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Margraviate of Moravia

Coordinates: 50°N 17°E / 50°N 17°E / 50; 17
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Margraviate of Moravia
Markrabství moravské (Czech)
Markgrafschaft Mähren (German)
1182–1918
The Margraviate of Moravia and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown within the Holy Roman Empire (1618)
The Margraviate of Moravia and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown within the Holy Roman Empire (1618)
The Margraviate in 1893
The Margraviate in 1893
Status
Capital
Common languagesMoravian dialects of Czech, German, Polish and Slovakian
Religion
Demonym(s)Moravians
GovernmentMargraviate
Margrave 
• 1182–1191 (first)
Conrad II of Bohemia
• 1916–1918 (last)
Charles I of Austria
LegislatureProvincial Diet
History 
• Established
1182
• Disestablished
1918
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Duchy of Bohemia
First Czechoslovak Republic
Today part of

The Margraviate of Moravia (Czech: Markrabství moravské; German: Markgrafschaft Mähren) was one of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown within the Holy Roman Empire and then Austria-Hungary, existing from 1182 to 1918. It was officially administered by a margrave in cooperation with a provincial diet. It was variously a de facto independent state, and also subject to the Duchy, later the Kingdom of Bohemia. It comprised the historical region called Moravia, which lies within the present-day Czech Republic.

Geography

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The Margraviate lay east of Bohemia proper, with an area about half that region's size. In the north, the Sudeten Mountains, which extend to the Moravian Gate, formed the border with the Polish Duchy of Silesia, incorporated as a Bohemian crown land upon the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin. In the east and southeast, the western Carpathian Mountains separated it from present-day Slovakia. In the south, the winding Thaya River marked the border with the Duchy of Austria.

Moravians, usually considered a Czech people that speak Moravian dialects, made up the main part of the population. According to a 1910 Cisleithanian census, 27.6% identified themselves as German Moravians.[1] These ethnic Germans would later be expelled after the Second World War. Other ethnic minority groups included Poles, Roma and Slovaks.

History

[edit]
See also: History of Moravia

After the early medieval Great Moravian realm had been finally defeated by the Árpád princes of Hungary in 907, what is now Slovakia was incorporated as "Upper Hungary" (Felső-Magyarország), while adjacent Moravia passed under the authority of the Duchy of Bohemia. King Otto I of Germany officially granted it to Duke Boleslaus I in turn for his support against the Hungarian forces in the 955 Battle of Lechfeld. Temporarily ruled by King Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland from 999 until 1019, Moravia was re-conquered by Duke Oldřich of Bohemia and ultimately became a land of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas held by the Přemyslid dynasty.[1]

Sitting of the Moravian Diet, 17th century

In 1182, the Margraviate was created at the behest of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa by merger of the three Přemyslid appanage principalities of Brno, Olomouc and Znojmo, and given to Conrad II, the son of Prince Conrad of Znojmo. As heir apparent, the future King Ottokar II of Bohemia was appointed Moravian margrave by his father Wenceslaus I in 1247. Along with Bohemia, Moravia was ruled by the House of Luxembourg from the extinction of the Přemyslid dynasty until 1437. Jobst, nephew of Emperor Charles IV inherited the Margraviate in 1375, ruled autonomously and was even elected King of the Romans in 1410. Shaken by the Hussite Wars, the Moravian nobles remained loyal supporters of the Luxembourg emperor Sigismund.[1]

In 1469, Moravia was occupied by the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus, who had allied with the Catholic nobility against the rule of George of Poděbrady and had himself elected rival king of Bohemia at Olomouc. The rivalry with King Vladislaus II was settled in the 1479 Peace of Olomouc, whereby Matthias renounced the royal title but retained the rule over the Moravian lands.[2]

From 1599 to 1711, Moravia was frequently subjected to raids by the Ottoman Empire and its vassals (especially the Tatars and Transylvania). Overall, hundreds of thousands were enslaved whilst tens of thousands were killed.[3]

With the other lands of the Bohemian Crown, the Margraviate was incorporated into the Habsburg monarchy upon the death of King Louis II in the 1526 Battle of Mohács. Moravia was ruled as a crown land within the Austrian Empire from 1804 and within Cisleithanian Austria from 1867.[4]

During the foundation of Czechoslovakia after World War I, the Margraviate was transformed into "Moravia Land", later "Moravia-Silesia Land" in 1918. This autonomy was eliminated in 1949 by the communist government and has not been re-established since.[1]

Government

[edit]
The former Moravian Diet building. It now houses the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic.

