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Mariano Zufía Urrizalqui

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Mariano Zufía Urrizalqui
Zufía in the mid-1970s
Born
Mariano Zufía Urrizalqui[1]

1920
Pamplona, Spain
Died2005 (aged 84–85)
Pamplona, Spain
NationalitySpanish
Occupationbank official
Known forpolitician, official
Political partyComunión Tradicionlista, Partido Carlista

Mariano Zufía Urrizalqui (1920-2005), Basque: Mariano Zufia Urrizalki, was a Spanish politician and a Navarrese public official. In 1966-1973 he served in the Pamplonese city council, in two separate strings as a deputy mayor. In 1974-1979 he was member of the Navarrese advisory body Consejo Foral, while in 1979-1983 he held a seat in the regional Parlamento Foral. In 1982-1992 he was president of Cámara de Comptos, the Navarrese institution responsible for tax collection and the self-government-controlled public sector finances. He ran for the Cortes in 1971, 1977 and 1979, but failed. Politically he supported the Carlist cause, until the 1960s within its mainstream Traditionalist current, and afterwards as member of the progressist carlohuguista faction. In 1977-1979 he headed Euskadiko Karlista Alderdia, the vasco-navarrese branch of Partido Carlista; in 1979-1983 he was the nationwide leader of PC.

Family and youth

[edit]
as teenage requeté

First representatives of the Zufía family were noted in the Navarrese town of Larraga in the late 17th century;[2] in the late 18th century a carpenter Miguel Zufía[3] rose to the status of a locally known artist.[4] Close to nothing is known about Mariano's great-grandfather José Miguel Zufía Guerendiáin.[5] His son and Mariano's grandfather Mariano Brígido Zufía García[6] left Larraga and moved to Pamplona either in the late 1880s or early 1890s;[7] sources refer to his “modest” social standing.[8] His son and Mariano's father, Lázaro Zufía Saenz (1892-1958) was born already in the Navarrese capital;[9] he had to earn a living at the young age and became a railway man, rising to “jefe de estación” in Andoain, Leiza and Pamplona-Empalme.[10] At unspecified time he married a Pamplonese girl from the family of similar status, Matilde Urrizalqui Campos.[11] The couple lived at various locations in Gipuzkoa and Navarre following the professional lot of Lázaro; Matilde used to run a buffet for train passengers. They had 4 children; out of these, 2 died in infancy.[12]

Mariano frequented schools in Pamplona and Andoain; in the early 1930s he entered a preparatory college for Seminario Mayor in Saturrarán.[13] Following 2 years he resigned religious career and entered Instituto of Pamplona; the civil war broke out when Zufía was in midst of bachillerato course.[14] He volunteered to requeté, but following 2 months on the frontline in Sierra de Guadarrama he fell ill and was treated in a hospital in Burgos. When released he resumed education and completed another grade, until in January 1937 he volunteered to requeté again.[15] Followed few months he returned home and completed the bachillerato. In late 1938 he applied to aviation school but was rejected due to poor eyesight.[16] Instead, as 18-year-old, he was drafted. Zufía applied to the alferéz provisional school in Pamplona, where he remained assigned until after the war. Following few months of service in Valencia in late 1939 he resigned from the army and took courses in commerce. In 1942 he was employed at junior position in the Pamplona branch of Banco de Bilbao.[17]

wedding photo, 1947

In 1947 Zufía married Rosalia Sanz Gurbindo[18] (died 2011);[19] none of the sources consulted provides information either on her or on her family. Until 1948 they lived in Pamplona, then following Zufía's professional bank assignments in Tudela (1948-1951), Estella (1951-1953) and again in Tudela (1953-1959), where Zufía became director of the local Banco de Bilbao office. In 1959 they returned to Pamplona as Zufía was appointed deputy-manager of the BdB branch in the Navarrese capital.[20] The couple had 7 children, born between 1948 and 1963; Mariano, José Javier, Carlos, Mertxe, Rosa, Pablo and Enrique Zufía Sanz.[21] None of them became a widely known public figure. Rosa Zufía Sanz is locally recognized in Gipuzkoa as a journalist related to the Basque broadcaster ETB[22] and director of its culture section, EITB Kultura-Transit,[23] while Carlos Zufía Sanz as co-director of a Navarrese media think-tank CIES occasionally takes part in related conferences or other events.[24]

Early public engagements (prior to 1960)

[edit]
Carlist standard

Both Zufía's parents came from Carlist families and were Carlists themselves.[25] His father was member of Traditionalist trade unions and under the pen-name “Rozala Afizu” he contributed to Traditionalist dailies, El Pensamiento Navarro and La Constancia.[26] Already in his early teens the young Mariano engaged in the movement; he joined Muthiko Alaiak, the folk group animated by the iconic Pamplonese Carlist Ignacio Baleztena, he played football in the amateur team formed by boys from the local Carlist círculo,[27] entered Agrupación Escolar Tradicionalista and took part in school strikes of 1935–1936, staged as protests against what was perceived as anti-religious educational policy of the Republic.[28] A later hagiographic biography underlines Zufía's Catholic conviction as the key motive behind his political choice, and suggests that it outweighed some socialist leaning, took after his maternal uncle.[29] In the mid-1930s Zufía enlisted to requeté and as an adolescent boy trained with wooden rifle in the hills surrounding Pamplona.[30] He actually served in requeté combat units during two short strings, in the summer of 1936 and in the spring of 1937.

