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Manurewa (New Zealand electorate)

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Manurewa
Single-member constituency
for the New Zealand House of Representatives
Outline map
Location of  within Auckland
RegionAuckland
Current constituency
Created1963
Current MPArena Williams
PartyLabour

Manurewa is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate in southern Auckland. A very safe Labour seat, the seat was created in 1963 and has returned a National MP only once, in 1975. Arena Williams has represented the electorate since the 2020 election.

Population centres

[edit]

The electorate is based around the suburb of Manurewa. It includes Wiri, Manukau Central and Manukau Heights in the north. It stretches south to Clendon Park and Weymouth.[1]

In boundary changes in 2002, some areas moved to Clevedon and Manukau East electorates. In the 2007 boundary review, Wattle Downs and parts of Manurewa East moved to Papakura electorate.[1] Boundary changes for the 2008 election made Manurewa even safer for Labour, although some party loyalists were apparently upset that this had the effect of making the neighbouring seat of Papakura less marginal and more inclined towards National.

The 2013/14 redistribution did not change the boundaries further.[2]

The 2019/20 redistribution saw the electorate shift northwards, gaining the area north of Puhinui Road from Manukau East and losing the area east of the Southern Motorway to the new Takanini electorate.[3]

History

[edit]

Manurewa is generally regarded as a safe Labour seat. Louisa Wall won the Manurewa electorate in the 2011 election and was returned to the 50th New Zealand Parliament;[4] she had opted not to be on Labour's party list that time.[5] She was back on the list (in position 12) for the 2014 election but won her electorate comfortably.[6]

Members of Parliament

[edit]

Unless otherwise stated, all MPs' terms began and ended at general elections.

Key

  Labour   National

Election Winner
1963 election Phil Amos
1966 election
1969 election
1972 election
1975 election Merv Wellington
1978 election Roger Douglas
1981 election
1984 election
1987 election
1990 election George Hawkins
1993 election
1996 election
1999 election
2002 election
2005 election
2008 election
2011 election Louisa Wall
2014 election
2017 election
2020 election Arena Williams
2023 election

List MPs

[edit]

Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested the Manurewa electorate. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections.

Election Winner
20091 Cam Calder
2011 election

1Calder became an MP on the resignation of Richard Worth in June 2009.[7]

Election results

[edit]

2023 election

[edit]
2023 general election: Manurewa[8]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
Labour Green tickY Arena Williams 16,261 55.95 –14.18 15,623 51.53 –21.23
National Siva Kilari 9,148 31.47 +19.22 8,808 29.05 +16.24
Te Pāti Māori Rangi McLean 1,604 5.51 – 632 2.08 +1.28
Vision NZ Caine Warren 991 3.40 +2.35
Green   1,777 5.86 +2.89
NZ First   1,036 3.41 +0.59
ACT   806 2.65 +0.95
Freedoms NZ   362 1.20 –
NewZeal   233 0.76 +0.50
Opportunities   179 0.59 +0.14
NZ Loyal   137 0.45 –
Legalise Cannabis   136 0.44 –0.01
New Conservatives   56 0.19 –1.46
Animal Justice   48 0.15 –
New Nation   39 0.12 –
Women's Rights   39 0.12 –
DemocracyNZ   18 0.05 –
Leighton Baker Party   14 0.04 –
Informal votes 1,058 369
Total valid votes 29,062 30,313
Labour hold Majority 7,113 24.47 –33.41

2020 election

[edit]
2020 general election: Manurewa[9]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
Labour Arena Williams 20,815 70.13 +12.74 22,137 72.65 +14.25
National Nuwi Samarakone 3,636 12.25 –14.29 3,904 12.81 –15.73
NZ First John Hall 968 3.36 –2.87 861 2.82 −3.76
Green Lourdes Vano 963 3.24 — 907 2.97 +0.51
New Conservative Mote Pahulu 814 2.74 +1.48 505 1.65 +1.31
Independent Luella Linaker 325 1.09 —
Advance NZ Linda Jackson 313 1.05 — 250 0.82 —
Vision NZ Sonny Wilcox 305 1.02 — 196 0.64 —
ONE Rattan Singh 198 0.66 — 80 0.26 —
TEA Wella Bernardo 134 0.45 — 37 0.12 —
Communist League Annalucia Vermunt 28 0.09 —
ACT   519 1.70 +1.44
Māori Party   245 0.80 –0.80
Opportunities   139 0.45 –0.29
Legalise Cannabis   136 0.44 +0.07
Sustainable NZ   14 0.04 —
Outdoors   9 0.02 –0.01
Heartland   8 0.02 —
Social Credit   6 0.01 —
Informal votes 1,181 515
Total valid votes 29,680 30,468
Turnout 30,668 69.77[10]
Labour hold Majority 17,179 57.88 +27.03