The margrave held ultimate authority in Moravia, throughout the history of the margraviate. This meant that as its margraves became more foreign, so too did governance of the margraviate.

Moravia possessed a legislature, known as the Moravian Diet. The assembly has its origins in 1288, with the Colloquium generale, or curia generalis.[5] This was a meeting of the upper nobility, knights, the Bishop of Olomouc, abbots and ambassadors from royal cities. These meetings gradually evolved into the diet.

The power of this diet waxed and waned throughout history. By the end of the margraviate, the diet was almost powerless. The diet consisted of three estates of the realm: the estate of upper nobility, the estate of the lower nobility, and the estate of prelates and burghers.[6] With the February Patent of 1861, the diet was reformed into a more egalitarian body. It still retained the same structure, but the members changed. It consisted of assembly seats for landowners, city-dwellers, and rural farmers. This was retained until the diet was abolished after the fall of the Dual Monarchy.[6]

Moravian eagle

[edit]
The unadopted coat of arms as a heraldic artwork made by Hugo Gerard Ströhl

The coat of arms of Moravia is charged with a crowned silver-red chequered eagle with golden claws and tongue. It first appeared in the seal of Margrave Přemysl (1209–1239), a younger son of King Ottokar I of Bohemia. After 1462, the Moravian eagle was gold-red chequered,[2] but was never accepted by the Moravian assembly.

Administration

[edit]

Until 1848

[edit]

In the mid 14th century Emperor Charles IV, also King of Bohemia and Margrave of Moravia, established administrative divisions called kraje (Kreise in German). These subdivisions were named for their capitals:

After 1848

[edit]
Moravian and Austrian Silesian districts, 1897

After the 1848 revolutions, political districts (politický okres, politische Bezirke; formally Bezirkshauptmannschaften) were established, which were organised into two Kreise/kraje – Brünn and Olmütz.[7]

  • Brünner Kreis (Brněnský kraj) – 12 districts:
    • Brünn
    • Trübau
    • Boskowitz
    • Witschau
    • Gaya
    • Auspitz
    • Iglau
    • Datschitz
    • Znaym [sic]
    • Kromau
    • Nikolsburg
  • Olmützer Kreis (Olomoucký kraj) – 13 districts:
    • Olmütz
    • Sternberg
    • Schönberg
    • Hohenstadt
    • Littau
    • Neutitschein
    • Weißkirchen
    • Wistek
    • Wallachisch-Meseritsch
    • Hradisch
    • Kremsier
    • Holleschau
    • Ungarischbrod [sic]

In Bach's reforms of 1854 the former kraje were restored (albeit with some minor border changes and with Nový Jičín (Neutitschein) replacing Přerov) and the political districts were replaced by 'office districts' (Amtsbezirke [de]), subordinate to the kraje which distributed some of their authority. The Moravian capital Brno/Brünn acted as the seat for Kreis Brünn/Brněnský kraj but as a statutory city was directly subordinate to Moravia.[8]