Zufía refused to accept the unification into Falange Española Tradicionalista; at the time he was in personal entourage of José María Zaldivar Arenzana, the fiercely anti-falangist AET jefe.[31] He judged that Franco had cynically used the Carlists.[32] When released from a new period of military service, spent in the Canary Islands as at the time Spain feared Allied invasion on the archipelago,[33] in 1944 he was taking part in anti-Francoist rallies, staged in Pamplona. Following one of them he got detained; on charges of raising “gritos subversivos” the administration ordered his 6-month forced settlement in Zaragoza.[34] Upon his return to the Navarrese capital he immediately resumed opposition activities; they climaxed in a grand Carlist rally of December 1945, which ended up in a melee and the city turned into battleground between the Carlists and the security forces. Zufía was again detained and spent 2 weeks behind bars; as charges of possession of firearms have not been proven, he was eventually released.[35]

Montejurra ascent, mid-1950s

Upon getting married in 1947 Zufía focused on his growing family and on professional career, especially that in 1948-1959 he lived in provincial Navarrese cities. At the time his Carlist activity boiled down to cultivating private links and to frequenting the annual Montejurra ascents.[36] Works on Carlism of the 1950s do not mention him as a protagonist of the Navarrese movement and he is missing in both historiographic works[37] and in private accounts.[38] He rather engaged in lay Catholic organizations; Zufía started to attend “cursillos de cristiandad”, which enhanced his Catholic outlook and also re-formatted it along more social lines.[39] In the late 1950s he started to give lectures himself, e.g. on pre-marital preparatory courses organized by parishes, and joined Acción Católica de Medios Sociales Independientes. As he later commented, these initiatives produced his intellectual maturity and directed him towards “una sociedad más justa, libre e igualitaria”.[40]

Rise to officialdom (1960-1971)

[edit]
wedding of Carlos Hugo, 1964

In 1960 Zufía for the first time aspired to public post; he headed a list of Carlist candidates, who from the so-called tercio familiar pool and on a hardly veiled anti-Francoist ticket ran for the Pamplona town hall. He emerged successful, only to find that his mandate has been annulled by the electoral office. He did not meet the requirement of 2-year-residence in the district; the later biography presents this episode as a minor technicality used by the administration to prevent opposition candidates from entering the ayuntamiento.[41] During the next campaign of 1963 Zufía did not stand, but he co-ordinated the provincial Carlist campaign; it resulted in 3 party candidates having been elected.[42] He welcomed what looked like revitalization of Carlism, promoted by prince Carlos Hugo and his entourage; in 1964 Zufía and his wife travelled to Rome to attend the wedding ceremony of the prince.[43] In Navarre he was already emerging as a recognized Carlist personality.

During the local elections of 1966 Zufía stood as the candidate of Hermandad Obrera de Acción Católica. He and two other HOAC contenders were elected. Zufía was nominated one of deputy mayors and elected as president of Comisión de Hacienda.[44] In 1967-1969 he served in Comisión Permanente of the ayuntamiento.[45] He soon earned his name as the person who engaged in numerous community-oriented initiatives and became known as member of “grupo social”.[46] Some of his initiatives, marked by the anti-regime flavor, triggered reaction; the 1968 conference on human rights was suspended by administration.[47] The same year Zufía refused to sign a manifesto which condemned the ETA bombing attempt during Vuelta a España; he explained he could not have signed a document which endorsed the regime. In return he was dismissed as teniente de alcalde,[48] which in turn triggered some minor public protests.[49] In 1969 he was fined 25,000 ptas for irregularities related to organisation of the massive Montejurra rally.[50] In the early 1970s he was reinstated as deputy mayor when nominayed the 5th teniente de alcalde,[51] and he again entered Comisión Permanente of the ayuntamiento.[52]

