Mausoleum of Reza Shah
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| 35°35′09″N 51°26′03″E / 35.5858°N 51.4342°E | |
| Location | Ray, Tehran, Iran |
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| Designer | Mohsen Foroughi Keyqobad Zafar Ali Sadeq |
| Type | Mausoleum, Museum (now religious school) |
| Beginning date | 1948 |
| Completion date | 1950 |
| Opening date | 7 May 1951 |
| Dedicated to | Reza Shah |
| Dismantled date | April–May 1980 |
The mausoleum of Reza Shah (Persian: آرامگاه رضاشاه), located in Ray south of Tehran, was the burial ground of Reza Shah Pahlavi (1878–1944), the penultimate Shahanshah (Emperor) of Iran. It was built close to Shah-Abdol-Azim shrine.
In addition to Reza Shah, his son, Prince Ali Reza, was also buried here. The prince who was Mohammad Reza Shah's only full brother, was a pilot and crashed in the Alborz Mountains on October 17, 1954. When the mausoleum was destroyed, no one found the prince's body.
In the early days of the Islamic 1979 Revolution in April 1980, Reza Shah's mausoleum was destroyed under the direction of Ayatollah Sadegh Khalkhali by Revolutionary Guards; In his memoirs, Khalkhali describes how difficult it was to destroy the building due to its solid structure. Revolutionaries were unable to find Reza Shah's dead body and suggested that Mohammad Reza Shah had taken it with him while leaving Iran, a claim which was denied by Shahbanu (Empress) Farah Pahlavi in an interview. On April 23, 2018, a mummified body, possibly that of Reza Shah, was found during expansion work at Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine at the site of the former mausoleum.[1]
Construction
[edit]The construction of the mausoleum began in 1948. The engineers were Mohsen Foroughi, son of Mohammad Ali Foroughi, Keyqobad Zafar and Ali Sadeq, pioneers of modern architecture in Iran. In March 1950, the work was finished.
Funeral
[edit]The coffin of Reza Shah was brought back from the Kingdom of Egypt by train and then by aeroplane, making two stops, one in Mecca and the other in Medina. Then, later, his body was transferred by plane to Ahvaz, and then later by train to Tehran.
On May 8, 1951, Reza Shah's funeral took place in Ray, in which Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the then Shahanshah (Emperor), along with the entire Pahlavi family, many ministers and Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh, participated.
Design
[edit]
Internal
[edit]The mausoleum and its surroundings stretched over an area of 9,000 square metres, and was 25 metres high (without the cupola on the top), that is to say, its height was 7 metres shorter than the dome of the neighbouring Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine. The architectural style was inspired by the tomb of Les Invalides in Paris, where Napoleon rests.
Inside, a circular colonnade delineated galleries and the centre of the mausoleum, where Reza Shah's sarcophagus, in İzmir blue marble, stood, beside which stood a white marble bust of Reza Shah, and a copy of the Qur'an.
External
[edit]The mausoleum had two entrances: one opening directly onto the courtyard of the Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine, the other one onto a small park enclosed by a wall. A few years later, probably in the 1970s, just before the golden jubilee of the Pahlavi dynasty, the wall was felled (or expanded), the small park was replaced by two large basins in the L-shape identifying the passage leading to the mausoleum, and a large avenue was led through all of Rey in the continuity of the passage leading to the mausoleum.
History
[edit]Under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
[edit]
Other people who buried in the mausoleum after 1951 were the assassinated Prime Minister Haj Ali Razmara, Reza Shah's valet Soleyman Behboudi, Prince Ali-Reza Pahlavi, who died in a plane crash in 1954, General Fazlollah Zahedi, a former Prime Minister of Iran, and assassinated Prime Minister Hassan Ali Mansour.
The mausoleum was also a place of visitation for foreign heads of state who came to Iran. Among the foreign dignitaries who visited the mausoleum were Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, in 1961, and Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, also in the 1960s.