  • Kreis Brünn (Brněnský kraj) – 17 districts:
    • Auspitz
    • Austerlitz
    • Blansko
    • Boskowitz
    • Brünn (environs)
    • Butschowitz
    • Eibenschitz
    • Gewitsch
    • Klobauk
    • Kunstadt
    • Lundenburg
    • Seelowitz
    • Steinitz
    • Titschnowitz
    • Triebau
    • Wischau
    • Zwittau
  • Kreis Olmütz (Olomoucký kraj) – 17 districts:
    • Altstadt
    • Hof
    • Hohenstadt
    • Kojetein
    • Littau
    • Müglitz
    • Mährisch-Naustadt
    • Olmütz (environs)
    • Plumenau
    • Prerau
    • Proßnitz
    • Römerstadt
    • Schildberg
    • Schönberg
    • Sternberg
    • Weisenberg
    • Olmütz (city)
  • Kreis Neutitschein – 13 districts:
    • Bystřitz
    • Frankstadt
    • Freiberg
    • Fulnek
    • Leipnitz
    • Liebau
    • Walachisch-Meseritsch
    • Mistek
    • Neutitschein
    • Mährisch-Ostrau
    • Rožnau
    • Weißkirchen
    • Wsetin
  • Kreis Hradisch (Hradišťský kraj) – 12 districts:
    • Ungarisch-Brod
    • Gaya
    • Göding
    • Holleschau
    • Hradisch
    • Klobauk
    • Kremsier
    • Rapajedl
    • Ungarisch-Ostra
    • Stražnitz
    • Wisowitz
    • Zdaunek
  • Kreis Znaim (Znojemský kraj) – 9 districts:
    • Mährisch-Budwitz
    • Frain
    • Hrottowitz
    • Jamnitz
    • Joslowitz
    • Kromau
    • Namiescht
    • Nikolsburg
    • Znaim
  • Kreis Iglau (Jihlavský kraj) – 8 districts:
    • Bystřitz
    • Datschitz
    • Iglau
    • Groß-Meseritsch
    • Neustadtl
    • Saar
    • Teltsch
    • Trebitsch

In 1860 the Kreise/kraje were dissolved and the districts were subordinated directly to the Statthalterei in Brünn/Brno.[9]

Political districts were re-established in the December Constitution following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and remained in place until Austria-Hungary's dissolution. They were largely retained by the Czechoslovak administration after 1918:

Demographics

[edit]

The region experienced rapid population growth when it was part of Austria-Hungary. From 1890 to 1900 alone there was an increase of 7.1%. The population development from 1851 to 1900 was as follows:

Year 1851 1880 1890 1900
Population 1,799,838 2,153,407 2,276,870 2,437,706

Ethnicity

[edit]
Judicial districts (Gerichtsbezirke) in Moravia

In terms of ethnicity, the population was predominantly divided between Czechs and Germans. The German minority mostly lived on the borders with Lower Austria and Silesia, and in various language islands (around Brünn, Olmütz, Iglau and Zwittau), as well as in some larger cities. The ethnic distribution according to the census was as follows:

Ethnicity 1880 1900
Czechs 1,507,327 70.0% 1,727,270 70.9%
Germans 628,907 29.2% 675,492 27.7%
Others 17,173 0.8% 34,944 1.4%
Total 2,153,407 2,437,706

Population by district (1910)