Zufia (3fR) as city councilor, 1968

In the late 1960s the progressist faction of Carlos Hugo marginalized the Traditionalists and took control over the Carlist structures nationwide. None of the sources consulted lists Zufía as a protagonist in this confrontation. On the one hand, he cultivated Traditionalist features when engaged in religious initiatives, be it as member of Consejo Pastoral or Junta Diocesana Económica; he even drafted new economic scheme for local parishes, the plan well received by the archbishop.[53] On the other hand, his social endeavors in the ayuntamiento – e.g. support for so-called Plan Sur,[54] a massive development project targeting southern outskirts of Pamplona and opposed by the establishment[55] - were perfectly in line with the progressist line, advanced by Carlos Hugo. As member of the Navarrese regional party executive Zufía supported expulsion from Carlist structures of the Baleztena brothers[56] and later admitted having been fully supportive of the radical left-wing turn, engineered by the carlohuguistas.[57]

Rise to Partido Carlista command (1971-1976)

[edit]
Zubiaur

Since the late 1960s Zufía, deputy director of the Pamplona Banco de Bilbao branch and member of the city council, was a recognized and well-positioned figure in Navarre; as such he started frequenting meetings of the carlohuguista command group, organized across the border in Arbonne. His party activity became increasingly hectic; he took part in executive sittings, delivered lectures at various courses[58] or attended semi-legal assemblies.[59] Following reformatting of Carlist structures into Partido Carlista, in 1970[60] or 1971[61] he entered so-called Gabinete Ideológico, a doctrinal council of the organization; Zufía formed part of a 3-member Comisión Delegada for socio-economic studies. In late 1971 two Carlist members of the outgoing Cortes, José Zubiaur and Auxilio Goñi, refused to sign an in-blanco resignation, required by Carlos Hugo as a condition of their endorsement in the forthcoming elections. Zufía tried to persuade Zubiaur to accept the scheme,[62] but failed. Eventually Zubiaur and Goñi secured recommendations needed for Zufía to stand in the elections.[63] His campaign focused on peace, social justice, Navarre and family,[64] but he failed.[65]

In 1971 Zufía was nominated to the newly created Partido Carlista supreme body Junta de Gobierno, and especially to its permanent Secretaría General;[66] in 1972 he entered one more structure, Consejo de Dirección.[67] Increasingly often he used to co-sign key party documents,[68] represented the party in Navarrese strike committees, as a bank professional he helped to manage funds, and interfaced with other clandestine organizations like Federación Obrera Socialista.[69] In 1973 he refused to sign a town hall declaration which condemned the ETA attempt against Carrero Blanco; formal investigation has been launched against him, but it produced no repressive measures.[70]

Zufia (2fR) at protest sitting, Hendaye, mid-1970s

In 1973 and for reasons which are not clear Zufía did not seek prolongation of his term in the city council;[71] as a result, it expired in 1974.[72] However, the same year he stood in elections to Consejo Foral, a peculiar provincial Navarrese advisory body with rather limited powers; he was comfortably elected.[73] During final years of Francoism Zufía and his sons[74] were heavily engaged in numerous semi-clandestine activities, e.g. since 1974 in his house he hosted the editorial board of a bulletin titled Denok batean and provided residence to its chief editor.[75] In establishment circles he was viewed as a dangerous subversive; in spite of earlier arrangements he was not promoted to director of the Banco de Bilbao Pamplonese branch.[76] His relations with the bank were already loose; in the early 1970s he was on unpaid leave, which enabled him to take a job restructuring financial structures of the Pamplona diocese.[77] Eventually, in late 1975 he arranged for premature retirement from the bank and despite poor conditions offered, he did retire the following year.[78]

In the party executive (1976-1979)

[edit]
EKA in Javier, 1977

In late 1975 Carlos Hugo asked Zufía to move to Madrid to manage nationwide politics of Partido Carlista on the daily basis. He agreed and in early 1976 he represented PC in co-ordination committee of Plataforma de Convergencía Democrática.[79] Once Plataforma merged with Junta Democrática into so-called Platajunta Zufía assumed the same role in the new alliance.[80] His hectic activity a few times triggered interventions of the police and his sons were detained a number of times;[81] he also represented radical left-wing opposition on various congresses abroad.[82] Like most of PC leaders he advanced a so-called rupturista strategy; Zufía called for a radical, revolutionary change of political regime instead of gradual transformation into democracy. In late 1976 he declared that “we live under dictatorial regime”, and that “essentially, this government proceeds on the authoritarian path”.[83]