2017 election

[edit]
2017 general election: Manurewa[11]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
Labour Green tickY Louisa Wall 15,577 57.39 +4.15 16,592 58.40 +5.74
National Katrina Bungard 7,203 26.54 −2.42 8,109 28.54 +1.05
NZ First John Hall 1,691 6.23 −1.41 1,869 6.58 −2.84
Green Teanau Tuiono 880 3.24 −1.03 698 2.46 −1.48
Māori Party Tasha Hohaia 806 2.97 −1.07 313 1.10 +0.41
Conservative Elliot Ikilei 342 1.26 −0.87 98 0.34 −2.46
Opportunities   210 0.74 —
Legalise Cannabis   104 0.37 ±0.00
ACT   75 0.26 −0.31
People's Party   58 0.20 —
Mana Party   22 0.08 —
United Future   15 0.05 −0.04
Democrats   12 0.04 +0.02
Outdoors   9 0.03 —
Ban 1080   7 0.02 −0.03
Internet   4 0.01 —
Informal votes 643 218
Total valid votes 27,142 28,413
Labour hold Majority 8,374 30.85 +6.57

2014 election

[edit]
2014 general election: Manurewa[12]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
Labour Green tickY Louisa Wall 14,038 53.24 −10.03 14,579 52.66 −4.77
National Simeon Brown 7,636 28.96 +2.10 7,612 27.49 +1.36
NZ First John Hall 2,015 7.64 +3.17 2,609 9.42 +2.06
Green Trish Tupou 1,127 4.27 +4.27 1,092 3.94 ±0.00
Conservative Elliot Ikilei 562 2.13 −0.56 776 2.80 +0.54
Mana Yvonne Dainty 268 1.02 −0.62
Māori Party Raewyn Bhana 238 0.90 +0.26 191 0.69 +0.05
Internet Mana   315 1.14 +0.29[a]
ACT   158 0.57 −0.03
Legalise Cannabis   102 0.37 −0.03
United Future   24 0.09 −0.13
Ban 1080   15 0.05 +0.05
Civilian   10 0.04 +0.04
Democrats   6 0.02 +0.01
Focus   1 0.00 +0.00
Informal votes 481 197
Total valid votes 26,365 27,687
Turnout 27,687 67.63 +2.53
Labour hold Majority 6,402 24.28 −12.13

2011 election

[edit]
2011 general election: Manurewa[13]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
Labour Louisa Wall 14,961 63.27 +9.31 14,517 57.43 +5.21
National Cam Calder 6,351 26.86 -0.24 6,606 26.13 -4.20
NZ First John Hall 1,122 4.47 +1.92 1,861 7.36 +2.83
Conservative Richard Addis 636 2.69 +2.69 572 2.26 +2.26
Mana Richard Shortland Cooper 387 1.64 +1.64 215 0.85 +0.85
ACT David Peterson 189 0.80 -2.71 153 0.60 -0.43
Green   995 3.94 +1.69
Māori Party   163 0.64 -0.62
Legalise Cannabis   101 0.40 +0.05
United Future   56 0.22 -0.43
Alliance   22 0.09 +0.02
Libertarianz   13 0.05 +0.02
Democrats   3 0.01 +0.004
Informal votes 1,108 411
Total valid votes 23,646 25,688
Labour hold Majority 8,610 36.41 +9.55

Electorate (as at 26 November 2011): 39,461[14]

2008 election

[edit]
2008 general election: Manurewa[15]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
Labour Green tickY George Hawkins 13,511 53.96 13,673 52.22
National Cam Calder 6,785 27.10 7,941 30.33
Pacific Vui K Sapa'u Vitale 1,138 4.55 909 3.47
Green Alan Johnson 963 3.85 588 2.25
ACT Michael James Bailey 879 3.51 633 2.42
NZ First John Hall 707 2.82 1,187 4.53
Family Party Richard Lewis 514 2.05 193 0.74
Progressive Sukhdev Singh Bains 263 1.05 276 1.05
United Future Jim Stowers 185 0.74 170 0.65
Kiwi Amjad Khan 92 0.37 66 0.25
Māori Party   331 1.26
Legalise Cannabis   92 0.35
Bill and Ben   90 0.34
Libertarianz   7 0.03
RAM   7 0.03
Workers Party   7 0.03
RONZ   5 0.02
Alliance   4 0.02
Democrats   2 0.01
Informal votes 408 220
Total valid votes 25,037 26,181
Labour hold Majority 6,726 26.86 -12.38

2005 election

[edit]
2005 general election: Manurewa[16]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
Labour Green tickY George Hawkins 17,759 59.66 18,254 59.11
National Fepulea'i Aiono 6,092 20.42 7,938 25.70
NZ First Lindy Palmer 1,868 6.26 1,714 5.55
United Future Noel Hinton 940 3.15 624 2.02
Māori Party Rangi McLean 819 2.75 407 1.32
Destiny Patrick Komene 692 2.32 387 1.25
Progressive Raghbir Singh 609 2.04 397 1.29
ACT Glen Snelgar 582 1.95 232 0.75
Family Rights Amelia Fepulea'i 238 0.80 105 0.34
Alliance Paul Protheroe 110 0.37 21 0.07
Direct Democracy Kelvyn Alp 85 0.28 42 0.14
Green   603 1.95
Legalise Cannabis   74 0.24
Christian Heritage   50 0.16
One NZ   10 0.03
Libertarianz   8 0.03
99 MP   6 0.02
Democrats   6 0.02
RONZ   4 0.01
Informal votes 474 188
Total valid votes 29,834 30,882
Labour hold Majority 11,707 39.24 -10.12