[edit]
Ethnic distribution in Moravia in 1910
Judicial district Czech name Political district (Politischer Bezirk) Population Germans % Czechs % Others % Foreigners %
Auspitz Hustopeč Auspitz 24,506 10,319 42.1% 14,128 57.7% 1 0.0% 58 0.2%
Austerlitz Slavkov Wischau 33,604 808 2.4% 32,679 97.2% 6 0.0% 111 0.3%
Blansko Blansko Boskowitz 34,816 186 0.5% 34,584 99.3% 1 0.0% 45 0.1%
Bojkowitz Bojkovice Ungarisch Brod 13,816 11 0.1% 13,673 99.0% 7 0.1% 125 0.9%
Boskowitz Boskovice Boskowitz 30,762 981 3.2% 29,724 96.6% 6 0.0% 51 0.2%
Brünn Brno Brünn 125,737 81,617 64.9% 41,943 33.4% 214 0.2% 1,963 1.6%
Brünn Umgebung Brno okolí Brünn (Landbezirk) 125,828 14,702 11.7% 110,457 87.8% 80 0.1% 589 0.5%
Butschowitz Bučovice Wischau 19,922 144 0.7% 19,734 99.1% 2 0.0% 42 0.2%
Bystřitz Bystřice Neustadtl in Mähren 21,762 39 0.2% 21,700 99.7% 0 0.0% 23 0.1%
Bystřitz am Hostein Bystřice pod Hostýnem Holleschau 21,944 144 0.7% 21,687 98.8% 8 0.0% 105 0.5%
Datschitz Dačice Datschitz 13,075 176 1.3% 12,893 98.6% 0 0.0% 6 0.0%
Eibenschitz Ivančice Brünn (Landbezirk) 36,665 2,087 5.7% 34,461 94.0% 7 0.0% 110 0.3%
Frain Vranov Znaim (Landbezirk) 9,123 7,920 86.8% 1,157 12.7% 8 0.1% 38 0.4%
Frankstadt Frenštát Mistek 19,087 85 0.4% 18,864 98.8% 53 0.3% 85 0.4%
Freiberg Příbor Neutitschein 25,710 6,877 26.7% 18,524 72.0% 89 0.3% 220 0.9%
Fulnek Fulnek Neutitschein 14,771 13,960 94.5% 630 4.3% 58 0.4% 123 0.8%
Gaya Kyjov Gaya 39,836 884 2.2% 38,728 97.2% 7 0.0% 217 0.5%
Gewitsch Jevíčko Mährisch Trübau 21,898 3,024 13.8% 18,849 86.1% 0 0.0% 25 0.1%
Göding Hodonín Göding 35,510 5,369 15.1% 28,813 81.1% 63 0.2% 1,265 3.6%
Großbittesch Velká Byteš Großmeseritsch 12,946 23 0.2% 12,918 99.8% 0 0.0% 5 0.0%
Großmeseritsch Velké Meziříčí Großmeseritsch 28,253 189 0.7% 28,045 99.3% 0 0.0% 19 0.1%
Hof Dvorec Bärn 12,293 12,203 99.3% 20 0.2% 0 0.0% 70 0.6%
Hohenstadt Zábřeh Hohenstadt 31,071 9,954 32.0% 21,042 67.7% 1 0.0% 74 0.2%
Holleschau Holešov Holleschau 32,225 440 1.4% 31,657 98.2% 0 0.0% 128 0.4%
Hrottowitz Hrotovice Mährisch Kromau 15,704 80 0.5% 15,598 99.3% 6 0.0% 20 0.1%
Iglau Jihlava Iglau (Landbezirk), Iglau (Stadt) 53,513 27,886 52.1% 25,380 47.4% 14 0.0% 233 0.4%
Jamnitz Jemnice Mährisch Budwitz 13,709 3,406 24.8% 10,272 74.9% 10 0.1% 21 0.2%
Joslowitz Jaroslavice Znaim (Landbezirk) 24,043 23,694 98.5% 280 1.2% 4 0.0% 65 0.3%
Klobouk Klobouky Auspitz 14,282 50 0.4% 14,194 99.4% 1 0.0% 37 0.3%
Kojetein Kojetín Prerau 31,010 225 0.7% 30,348 97.9% 33 0.1% 404 1.3%
Konitz Konice Littau 23,179 5,329 23.0% 17,842 77.0% 0 0.0% 8 0.0%
Kremsier Kroměříž Kremsier (Land), Kremsier (Stadt) 42,496 893 2.1% 41,388 97.4% 49 0.1% 166 0.4%
Kunstadt Kunštát Boskowitz 25,335 73 0.3% 25,248 99.7% 2 0.0% 12 0.0%
Leipnik Lipník Mährisch Weißkirchen 23,182 3,512 15.1% 19,503 84.1% 22 0.1% 145 0.6%
Littau Litovel Littau 26,121 1,125 4.3% 24,967 95.6% 7 0.0% 22 0.1%
Lundenburg Břeclav Göding 31,699 5,370 16.9% 25,860 81.6% 5 0.0% 464 1.5%
Mährisch Altstadt Staré Město Mährisch Schönberg 15,511 15,429 99.5% 38 0.2% 0 0.0% 44 0.3%
Mährisch Budwitz Moravské Budějovice Mährisch Budwitz 25,839 169 0.7% 25,639 99.2% 0 0.0% 31 0.1%
Mährisch Kromau Moravský Krumlov Mährisch Kromau 26,911 11,595 43.1% 15,259 56.7% 1 0.0% 56 0.2%
Mährisch Neustadt Unčov Sternberg 24,567 20,136 82.0% 4,373 17.8% 1 0.0% 57 0.2%
Mährisch Ostrau Moravská Ostrava Mährisch Ostrau 111,186 43,246 38.9% 52,254 47.0% 12,906 11.6% 2,780 2.5%