Following more than a year in Madrid Zufía returned to Pamplona in 1977; within the federative structure of Partido Carlista he assumed jefatura of its vasco-navarrese branch, Euskadiko Karlista Alderdia; he also held the seat in Consejo Federal del Partido Carlista.[84] His efforts focused on formal registration of the party so that it could take part in forthcoming general elections. In April he and some 100 PC militants stormed the Consejo Foral building, declared occupation of the premises, displayed Basque and Carlist flags and demanded legalization of PC. Some Consejo members demanded his expulsion from the body, but eventually the motion came to nothing.[85] In May 1977 he delivered one of his rare addresses at a mass rally, namely to the crowd of party followers gathered – instead of the suspended Montejurra ascent[86] – in Javier.[87] As a PC representative he held talks with ETA, reportedly to ensure peaceful electoral campaign.[88] At times he appeared at rallies beyond Navarre, e.g. in Catalonia.[89]

general elections, 1977

PC has not been registered prior to elections and it campaigned as “Agrupación Electoral Montejurra”;[90] Zufía headed the list of PC candidates to the lower chamber in Navarre,[91] but with 8,451 votes it failed.[92] In late 1977 he co-organized Carlos Hugo's re-entry into Spain[93] and was among protagonists of the party congress, as PC got eventually legalized.[94] As member of Consejo Foral throughout 1978 he remained heavily engaged in works on Navarrese foral regime[95] – with some of his radical proposals adopted[96] – and in labors on draft of the Basque autonomous statute. As member of “ponencia redactora del Estatuto de Autonomía”[97] Zufía claimed that Navarre “belongs to the Basque Country”[98] and opted for a common Basque-Navarrese unit,[99] but given limited support in the region he started to backtrack.[100] In the general elections of early 1979 Zufía stood in Navarre as a PC candidate for the senate;[101] with 18,303 votes[102] gathered he failed.[103] However, a month later he ran for the newly established Navarrese Parlamento Foral. Running in the Estella district[104] Zufía collected 12,165 votes; with 4,8% of the total, his result proved sufficient for election.[105] His Consejo Foral ticket expired in 1979 as under the new regional regime the body ceased to exist.[106]

Party leader (1979-1983)

[edit]
José Ma Zavala
José Ma Zavala

Following disastrous electoral result of 1979 most PC high executives, including its president Carlos Hugo and the secretary general José María Zavala, resigned. It seemed that the prince, disillusioned and embittered by defeat, was pondering upon dissolution of the party,[107] the option incomprehensible to old militants like Zufía.[108] Shortly afterwards Carlos Hugo left the party and withdrew from Spanish politics altogether. However, the Partido Carlista congress of November 1979[109] was dominated by these willing to go on. Zufía – who stood out among mostly 30- and 40-year-olds,[110] former requeté, man of proven party record, longtime Navarrese official, member of Parlamento Foral and a local known personality - was elected the new secretario general. He had no counter-candidate and was voted unanimously.[111] As the position of party president has been abolished, Zufía effectively became the leader of Partido Carlista; at the same time he vacated the position of EKA secretary general.[112] He declared that Carlos Hugo abandoned the party for personal reasons and with the intention to confuse.[113]

Most information on Zufía's public activity in the early 1980s is related to his mandate in the Navarrese parliament. He continued to focus on social problems and advocated setup of Cámara Económico-Social,[114] animated emergence of a regional secular Navarrese university[115] and confronted the Right.[116] Particular controversy was triggered by his support for Herri Batasuna motion that the Franco-awarded laurel be removed from the Navarrese flag;[117] Traditionalist groupings denied him the name of a Carlist and wondered “si le queda una sola gota de sangre de su antiguo y verdadero Carlismo, de Dios, Patria, Fueros, Rey”, effectively lambasting him as a traitor.[118] In 1981[119] the regional parliament thanks to votes of PSOE deputies and against votes of the Right[120] elected him as the first president of Cámara de Comptos, a historical Navarrese body re-established to deal with local tax collection and management of public sector expenses;[121] he assumed the duty in early 1982.[122]

PC referendum poster

Within Partido Carlista Zufía's task was to combat defeatism in the party ranks.[123] However, he failed to stop disintegration of the electoral social base.[124] During electoral campaign of 1982 Zufía initially headed the PC list for the Senate,[125] but it was eventually withdrawn[126] and the party did not take part in elections.[127] During the local Navarrese elections of 1983 the party garnered 2,55% of the votes[128] compared to 4,79% collected in 1979. Zufía led the Carlist list[129] and failed; hence, his term of the Parlamento Foral member came to the end and Partido Carlista lost its only representative in self-governmental Navarrese structures.[130] He acknowledged defeat and in 1983 resigned as secretario general.[131] In 1984 the new rules adopted by the Navarrese parliament specified that president of Cámara de Comptos must not be member of any political party.[132] Forced to make choices, Zufía opted for the administrative career and in 1985 he resigned his membership in Partido Carlista.[133] The same year thanks to PSOE votes he was re-elected as president of the Cámara.[134]

Last years (after 1985)

