McNally v R
| McNally v R | |
|---|---|
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| Court | Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) |
| Citation | EWCA Crim 1051 (2013) |
| Legislation cited | Sexual Offences Act 2003 |
| Case history | |
| Prior action | R v McNally |
McNally v R [Crim 1051 (2013)], is a 2013 court decision in which the English and Wales Court of Appeals (EWCA) ruled that Scottish student Justine McNally's prior conviction of six counts of sexual assault by penetration[1] would be upheld. McNally's sentence, however, was reduced. The convictions were made under the Sexual Offences Act 2003. Various other cases were explored to maintain the conviction, expanding the previously slim "rape by deception" laws.[2] McNally v R was one of the first cases to display gender fraud or gender deception arguments.[3]
Background
[edit]Justine McNally and a girl, referred to in court records as M, met on an online gaming site. McNally was a Scottish 13-year-old, and M was a year younger and living in London. On the site, McNally used a male avatar named Scott. Over three and a half years, the two developed an internet relationship which became sexual.[4]
McNally and M met for the first time in person after M's 16th birthday, in March 2011. McNally presented as a boy, wore a dildo underneath trousers, and went by the name Scott.[1] Over the next few months, McNally visited M four times. On the first visit, they kissed, and M received oral sex from McNally. McNally declined to receive oral sex from M. M also brought condoms, intending to have intercourse with McNally, but McNally declined. It was alleged that McNally penetrated M with the dildo, but McNally denied this charge and it was not pursued.[1]
On the second occasion, M and McNally engaged in further sexual activity. On the third visit, they talked about having sex but McNally expressed disinterest in trying again.[1] On the fourth visit, M's mother confronted McNally about "really being a girl". M's mother told M about her suspicions, and McNally revealed to M a Facebook profile in McNally's birth name, Justine. M felt "physically sick" and said that McNally had lied to her for four years.[2]
On 7 November 2011, M's mother made a complaint to McNally's school, and the police were notified. M said she was heterosexual and would not have engaged in sexual activity with "Scott" if she had known that McNally was a girl.[1]
In 2012, McNally pleaded guilty to six counts of sexual assault by penetration under the Sexual Offences Act 2003. McNally was sentenced on each count to 3 years of detention and received a three-year restraining order[1] prohibiting contact with M or her mother.
Court decision
[edit]In this case, the appellant challenged all six counts of assault by penetration and McNally's sentence of three years in detention. The convictions were upheld, but McNally's sentence was reduced from three years to nine months and suspension for two years.[4] McNally also remained on the sex offender registry.[1]
Lord Justice Leveson examined previous usages of the Sexual Offences Act of 2003 in order to uphold McNally's earlier convictions.[1]
Implications
[edit]McNally v R discussed how in a previous case, HIV-AIDS status was not a sufficient reason for vitiating consent.[4][failed verification] Despite this, the court decided that "gender deception" can vitiate consent.
Sexuality justice theorist Joseph Fischel[5] describes this trend:
In such cases, juries and judges have held that the young woman's consent to sexual contact (whether kissing or vaginal penetration) was vitiated by the defendant dissembling or misrepresenting their gender.
Subsequent cases of "gender deception" proliferated:
- Gayle Newland, who was accused of misleading her sex partner for years about her gender history;[6]
- Christine Wilson, who pleaded guilty to two charges of obtaining "sexual intimacy by fraud"[7] due to presenting "as a boy";
- Chantelle Johnson, who was jailed for nine years for using a male persona to lure teenage girls whom she then sexually assaulted;[8]
- Gemma Watts, who was jailed for eight years for impersonating a 16-year-old boy in order to groom girls as young as 13;[9]
- Jennifer Staines, who was sentenced to 39 months[10] for sexual assault and other charges. The investigator stated that "her actions were driven by her own selfish desires and although her victims consented to sexual activity with her, they were deceived about the true nature of what they were engaging in."[10]
- Blade Silvano, who was jailed for ten and a half years in 2023 for deceiving a woman into a two-year sexual relationship.[11]
McNally was an important case in popular discourse, opening up discussion about legal discrimination against transgender and gender non-conforming people in sexual assault and rape law.[12]
Criticism
[edit]Various scholars have criticized the court decision. Legal theorist Alex Sharpe[13] offers a dissenting argument in "Queering Judgement: The Case of Gender Identity Fraud",[12] suggesting that McNally v R and related cases undermine the privacy rights of transgender and gender non-conforming people.[3]
However, the assertion that transgender individuals shouldn't have to disclose their genitals to potential sexual partners was criticised by Julie Bindel, who wrote in British magazine The Critic:
But biological sex is the issue here, not gender identity. What else might be more relevant for a person to know in order to give informed consent to sex? What could be more reasonable to want to know?[14]
Joseph Fischel suggested that the framing of the McNally decision as "gender fraud" not only subjugates the dignity and equality of transgender people, but also their sexual autonomy.[2] He suggests questioning the expectant conditions under which the 'deception' takes place:
The expectation that genitals correspond to gender identification is a normative one, a resolutely heteronormative one. That an expectation is socially normative need not entail that the failure of the expectation be legally actionable.[2]
See also
[edit]- Gemma Barker case
- Gender non-conformity
- Rape by deception
- Transgender men
- Transgender rights in the United Kingdom
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h "McNally v R. [2013] EWCA Crim 1051 (27 June 2013)". British and Irish Legal Information Institute (BAILII). Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d Fischel, Joseph (2019). Screw Consent. Oakland, California: University of California Press. pp. 94–116. ISBN 9780520295414.
- ^ a b Gittos, Luke (7 June 2016). "Our rape laws discriminate against trans people". Politics.co.uk. Senate Media. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
- ^ a b c dls (13 July 2021). "McNally v Regina: CACD 27 Jun 2013". swarb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
- ^ "Joseph Fischel bio at Yale.edu". Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- ^ Hattenstone, Simon (15 July 2017). "'I was pretending to be a boy for a variety of reasons': the strange case of Gayle Newland". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- ^ Robertson, John (9 April 2013). "Woman who pretended to be boy escapes jail term". The Scotsman. Edinburgh, Scotland: JPIMedia. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- ^ "Female footballer who posed as boy to trick young girls into sex acts is jailed". The Daily Telegraph. 19 May 2017.
- ^ "Gemma Watts: Woman who posed as boy to sexually assault up to 50 girls is jailed". The Guardian. 10 January 2020.
- ^ a b "Woman who posed as a man to have sex with teenage girls jailed". The Guardian. Press Association. 23 March 2016. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- ^ "Woman jailed after posing as man and duping partner into sex". The Guardian. 20 December 2023.
- ^ a b Sharpe, Alex (2017). "Queering Judgement: The Case of Gender Identity Fraud" (PDF). The Journal of Criminal Law. 81 (5): 417–435. doi:10.1177/0022018317728828. S2CID 206414559. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2022 – via Sage Publications.
- ^ "Alex Sharpe". University of Warwick. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
- ^ Bindel, Julie (29 June 2021). "When is a rape not a rape?". The Critic. Retrieved 10 November 2023.