Mährisch Schönberg Šumperk Mährisch Schönberg 50,348 38,179 75.8% 11,814 23.5% 59 0.1% 296 0.6%
Mährisch Trübau Moravská Třebová Mährisch Trübau 29,996 27,926 93.1% 1,943 6.5% 7 0.0% 120 0.4%
Mährisch Weißkirchen Hranice Mährisch Weißkirchen 35,465 8,701 24.5% 26,345 74.3% 141 0.4% 278 0.8%
Mistek Místek Mistek 36,917 3,457 9.4% 32,990 89.4% 200 0.5% 270 0.7%
Müglitz Mohelnice Hohenstadt 23,360 13,993 59.9% 9,209 39.4% 74 0.3% 84 0.4%
Namiest an der Oslawa Náměšť nad Oslavou Trebitsch 15,711 67 0.4% 15,636 99.5% 0 0.0% 8 0.1%
Napajedl Napajedla Ungarisch Hradisch 29,861 38 0.1% 29,696 99.4% 7 0.0% 120 0.4%
Neustadtl in Mähren Nové Město na Moravě Neustadtl in Mähren 22,297 31 0.1% 22,246 99.8% 1 0.0% 19 0.1%
Neutitschein Nový Jičín Neutitschein 44,764 23,976 53.6% 20,400 45.6% 71 0.2% 317 0.7%
Nikolsburg Mikulov Nikolsburg 33,030 31,619 95.7% 597 1.8% 683 2.1% 131 0.4%
Olmütz Olomouc Olmütz (Land), Olmütz (Stadt) 103,280 30,987 30.0% 70,645 68.4% 934 0.9% 714 0.7%
Plumenau Plumlov Proßnitz 23,738 84 0.4% 23,640 99.6% 0 0.0% 14 0.1%
Pohrlitz Pohořelice Nikolsburg 16,021 15,292 95.4% 654 4.1% 2 0.0% 73 0.5%
Prerau Přerov Prerau 47,174 1,635 3.5% 45,250 95.9% 59 0.1% 230 0.5%
Proßnitz Prostějov Proßnitz 57,735 2,407 4.2% 54,839 95.0% 181 0.3% 308 0.5%
Römerstadt Rýmařov Römerstadt 28,497 28,355 99.5% 4 0.0% 25 0.1% 113 0.4%
Rožnau am Radhorst Rožnov pod Radhoštěm Wallachisch Meseritsch 20,178 29 0.1% 20,118 99.7% 0 0.0% 31 0.2%
Saar Žďár Neustadtl in Mähren 14,383 30 0.2% 14,330 99.6% 1 0.0% 22 0.2%
Schildberg Šilperk Hohenstadt 16,388 9,150 55.8% 7,194 43.9% 2 0.0% 42 0.3%
Seelowitz Židlochovice Auspitz 30,980 2,476 8.0% 28,454 91.8% 5 0.0% 45 0.1%
Stadt Liebau Město Libavá Bärn 17,347 17,285 99.6% 28 0.2% 0 0.0% 34 0.2%
Steinitz Ždánice Gaya 14,814 205 1.4% 14,567 98.3% 0 0.0% 42 0.3%
Sternberg Šternberk Sternberg 36,123 28,018 77.6% 7,982 22.1% 5 0.0% 118 0.3%
Straßnitz Strážnice Göding 26,425 427 1.6% 25,744 97.4% 2 0.0% 252 1.0%
Teltsch Telč Datschitz 26,137 95 0.4% 25,982 99.4% 0 0.0% 60 0.2%
Tischnowitz Tišnov Tischnowitz 35,406 264 0.7% 35,044 99.0% 18 0.1% 80 0.2%
Trebitsch Třebíč Trebitsch 40,832 837 2.0% 39,919 97.8% 6 0.0% 70 0.2%
Triesch Třešť Iglau (Landbezirk) 14,249 160 1.1% 14,057 98.7% 2 0.0% 30 0.2%
Ungarisch Brod Uherský Brod Ungarisch Brod 36,954 706 1.9% 35,929 97.2% 11 0.0% 308 0.8%
Ungarisch Hradisch Uherské Hradiště Ungarisch Hradisch (Land), Ungarisch Hradisch (Stadt) 41,354 100 0.2% 41,129 99.5% 1 0.0% 124 0.3%
Ungarisch Ostra Uherský Ostroh Ungarisch Hradisch 46,528 469 1.0% 45,846 98.5% 7 0.0% 206 0.4%
Wallachisch Klobouk Valašské Klobouky Ungarisch Brod 26,419 101 0.4% 25,784 97.6% 41 0.2% 493 1.9%
Wallachisch Meseritsch Valašské Meziříčí Wallachisch Meseritsch 24,657 319 1.3% 24,224 98.2% 15 0.1% 99 0.4%
Wiesenberg Viesenberk Mährisch Schönberg 14,525 14,465 99.6% 7 0.0% 4 0.0% 49 0.3%
Wischau Vyškov Wischau 43,545 3,486 8.0% 39,976 91.8% 6 0.0% 77 0.2%
Wisowitz Vizovice Holleschau 23,469 2 0.0% 23,223 99.0% 90 0.4% 154 0.7%
Wsetin Vsetín Wsetin 42,976 214 0.5% 42,250 98.3% 22 0.1% 490 1.1%
Zdounek Zdounky Kremsier (Landbezirk) 22,368 92 0.4% 22,241 99.4% 4 0.0% 31 0.1%
Zlabings Slavonice Datschitz 10,090 9,322 92.4% 734 7.3% 0 0.0% 34 0.3%
Znaim Znojmo Znaim (Land), Znaim 61,866 42,253 68.3% 18,339 29.6% 52 0.1% 1,222 2.0%
Zwittau Svitavy Mährisch Trübau 28,197 27,339 97.0% 767 2.7% 0 0.0% 91 0.3%
TOTAL 2,627,851 718,951 27,35% 1,875,129 71,5% 16,410 17,361