[edit]
Cámara de Comptos site

In the late 1980s Zufía served his second term as president of Cámara de Comptos. His biography hails him as an impartial public servant bent on combating corruption, who advocated and in fact enforced transparency in the public sector.[135] His term expired in 1991. He was entitled to re-election, but Zufía decided not to stand; he claimed that 10 years in office was long enough and that to ensure sanity in public administration, he should provide an example and resign. PSOE failed to persuade him to change his mind and Zufía ceased as president in 1992.[136] On retirement he engaged in charity; his focus was mostly on Junta de la Fundación Tutelar Navarra, an organization serving the incapacitated; in 1993 he was elected its president.[137]

Zufía still considered himself a Carlist. In the mid-1980s he declared that the party “could not simply disappear” and concluded that “all of this could not just be given up”.[138] In the mid-1980s he supported Partido Carlista entry into a Communist-dominated Izquierda Unida, but following another disastrous general elections he concluded that PC had been cynically manipulated by the likes of Santiago Carillo. In the 1990s he changed his opinion about the party and summarized that Carlism “tiene un aspecto fuertemente sentimental”[139] but it was is no longer valid as a political platform.[140] He claimed that for him Carlism remained sort of a general guideline, marked by socialism, self-management, and devolution. He remained proud of his past in the Carlist ranks and noted that though defeated as a rupturista strategy in the 1970s, at least carlohuguista progressism reclaimed Carlism from the ultra-reactionaries. He denied the Carlist name to Traditionalist orthodoxes, “personas que sigan con esa ideologia tradicionalista y integrista”.[141] It is not clear what position he assumed in the 1990s when faced with a conflict between the Borbon-Parmas and the PC command, by some considered sectarian fanatic ayatollahs.[142] He was increasingly irritated by policy adopted by the Right and by what he viewed as reactionary sector of the Church. Zufía perished due to “enfermedad pulmonar”; at the moment he had 6 grandchildren.[143]

Today Mariano Zufía is remembered mostly as the Navarrese public official, especially the one who helped to build the regional fiscal and public spendings machinery. In 2007 Fundación para la Formación e Investigación en Auditoría del Sector Público FIASEP, an independent institution promoting transparency in public finances, set up Premio Mariano Zufía; on irregular basis it is awarded since 2009.[144] On some websites related to Partido Carlista he is recorded as the former party leader and a distinguished personality, especially that until today he remains the only PC representative who has ever been elected to either a regional or the national parliament.[145] In historiographic works addressing either Carlism or the Spanish transición he appears marginally as a person who presided over disintegration of Partido Carlista into a third-rate political force.[146]

