Kingdom of Slavonia

Kingdom of Slavonia
*Kraljevina Slavonija* (Croatian)
*Regnum Sclavoniae* (Latin)
*Szlavón Királyság* (Hungarian)
*Königreich Slawonien* (German)
Краљевина Славонија (Serbian)
Kingdom of Slavonia Kraljevina Slavonija (Croatian); Regnum Sclavoniae (Latin); Szlavón Királyság (Hungarian); Königreich Slawonien (German); Краљевина Славонија (Serbian)
1699–1868
	Flags; Top: (c. 1800–1852; 1860–1918); Bottom: (1852–1860) Coat of arms
	Kingdom of Slavonia in 1751, shown in yellow
Status	Lands of the Hungarian Crown (1102–1868)a; Separate Habsburg land under joint civil-military administration (1699–1745),; Constituent land of the Austrian Empire (1804–1868)a; Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen (1868-1918)
Capital	Osijek
Common languages	Official:; Latin; (until 1784; 1790–1847); German; (1784–1790); Croatian; (1847–1868)
Religion	Christianity
Demonym(s)	Slavonian
Government	Monarchy
Ban (Viceroy)
• 1699–1703	Adam Batthyány (first)
• 1867–1868	Levin Rauch (last)
Legislature	Sabor
Historical era	Early modern period
• Treaty of Karlowitz	26 January 1699
• Revolution of 1848	15 March 1848
• Settlement of 1868	26 September 1868
Currency	Florin
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Sanjak of Pojega
	Sanjak of Syrmia
	Sanjak of Pakrac
Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
Slavonian Military Frontier
Today part of	Croatia; Serbia
	A: Subordinate to the Kingdom of Croatia (1745–1849), autonomous part of the Kingdom of Croatia and the Austrian Empire (1849–1868)

The Kingdom of Slavonia (Croatian: Kraljevina Slavonija, Latin: Regnum Sclavoniae, Hungarian: Szlavón Királyság, German: Königreich Slawonien, Serbian Cyrillic: Краљевина Славонија) was a kingdom of the Habsburg monarchy and the Austrian Empire that existed from 1699 to 1868. The kingdom included northern parts of present-day regions of Slavonia (today in Croatia) and Syrmia (today in Serbia and Croatia). The southern parts of these regions were part of the Slavonian Military Frontier, which was a component of the Military Frontier separating the Habsburg monarchy from the Ottoman Empire.

Geography

The Kingdom of Slavonia was bounded by the Kingdom of Croatia to the west, the Kingdom of Hungary to the north and the east, and the Ottoman Empire to the south. Together with the Slavonian Military Frontier, Slavonia was about 6,600 miles squared in area. It was divided into the three counties of Požega, Virovitica and Syrmia. Besides a chain of mountains in the middle of the province, the remaining part of the kingdom consisted of extensive plains and fertile eminences planted with vines and fruit trees.^[3]

History

The Kingdom of Slavonia was formed from territories that the Habsburg monarchy gained from the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) that ended the Great Turkish War. Initially, it was a separate Habsburg land under joint civil-military administration that lasted from 1699 to 1745.^[4] The inhabitants were exempted from taxes, but were bound to military service.^[3] In 1745, the full civil administration was introduced and Kingdom of Slavonia, as one of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown, was administratively included into both the Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Hungary. Following the 1868 Settlement (Nagodba) with the Kingdom of Hungary, Slavonia was joined with the Kingdom of Croatia into the single Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, which although it was under the suzerainty of the Crown of Saint Stephen, kept a significant level of self-rule.

Population

After the end of the Great Turkish War, Slavonia was left desolated as around 80% of its pre-war population fled. In order to improve its demographics, people that fled from Slavonia and whose property was taken by the Ottomans were allowed to return to their lands if they had valid ownership documents.^[5] Settlers from Bosnia also started migrating to Slavonia, fleeing from the Ottomans. In 1691, around 22,300 Catholics from Bosnian Posavina moved to Slavonia.^[6] It is estimated that around 40,000 people lived in Slavonia in 1696.^[7] In 1698, its population increased to 80,000.

The 1802 Austrian population data for the Kingdom of Slavonia recorded 148,000 (51.6%) Catholics, 135,000 (47.2%) Orthodox and 3,500 (1.2%) Protestants.^[8]

According to other statistical estimations, in 1787 in civil Slavonia there were 265,670 inhabitants, and in 1804/1805 there were 286,349 inhabitants, but from that number clergy and nobility were excluded. Only men were counted in that census. There were: 74,671 Roman Catholics, 68,390 Orthodox Christians, 1,744 Calvinists, 97 Lutherans and 160 Jews. Number of Orthodox Christians was higher in Syrmia: 32,090 Orthodox Christians and 12,633 Roman Catholics. In other two counties of Slavonia: Požega and Virovitica, as in city of Požega, Roman Catholics outnumbered Orthodox population.