Rulers of Moravia

[edit]

Dukes in Moravia (907-1182)

[edit]

Přemyslid dynasty as Duke of Bohemia (907-999)

[edit]
Main article: Přemyslid dynasty
Ruler Born Reign Death Consort Notes
Spytihněv I 882 907–915 915 Unmarried First son of Bořivoj I and Ludmila of Bohemia. He restored Bohemian sovereignty in 894, than ruled from 907 over the territory of Moravia too.
Vratislaus I 888 915–921 13 February 921 Drahomíra
three children		 Second son of Bořivoj I and Ludmila of Bohemia.
Wenceslaus I 907 921–929/935 28 September 929/935 Unmarried Known as St. Wenceslaus ("Good King Wenceslas" for English-speaking people), the patron saint of the Czech lands. He was the first son of Vratislaus I and Drahomíra. His rule started with the regencies of Ludmila of Bohemia (921) and Drahomíra (921–925)
Boleslaus I
the Cruel		 915 929/935-972 July 972 Biagota
four children		 Assassinated his brother to ascend to the ducal throne. He was the second son of Vratislaus I and Drahomíra.
Boleslaus II
the Pious		 940 972-999 7 February 999 Adiva
(of England?)
four children

Emma of Mělník
(Emma of Italy (?))
989
no children		 Son of Boleslaus I and Biagota. He lost Moravia against Poland.

Piast dynasty as Duke of Poland (999-1019)

[edit]
Main article: Piast dynasty
Ruler Born Reign Death Consort Notes
Boleslaus III
the Brave		 967 999-1002

1003-1019		 17 June 1025 Oda/Hunilda
Judith of Hungary
one child

Emnilda
five children

Oda of Meissen
one child		 Son of Mieszko I of Poland and Doubravka of Bohemia. He conquered Moravia as Duke of Poland in 999, than Bohemia in 1002 and given these territories to his younger brother Vladivoj. After the death of his brother, he ruled over Bohemia and Moravia as Duke of Poland and Bohemia till 1004, than as Duke of Poland over Moravia.
Vladivoj 981 1002-1003 January 1003 Unknown Son of Mieszko I of Poland and Doubravka of Bohemia. He ruled over Moravia as Duke of Bohemia.