See also

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ in the 1970s his segundo apellido was at times spelled "Urrizalki", compare Hoja Oficial de Lunes 11.09.78, available here
  2. ^ Linaje Suescun, [in:] Antzinako service, available here
  3. ^ he was known as “vezino de Larraga”, compare Andosilla entry, [in:] Gran Enciclopedia Navarra service, available here
  4. ^ El órgano de Larraga, [in:] Diario de Navarra 07.01.15, available here
  5. ^ Zufía Guerendiáin was born Larraga and married to Javiera García Ibánez, José Miguel Zufía Guerendiáin entry, [in:] Geni genealogical service, available here
  6. ^ Zufía García was born Larraga and married to Guillerma Saenz González, Mariano Brígido Zufía García entry, [in:] Geni genealogical service, available here
  7. ^ first children of Zufía García were born in Larraga (until 1888); last ones were born in Pamplona (since 1891)
  8. ^ Juan Carlos López López, Biografía Mariano Zufía, s.l. 2009, p. 15
  9. ^ Lázaro Zufía Sanz entry, [in:] Geni genealogical service, available here
  10. ^ López López 2009, p. 15
  11. ^ López López 2009, pp. 15-16
  12. ^ López López 2009, p. 15
  13. ^ López López 2009, p. 15 and passim
  14. ^ López López 2009, p. 18
  15. ^ he was probably incorporated into Tercio del Rey, also deployed in the Guadarrama. His biography claims he joined “tercio de Cristo Rey”, López López 2009, p. 22. No such unit existed, though there was “Tercio del Rey”, raised in Navarre
  16. ^ López López 2009, p. 24
  17. ^ López López 2009, p. 27
  18. ^ López López 2009, p. 31
  19. ^ Esquela online de Rosalia Sanz Gurbindo, [in:] Rememori service, available here
  20. ^ López López 2009, p. 31
  21. ^ Mariano was born in 1948, José Javier in 1951, Carlos in 1954, Mertxe in 1957, Rosa in 1958, Pablo in 1962, and Enrique in 1963, López López 2009, pp. 31, 35
  22. ^ Zufia Sanz, Rosa antry, [in:] Aunamendi Eusko Entziklopedia service, available here
  23. ^ Rosa Zufia Sanz, [in:] ContactOut service, available here
  24. ^ CIES Estudios de Opinión y de Mercado Premio ‘Sociedad y Valores Humanos 2010, [in:] Auzolan 34 (2010), available here
  25. ^ López López 2009, p. 15
  26. ^ López López 2009, pp. 15-16
  27. ^ López López 2009, p. 16
  28. ^ López López 2009, p. 17
  29. ^ when frequenting Instituto in mid-1930s the adolescent Mariano lived in Pamplona with the family of his maternal uncle, Ramón Urrizalqui Campos (1884-1941); he was a carpenter, a socialist, and an UGT militant, López López 2009, p. 16, compare also Sentencia, [in:] Navarra.es service, available here, and Urrizalqui Campos, Ramon entry, [in:] Fundación Pablo Iglesias service, available here
  30. ^ López López 2009, pp. 17-18
  31. ^ López López 2009, p. 24
  32. ^ “Mariano Zufía estaba convencido de que Franco les había utilizado para conseguir sus propios objetivos políticos”, Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis in Historia Contemporanea, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia], Valencia 2009, p. 165
  33. ^ López López 2009, p. 27
  34. ^ López López 2009, p. 27, Josep Miralles Climent, La rebeldía carlista. Memoria de una represión silenciada: Enfrentamientos, marginación y persecución durante la primera mitad del régimen franquista (1936-1955), Madrid 2018, ISBN 9788416558711, p. 246, Aurora Villanueva Martínez, El carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo, 1937-1951, Madrid 1998, ISBN 9788487863714, p. 228
  35. ^ López López 2009, p. 27, Miralles Climent 2018, p. 262
  36. ^ López López 2009, p. 31
  37. ^ compare Villanueva Martínez 1998, Martorell Pérez 2009, Ramón María Rodón Guinjoan, Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976) [PhD thesis Universitat Abat Oliba CEU], Barcelona 2015, Daniel Jesús García Riol, La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovación ideológica del carlismo (1965-1973) [PhD thesis UNED], Madrid 2015
  38. ^ compare Javier Lavardín, Historia del ultimo pretendiente a la corona de España, Paris 1976
  39. ^ López López 2009, p. 31
  40. ^ López López 2009, p. 32
  41. ^ López López 2009, p. 35
  42. ^ López López 2009, pp. 35-36
  43. ^ López López 2009, p. 40
  44. ^ López López 2009, p. 35
  45. ^ María del Mar Larraza Micheltorena, El ayuntamiento pamplonés en el tardofranquismo, [in:] La Transició de la dictadure franquista a la democrácia, Barcelona 2005, p. 77
  46. ^ López López 2009, p. 35
  47. ^ López López 2009, p. 36
  48. ^ Larraza Micheltorena 2005, p. 77
  49. ^ López López 2009, p. 35-36
  50. ^ Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo, 1962–1977, Pamplona 1997; ISBN 9788431315641, p. 334, also Diario de Burgos 13.05.63, available here
  51. ^ López López 2009, p. 35-36
  52. ^ Larraza Micheltorena 2005, p. 77
  53. ^ López López 2009, p. 37