The official Austrian census of 1857 for Kingdom of Slavonia gives the following results (a section of Syrmia was in 1857 part of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar):^[9]

Požega County

Osijek County

Economy

The Kingdom of Slavonia was mostly an agricultural land, just like the Kingdom of Croatia, and it was known for its silk production. Agriculture and the breeding of cattle were the most profitable occupations of the inhabitants. It produced corn of all kinds, hemp, flax, tobacco, and great quantities of liquorice. The quantity of wine produced was also large, especially in the county of Srem. In 1857 industrial employment (11.01%) was highest in the County of Osijek, while 72.3% were employed in agriculture (82.9% in the Požega County).^[10]^[3]

References

^ "Austria-Hungary - Crown Lands, part II: Transleithnia and Bosnia & Herzegovina". FAME. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
^ John R. Lampe (1982). John R. Lampe; Marvin R. Jackson (eds.). Balkan economic history, 1550–1950: from imperial borderlands to developing nations. Indiana University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-2533-0368-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge: The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, vol 22, p. 100-101
^ Lampe, John R.; Jackson, Marvin R. (June 22, 1982). Balkan Economic History, 1550-1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations. Indiana University Press. p. 63. ISBN 0-253-30368-0 – via Google Books.
^ Ive Mažuran – Osnivanje vojne granice u Slavoniji 1702. godine, p. 34
^ Andrija Zirdum – Počeci naselja i stanovništvo brodskog i gradiškog kraja 1698-1991, Slavonski Brod, 2001, p. 23
^ Andrija Zirdum – Počeci naselja i stanovništvo brodskog i gradiškog kraja 1698-1991, Slavonski Brod, 2001, p. 24
^ Mladen Lorković, Narod i zemlja Hrvata, reprint, Split, 2005., page 86
^ Statistische übersichten über die bevölkerung und den viehstand von Österreich nach der zählung vom 31. october 1857, page 120
^ Nagy, Mariann (April 24, 2010). "Croatia in the Economic Structure of the Habsburg Empire in the Light of the 1857 Census". Historijski zbornik. 63 (1): 88 – via hrcak.srce.hr.

Literature

Taube, Friedrich Wilhelm von (1777). Historische und geographische Beschreibung des Königreiches Slavonien und des Herzogthumes Syrmien. Vol. 1. Leipzig.
Taube, Friedrich Wilhelm von (1777). Historische und geographische Beschreibung des Königreiches Slavonien und des Herzogthumes Syrmien. Vol. 2. Leipzig.
Taube, Friedrich Wilhelm von (1778). Historische und geographische Beschreibung des Königreiches Slavonien und des Herzogthumes Syrmien. Vol. 3. Leipzig.

[FAME-1] "Austria-Hungary - Crown Lands, part II: Transleithnia and Bosnia & Herzegovina". FAME. Retrieved 12 March 2022.

[2] John R. Lampe (1982). John R. Lampe; Marvin R. Jackson (eds.). Balkan economic history, 1550–1950: from imperial borderlands to developing nations. Indiana University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-2533-0368-4.

[Penny-3] Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge: The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, vol 22, p. 100-101

[4] Lampe, John R.; Jackson, Marvin R. (June 22, 1982). Balkan Economic History, 1550-1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations. Indiana University Press. p. 63. ISBN 0-253-30368-0 – via Google Books.

[5] Ive Mažuran – Osnivanje vojne granice u Slavoniji 1702. godine, p. 34

[6] Andrija Zirdum – Počeci naselja i stanovništvo brodskog i gradiškog kraja 1698-1991, Slavonski Brod, 2001, p. 23

[7] Andrija Zirdum – Počeci naselja i stanovništvo brodskog i gradiškog kraja 1698-1991, Slavonski Brod, 2001, p. 24

[8] Mladen Lorković, Narod i zemlja Hrvata, reprint, Split, 2005., page 86

[9] Statistische übersichten über die bevölkerung und den viehstand von Österreich nach der zählung vom 31. october 1857, page 120

[10] Nagy, Mariann (April 24, 2010). "Croatia in the Economic Structure of the Habsburg Empire in the Light of the 1857 Census". Historijski zbornik. 63 (1): 88 – via hrcak.srce.hr.

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