Přemyslid dynasty as Duke in Moravia (1019-1182)

[edit]
Ruler Born Reign Death Ruling part Consort Notes
Bretislaus I 1002/5 1019/29–1033

1034–1055		 10 January 1055 Moravia Judith of Schweinfurt
1020
four children		 Son of Ulrich, Duke of Bohemia, who reconquered Moravia from Poland and given to his son.
Ulrich I 975 1033–1034 9 November 1034 Moravia Unknown
no children

Božena
c. 1002
(morganatic)
one child		 In his After his death, his son was replaced in Moravia.
Conrad I c. 1035 1055–1056

1061-1092		 6 September 1092 Brno Wirpirk of Tengling
1054
two children 		Children of Bretislav I, divided their inheritance:
  • Conrad received Brno;
  • Vratislav got Olomouc;
  • Otto inherited Znojmo.

The division was made ineffective by their other brother Spytihnev (1055), who had inherited Bohemia and extended his rule to Moravia, uniting the whole Premyslid domain under his control. However, after Spytihnev's death (1061), the landless brothers recovered the inheritance and divided it differently, as Vratislav had inherited Bohemia:

  • Conrad recovered Brno but also received Otto's share in Znojmo;
  • Otto received Vratislav's part in Olomouc.
Vratislaus I c. 1035 1055–1056 14 January 1092 Olomouc Maria
before 1057
no children

Adelaide of Hungary I
1057
four children

Świętosława of Poland
1062
five children
Otto I the Fair 1045 1055–1056 9 June 1087 Znojmo Euphemia of Hungary
before 1073
two children
1056-1087 Olomouc
Znojmo annexed to Brno (1056-92)
Spytihněv II 1031 1056–1061 28 January 1061 Moravia Ida of Wettin
c. 1054
one child		 Brother of the three above, ended briefly the division of Moravia, uniting Bohemian and Moravian lands. After his death, his brothers re-split the land.
Boleslaus 1062 1087–1091 11 August 1091 Olomouc Unmarried
Svatopluk I the Lion 1075 1091–1109 21 September 1109 Olomouc Unknown
one child		 Brother of Boleslaus.
Luitpold I ? 1092–1112 15 March 1112 Znojmo Ida of Austria
one child 		Children of Conrad I, divided the inheritance:
  • Luitpold received Znojmo;
  • Ulrich inherited Brno.

Despite having heirs, Luitpold's land came to Ulrich's possession after his death. Conrad II, Luitpold's heir, would come to power in 1123.

Ulrich II ? 1092–1113 5 January 1113 Brno
(with Znojmo since 1112)		 Adelaide
two children
Sobeslaus I c. 1075 1113–1123 14 February 1140 Brno
(with Znojmo)		 Adelaide of Hungary II
1123
five children		 Son of Vratislaus I, ruled in Brno and Znojmo, which split after his resign:
  • Znojmo returned to its heir, Conrad II;
  • Brno was absorbed by Olomouc, the other Moravian feud.
Conrad II c. 1075 1123–1161 14 February 1140 Znojmo Maria of Serbia
1132
four children		 Son of Vratislaus I.
Otto II the Black 1085 1109–1123 18 February 1126 Olomouc
(with Brno since 1123)		 Sophia of Berg
1113
three children		 Ruled in Olomouc, since 1091 with his brother Svatopluk. Acquired Brno in 1123.
Wenceslaus Henry 1107 1126–1130 1 March 1130 Olomouc Unmarried Son of Svatopluk, inherited Olomouc.
Vratislaus II c. 1111 1126–1146 1146 Brno A Russian princess
1132
three children		 Son of Ulrich II, inherited Brno.
Luitpold II 1102 1130–1137 1143 Olomouc Unmarried Son of Bořivoj II, Duke of Bohemia.
Vladislaus ? 1137–1140 1165 Olomouc Unmarried Son of Sobeslaus I.
Otto III 1122 1140–1160 12 May 1160 Olomouc Durancia
five children		 Son of Otto II.
Spytihněv III ? 1146?–1182 1199 Brno Umarried In 1182 abdicated for Conrad III.
Brno annexed to Znojmo
Frederick I 1142 1160–1173 25 March 1189 Olomouc Elizabeth of Hungary
1157
six children		 Son of Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia.
Ulrich III 1134 1173–1177 18 October 1177 Olomouc Cecilia of Thuringia
no children