  54. ^ Plan de Ordenación para el Sur de Pamplona, or Plan Sur, was about developing large areas in the south, including residential quarters, green areas, commercial centres; as the estate remained mostly in private hands, expropriation and forced takeover would have been involved, López López 2009, pp. 36-37. For detailed discussion of urban planning and the role of Zufia in the Pamplona town hall see Zuriné Sainz Pascual, El despertar de una conciencia ciudadana a través del urbanismo: el Ayuntamiento de Pamplona 1966-1976, [in:] Geronimo de Uztarriz 23/24 (2008), pp. 123-174
  55. ^ López López 2009, pp. 36-37
  56. ^ El affaire de „El Pensamiento Navarro”, [in:] Montejurra V/53 (1970), p. 15
  57. ^ López López 2009, p. 41
  58. ^ Cursillo para la formación de la juventud carlista, [in:] Montejurra IV/39-40 (1968), p. 5
  59. ^ López López 2009, p. 41
  60. ^ Josep Miralles Climent, El carlismo militante (1965-1980). Del tradicionalismo al socialismo autogestionario [PhD thesis Universidad Jaume I], Castellón 2015, p. 265
  61. ^ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 204
  62. ^ José-Ángel Zubiaur Alegre, José-Ángel Zubiaur Carreño, Elecciones a Procuradores familiares en Navarra en 1971, [in:] Aportes 27/79 (2012), p. 163
  63. ^ Zubiaur Alegre, Zubiaur Carreño 2012, p. 164
  64. ^ Zubiaur Alegre, Zubiaur Carreño 2012, p. 167
  65. ^ López López 2009, p. 38
  66. ^ Robert Vallverdú i Martí, La metamorfosi del carlisme català: del "Déu, Pàtria i Rei" a l'Assamblea de Catalunya (1936-1975), Barcelona 2014, ISBN 9788498837261, p. 224
  67. ^ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 221
  68. ^ Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 225
  69. ^ López López 2009, p. 39
  70. ^ López López 2009, p. 36
  71. ^ López López 2009, p. 35
  72. ^ Larraza Micheltorena 2005, p. 77
  73. ^ Consejo Foral was an advisory body composed of57 members, mostly representatives of ayuntamientos, and met twice a year, López López 2009, p. 38
  74. ^ Zufía’s sons were active in a few radical left-wing organisations like FARC or Frente Obrero, Miralles Climent 2015 pp. 250, 293
  75. ^ López López 2009, p. 41
  76. ^ some real-estate owners potentially target of expropriations related to Plan Sur were also important Banco de Bilbao customers; they complained to the bank management. Zufía was unofficially advised to reconsider his engagement in the Plan. According to his later biography he refused to and as a result, against earlier pledges and normal business routine he was not nominated the manager of BdB Pamplona branch once its director retired, López López 2009, pp. 36-37
  77. ^ in 1971 the archbishopry arranged with BdB management that Zufía got unpaid leave; this enabled him to commence paid work for the diocesis, formally as member of Junta Económica Diocesana. He embarked on major plan to re-arrange the diocesis’ finances, including setup of so-called Caja de Compensación; his work was appreciated by the archbishop José Méndez Asensio, López López 2009, pp. 37-38
  78. ^ López López 2009, pp. 42, 45
  79. ^ López López 2009, pp. 42, 43, 45
  80. ^ López López 2009, pp. 45-46
  81. ^ in the spring of 1976 the oldest Zufía’s son was detained by security. The family decided to stage a protest in the Pamplona cathedral; the detainee was soon set free, López López 2009, p. 47-48
  82. ^ e.g. in 1976 Zufía with Zavala as representatives of Plataforma attended a congress in Rome, Miralles Climent 2015, p. 341
  83. ^ “la característica esencial del gobierno sigue siendo el autoritarismo”, Miralles Climent 2015, p. 509
  84. ^ López López 2009, p. 49
  85. ^ López López 2009, p. 51, Jeremy MacClancy, The Decline of Carlism, Reno 2000, ISBN 978-0874173444 , p. 192, Miralles Climent 2015, p. 466
  86. ^ López López 2009, p. 52
  87. ^ Información Mensual IV/1977, available here; prior to 1977 Zufía has never spoken at Montejurra, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, pp. 302-303
  88. ^ López López 2009, pp. 50-51
  89. ^ where he spoke in Basque, Hoja Oficial de la Provincia de Barcelona 21.02.77, available here
  90. ^ MacClancy 2000, p. 192
  91. ^ BOE 120 (1977), available here
  92. ^ López López 2009, p. 51
  93. ^ López López 2009, p. 52. As late as in 1976 Carlos Hugo was banned entry into Spain and not allowed to disambark from the aircraft at the Barajas airport. The 1977 attempt to re-enter the country was staged as a media event in hope that the coverage would prevent another expulsion; the strategy worked
  94. ^ Vallverdú i Martí 2014, p. 267
  95. ^ López López 2009, p. 38
  96. ^ Zufía was not entirely happy with so-called Real Decreto Paccionado, which ended one stage of the process, López López 2009, p. 54
  97. ^ Virginia Tamayo Salaberría (ed.), Autogobierno de Vasconia: desarrollo y crisis (1978-2006): documentos, Donostia 2006, ISBN 9788469033784, p. 486
  98. ^ Hoja Oficial de la Provincia de Barcelona 14.06.76, available here
  99. ^ in the inter-party committee Zufía represented all minor parties (EKA, PTE, ORT, MCE), López López 2009, p. 53
  100. ^ MacClancy 2000, p. 193, see also his increasingly skeptical position as reported by Diario de Burgos 12.12.79, available here
