Ohwada, Tomohiko (2004). "Rationale for the Acidity of Meldrum's Acid. Consistent Relation of C−H Acidities to the Properties of Localized Reactive Orbital". J. Org. Chem. 69 (13): 4309–4316. doi:10.1021/jo049456f. PMID 15202884.
- ^ Oikawa, Yuji; Sugano, Kiyoshi; Yonemitsu, Osamu (1978). "Meldrum's acid in organic synthesis. 2. A general and versatile synthesis of β-keto esters". J. Org. Chem. 43 (10): 2087–2088. doi:10.1021/jo00404a066.
- ^ Ghosh, Santanu; Purkait, Anisha; Jana, Chandan K. (2020). "Environmentally benign decarboxylative N -, O -, and S -acetylations and acylations". Green Chemistry. 22 (24): 8721–8727. doi:10.1039/D0GC03731A. S2CID 229195097.
- ^ Li, Jiang-Sheng; Da, Yu-Dong; Chen, Guo-Qin; Yang, Qian; Li, Zhi-Wei; Yang, Fan; Huang, Peng-Mian (13 February 2017). "Solvent-, and Catalyst-free Acylation of Anilines with Meldrum's Acids: A Neat Access to Anilides". ChemistrySelect. 2 (5): 1770–1773. doi:10.1002/slct.201601965.
- ^ Davis, Garrett J.; Sofka, Holly A.; Jewett, John C. (3 April 2020). "Highly Stable Meldrum's Acid Derivatives for Irreversible Aqueous Covalent Modification of Amines". Organic Letters. 22 (7): 2626–2629. doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00597. PMC 7679203. PMID 32191483.
- ^ Heard, David M.; Lennox, Alastair J. J. (7 May 2021). "Dichloromeldrum's Acid (DiCMA): A Practical and Green Amine Dichloroacetylation Reagent". Organic Letters. 23 (9): 3368–3372. doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00850. hdl:1983/89034a97-d592-4fcb-925d-459b9efd9a40. PMID 33844547. S2CID 233223351.
- ^ Gaber, Abd El-Aal M.; McNab, Hamish (2001). "Synthetic Applications of the Pyrolysis of Meldrum's Acid Derivatives". Synthesis. 2001 (14): 2059–2074. doi:10.1055/s-2001-18057.
- ^ Dumas, Aaron M.; Fillion, Eric (2009). "Meldrum's Acids and 5-Alkylidene Meldrum's Acids in Catalytic Carbon–Carbon Bond-Forming Processes". Acc. Chem. Res. 43 (3): 440–454. doi:10.1021/ar900229z. PMID 20000793.
- ^ Oikawa, Yuji; Hirasawa, Hitoshi; Yonemitsu, Osamu (1978). "Meldrum's acid in organic synthesis. 1. A convenient one-pot synthesis of ethyl indolepropionates". Tetrahedron Letters. 19 (20): 1759–1762. doi:10.1016/0040-4039(78)80037-9.
- ^ Lipson, Victoria V.; Gorobets, Nikolay Yu. (2009). "One hundred years of Meldrum's acid: Advances in the synthesis of pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives". Mol. Divers. 13 (4): 399–419. doi:10.1007/s11030-009-9136-x. PMID 19381852. S2CID 20523615.
- ^ Bonifácio, Vasco D. B. (2004). "Meldrum's Acid". Synlett. 2004 (9): 1649–1650. doi:10.1055/s-2004-829539.
- ^ Davidson, David; Bernhard, Sidney A. (1948). "The Structure of Meldrum's Supposed β-Lactonic Acid". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 70 (10): 3426–3428. doi:10.1021/ja01190a060. PMID 18891879.
Further reading
[edit]- Gerencsér, János; Dormán, György; Darvas, Ferenc (2006). "Meldrum's Acid in Multicomponent Reactions: Applications to Combinatorial and Diversity-Oriented Synthesis". QSAR & Combinatorial Science. 25 (5–6): 439–448. doi:10.1002/qsar.200540212.
- Ivanov, Andrey S. (2008). "Meldrum's acid and related compounds in the synthesis of natural products and analogs". Chem. Soc. Rev. 37 (4): 789–811. doi:10.1039/B716020H. PMID 18362984.
- Kidd, Hamish (October 29, 2008). "Meldrum's Acid". Chemistry World: 35–36.