Sophia of Meissen
no children		 Son of Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia.
Wenceslaus 1137 1177–1178 after 1192 Olomouc Unmarried Son of Sobeslaus I. Abdicated for Conrad III.
Olomouc annexed to Znojmo
Conrad III Otto c. 1136 1161–1182 9 September 1191 Znojmo Hellicha of Wittelsbach
before 1176
no children 		Son of Conrad II. United Znojmo and Olomouc. Brno joined in 1182, when he also became the first Margrave of Moravia.

Margraves of Moravia

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Přemyslid dynasty

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united with Bohemia 1189–1197

directly held by King Rudolph I of Germany 1278–1283

Various dynasties

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Luxembourgs

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Various dynasties

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Jagiellons

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Habsburgs

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Under the united rule of the Bohemian kings from 1611 (see List of rulers of Bohemia).

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Pánek, Jaroslav; Tůma, Oldřich (2009). A History of the Czech Lands. Prague: Charles University Press. ISBN 978-80-246-1645-2.
  2. ^ a b Prinz, Friedrich (1993). Deutsche Geschichte in Osten Europas: Böhmen und Mähren. Berlin: Wolf Jobst Siedler Verlag GmbH. p. 381. ISBN 3-88680-200-0. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  3. ^ Košťálová, Petra (2022). Chmurski, Mateusz; Dmytrychyn, Irina (eds.). "Contested Landscape: Moravian Wallachia and Moravian Slovakia. An Imagology Study on the Ottoman Border Narrative". Revue des études slaves. 93 (1). OpenEdition: 110. doi:10.4000/res.5138. ISSN 2117-718X.
  4. ^ Urban, Otto (1998). "V.". Czech Society 1848–1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43155-7. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  5. ^ Válka, Josef (1995). Dějiny Moravy: Morava reformace, renesance a baroka (in Czech). Brno: Muzejní a vlastivědná společnost v Brně. ISBN 9788085048629. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  6. ^ a b David, Jiří (2009). "Moravian estatism and provincial councils in the second half of the 17th century". Folia Historica Bohemica. 1. 24: 111–165. ISSN 0231-7494.
  7. ^ Gesetz vom 9. August 1849, RGBl. 355/1849: "Erlaß der Ministeriums des Innern vom 9. August 1849, womit die in Folge Allerhöchster Entschliesung vom 4. August 1849 genehmigte Organisirung der politischen Verwaltungsbehörden für die Kronländer Mähren und Schlesien kundgemacht wird, und sie Maßregeln zu deren Durchführung festgesetzt werden". Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich (in German). 9 August 1849. Retrieved 5 July 2023 – via ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
  8. ^ Gesetz vom 21. April 1854, RGBl. 103/1854: "Verordnung der Minister des Innern, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 21. April 1854, betreffend die politische und gerichtliche Organisirung der Markgrafschaft Mähren". Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich (in German). 21 April 1854. Retrieved 5 July 2023 – via ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
  9. ^ Gesetz vom 5. Juni 1860, RGBl. 142/1860: "Verordnung des Ministers des Innern vom 5. Juni 1860, giltig für den ganzen Umfang des Reiches, betreffend die Auflösung der Kreisbehörden in Mähren, der Landesregierung und Landes-Baudirection in Schlesien und die administrative Unterordnung dieses Herzogthumes unter die Statthalterei zu Brünn". Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich (in German). 5 June 1860. Retrieved 20 April 2024 – via ÖNB-ALEX - Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
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50°N 17°E / 50°N 17°E / 50; 17

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