  101. ^ El País 20.01.79, available here
  102. ^ some sources claim 18,143 votes, see Gran Enciclopedia Navarra, available here
  103. ^ Elecciones Generales 1 de Marzo de 1979, [in:] HistoriaElectoral service, available here
  104. ^ López López 2009, p. 78
  105. ^ PC fielded candidates in all merindades, but only Zufía got elected from Estella. His 12 165 votes (4,77%) were far behind those received by the front-runner, Jaime Ignacio del Burgo (68,000), Elecciónes al Parlamento de Navarra, [in:] HistoriaElectoral service, available here
  106. ^ López López 2009, p. 54
  107. ^ MacClancy 2000, p. 199
  108. ^ Miralles Climent 2015, pp. 453-454
  109. ^ some claim that in December 1979, Miralles Climent 2015, p. 457
  110. ^ in the late 1970s the 1920-born Zufía was among the oldest party militants; among other recognized names, Carles Feliú Travy was born in 1923, José María Zavala Castella in 1924, Josep Badía Tomás in 1925, Juan-Angel Pérez-Nieves Abascal in 1930, Pedro José Zabala Sevilla in 1934, Josep Carles Clemente Balaguer in 1935 and Evaristo Olcina Jiménez in 1938
  111. ^ López López 2009, p. 78
  112. ^ it was assumed by Luis Ramón Fernández del Pino, Hoja Oficial de Lunes 11.05.81, available here
  113. ^ El País 06.05.80, available here
  114. ^ in 1979 he proposed setup of Cámara Económico-Social, a body to deal with unemployment and social problems, Miralles Climent 2015, p. 474
  115. ^ in 1979, López López 2009, p. 81
  116. ^ López López 2009, p. 82
  117. ^ Larraza Micheltorena 2005, p. 533
  118. ^ an open letter published in El Pensamiento Navarro read “Lo que nos sorprendió grandemente es que quien, como Mariano Zufía, continúa llamándose “carlista” –aunque declarándose actualmente socialista y autogestionario–, si le queda una sola gota de sangre de su antiguo y verdadero Carlismo, de Dios, Patria, Fueros, Rey, eche ese borrón sobre tantos mártires carlistas que dieron su vida por sus gloriosos ideales en la Cruzada de Liberación Nacional, aparte de otros buenos navarros que forjaron, con su sangre y heroico sacrificio, una buena parte de la gloriosa historia contemporánea de esa mil veces heroica Navarra, merecedora, por tantos motivos, de la más honrosa condecoración nacional a todo un pueblo», quoted after Larraza Micheltorena 2005, p. 535
  119. ^ La Cámara de Comptos desde 1980, [in:] CamaraDeComptos service, available here
  120. ^ UCD and UPN voted against him, López López 2009, p. 83-84
  121. ^ La institución en la actualidad, [in:] CamaraDeComptos service, available here
  122. ^ La Cámara de Comptos desde 1980, [in:] CamaraDeComptos service, available here
  123. ^ especially that rumors had it that PC would soon merge either with PNV or PSOE, Hoja Oficial de Lunes 07.04.80, available here
  124. ^ at the Zufía-led Montejurra ascents of 1980 and 1981 there were merely 1,000 militants attending, Hoja Oficial de Lunes 05.05.80, available here; others claimed 2,000, see MacClancy 2000, p. 275
  125. ^ Meditarraneo 19.09.82, available here
  126. ^ Partido Carlista de Euskadi entry, [in:] Gran Enciclopedia Navarra, available here
  127. ^ "the party did not participate in the general elections of 1982", MacClancy 2000, p. 201
  128. ^ MacClancy 2000, p. 201
  129. ^ the list included 54 candidates, BO de Navarra 45, available here
  130. ^ López López 2009, p. 83
  131. ^ López López 2009, p. 88
  132. ^ López López 2009, p. 90
  133. ^ López López 2009, p. 91
  134. ^ López López 2009, p. 90
  135. ^ López López 2009, pp. 91-93
  136. ^ López López 2009, p. 93
  137. ^ López López 2009, p. 103
  138. ^ he pointed to its glorious past, himself and his sons having been jailed, MacClancy 2000, p. 201
  139. ^ “Partido Carlista – con cien años de vida, varias generaciones, guerras, padres, abuelos y bisabuelos”
  140. ^ López López 2009, p. 98
  141. ^ López López 2009, p. 99
  142. ^ Josep Carles Clemente, Los dias fugaces, Cuenca 2013, ISBN 9788495414243, p. 93. The book, sort of shortened history of 20th-century Carlism written by the Carlos Hugo supporter, does not mention Zufía a single time
  143. ^ López López 2009, p. 103
  144. ^ the last premio identified was awarded in 2014, see Fundación FIASEP website, available here
  145. ^ compare LealtadALealtad service, link blocked by Wikipedia
  146. ^ Jordi Canal, El carlismo, Madrid 2000, ISBN 8420639478, p. 388, MacClancy 2000, pp. 195, 201

Further reading

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  • María del Mar Larraza Micheltorena, El ayuntamiento pamplonés en el tardofranquismo, [in:] La Transició de la dictadure franquista a la democrácia, Barcelona 2005, ISBN 8460973972, pp. 68–79
  • Juan Carlos López López, Biografía Mariano Zufía, s.l. 2009
  • Zuriné Sainz Pascual, El despertar de una conciencia ciudadana a través del urbanismo: el Ayuntamiento de Pamplona 1966-1976, [in:] Geronimo de Uztarriz 23/24 (2008), pp. 123–174
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