The mausoleum was the scene of several celebrations: the most spectacular being the golden jubilee of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1976, 50 years after the coronation of Reza Shah. Another celebration was held, while the troubles that will lead to the Iranian revolution were already beginning, on March 15, 1978, for the centenary of Reza Shah, at the same mausoleum.
Destruction
[edit]After the seizure of power by the Islamic revolutionaries on 11 February 1979, and the fall of Shapour Bakhtiar, Khomeini and his followers settled permanently in power. The Ayatollah sought to erase by all means the remnants of the Pahlavi dynasty, and so ordered the destruction of the mausoleum, supervised by Ayatollah Sadegh Khalkhali.[2]
Sadegh Ghotbzadeh and Abdolhassan Banisadr opposed the destruction of the mausoleum, wanting to make it a "museum of the martyrs of the Pahlavi regime", but this was refused by Khomeini and Khalkhali.
The destruction lasted about twenty days, from April to May 1980. Ayatollah Khalkhali explained his rationale for the destruction by stating:
"He murdered many people, including the Goharshad Mosque, because of their belief in Islam. And the people, as the people of Rey can not bear the thought that the body of such a man is so close to the mausoleum of Shah Abdol-Azim".
Rumors about Reza Shah's dead body
[edit]
It was commonly believed that when the revolutionaries opened Reza Shah's sarcophagus, they found nothing because Mohammad Reza Shah had his father's body moved elsewhere, and probably the body of the penultimate Shah of Iran is now also at the Al-Rifa'i Mosque with the remains of his son.
In their biography of the Shah, Houchang Nahavandi and Yves Bomati say that the body of Reza Shah was actually moved before the revolution, but in a secret place still today, known by few people. Shortly before his death on July 27, 1980 (36 years and 1 day after his father), Mohammad Reza Shah told a small circle of intimates a location in Iran where, if his remains were to come back someday, he would like to be buried with soldiers and officers tortured by the revolutionaries; the authors imply that this place could be the same as that where the body of Reza Shah is hidden.
But in the documentary of 2015 From Tehran to Cairo, centered on the exile of the Shah in January 1979 to his death in July 1980, his widow, Empress Farah, faces a moment to images of Khalkhali gloating amid ruins of the mausoleum, yet says this:
"The story goes that the government had time to recover the body of Reza Shah the Great to put it somewhere else, hidden ... but it is not; he is still buried there".
In 2018, construction workers in southern Tehran stumbled across a mummified body believed to be Reza Shah's.[3][4][5] An official said that the body belonged to Reza Shah and was buried in the same area.[6]
Gallery
[edit]-
Under construction -
Under construction -
A stamp with mausoleum image, from 1950 -
In the 1970s -
Juliana of the Netherlands visiting the mausoleum -
Reza Shah's 100th birthday celebrations at the mausoleum, 1978 -
Destroying the Mausoleum after Iranian Revolution
See also
[edit]- Houchang Nahavandi et Yves Bomati, Mohammad Réza Pahlavi, le dernier shah 1919-1980, Paris, Perrin, coll. « Biographies », 2013 (ISBN 978-2-262-03587-7, OCLC 828407890)
- Sadegh Khalkhali
- Al-Rifa'i Mosque (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's burial place)
- History of Persian domes
References
[edit]- ^ "Mummified body found in Iran could be father of last shah". AP News. Retrieved 2018-04-24.
- ^ SHIRVANI, SHAHRZAD (2018). "Making Histories of "Sacred" Mausoleums: Architectural Representation of Changing Islamic Ideologies". Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review. 29 (2): 55–71. ISSN 1050-2092. JSTOR 26877323.
- ^ "Mysterious mummy found in Iran could be father of last shah". AP NEWS. 2018-04-24. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
- ^ "Iranian officials discover body of Reza Shah Pahlavi". The Daily Sabah. 23 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ^ Hignett, Katherine (24 April 2018). "Iran Unearths Mummy That Could Belong to One of its Last Royal Leaders". Newsweek. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ^ "عضو شورای شهر پایتخت ایران: جسد مومیایی شده متعلق به رضاشاه بود و دوباره دفن شد". BBC Persian (in Persian). 21 May 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