2002 election

[edit]
2002 general election:Manurewa
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
Labour Green tickY George Hawkins 15,821 62.24 -4.91 14,752 56.55 +4.71
National Enosa Auva'a 3,273 12.88 -5.59 3,261 12.50 -12.18
NZ First John Bryce Geary 1,881 7.40 2,658 10.19 +6.85
Green Alan Johnson 1,193 4.69 970 3.72 +0.57
United Future Peter Collins 994 3.91 1,443 5.53
ACT Bryce Bevin 992 3.90 1,332 5.11 +0.12
Christian Heritage Daniel W Willis 546 2.15 509 1.95 -0.87
Progressive Susi Pa'o Williams 329 1.29 550 2.11
Alliance Hayley Rawhiti 287 1.13 249 0.95 -5.42
Reform's Tahi Dave Bergersen 55 0.22
Independent Tuporo (Tommy) Maroroa 49 0.19
ORNZ   186 0.71
Legalise Cannabis   141 0.54 -0.50
Mana Māori   15 0.06 +0.02
One NZ   14 0.05 0.00
NMP   5 0.02 -0.01
Informal votes 328 164
Total valid votes 25,420 26,085
Labour hold Majority 12,548 49.36 +0.68

1999 election

[edit]
1999 general election:Manurewa
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
Labour Green tickY George Hawkins 18,018 67.15 +11.68 14,140 51.84 +13.12
National Enosa Auva'a 4,956 18.47 6,730 24.68 -3.14
Alliance Toia Lucas 1,168 4.35 1,737 6.37 -1.73
ACT Lech Beltowski 880 3.28 1,361 4.99 +1.24
Christian Heritage Uaita Levi 753 2.81 770 2.82
NZ First Lindy Palmer 716 2.67 911 3.34 -9.74
Mauri Pacific Ann Batten 304 1.13 44 0.16
Mana Wahine Te Ira Tangata Lumã'ava Samuelu-Pula 38 0.14
Green   859 3.15
Legalise Cannabis   284 1.04 -0.72
Christian Democrats   164 0.60
United NZ   71 0.26 -0.56
Libertarianz   53 0.19 +0.17
McGillicuddy Serious   42 0.15 -0.10
Animals First   40 0.15 -0.05
Natural Law   19 0.07 -0.04
One NZ   13 0.05
Mana Māori   12 0.04 +0.03
The People's Choice   10 0.04
NMP   9 0.03
Republican   4 0.01
South Island   1 0.00
Freedom Movement   0 0.00
Informal votes 849 408
Total valid votes 26,833 27,274
Labour hold Majority 13,062 48.68 +14.75

1996 election

[edit]
1996 general election: Manurewa[17][18][19]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
Labour Green tickY George Hawkins 14,015 55.47 9,820 38.72
National Les Marinkovich 5,442 21.54 7,055 27.82
NZ First Roger Mail 2,240 8.87 3,317 13.08
Alliance Willie Jackson 1,492 5.91 2,054 8.10
Christian Coalition Braden Matson 781 3.09 1,147 4.52
ACT John Thompson 555 2.20 951 3.75
United NZ Malcolm Hood 378 1.50 209 0.82
McGillicuddy Serious Derek Craig 151 0.60 64 0.25
Green Society Colin Amery 145 0.57 41 0.16
Natural Law Faye McLaren 67 0.27 29 0.11
Legalise Cannabis   447 1.76
Ethnic Minority Party 69 0.27
Animals First   50 0.20
Progressive Green   41 0.16
Advance New Zealand 37 0.15
Superannuitants & Youth   18 0.07
Conservatives   4 0.02
Libertarianz   4 0.02
Mana Māori   3 0.01
Asia Pacific United 2 0.01
Te Tawharau 0 0.00
Informal votes 209 113
Total valid votes 25,266 25,362
Labour hold Majority 8,573 33.93 +10.04

1993 election

[edit]
1993 general election: Manurewa[20]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour George Hawkins 7,476 44.50 +0.21
National Mark Chalmers 3,462 20.60
Alliance Pat Robinson 3,183 18.94
NZ First Don Roa 2,156 12.83
Christian Heritage Shane Kennedy 388 2.30
McGillicuddy Serious Derek Craig 135 0.80 +0.26
Majority 4,014 23.89 +16.86
Turnout 16,800 78.19 +0.29
Registered electors 21,484

1990 election

[edit]
1990 general election: Manurewa[21]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour George Hawkins 7,266 44.71
National Pat Baker 6,113 37.62
NewLabour Pat Robinson 1,135 6.98
Green Anaru Kira 1,025 6.30
Social Credit Debbie Elanor Stewart 251 1.54
Democrats Paumea Horton McKay 205 1.26
Independent Shirley Jane Watson 164 1.00 −0.15
McGillicuddy Serious Derek Craig 89 0.54
Communist League Mike Treen 11 0.06
Majority 1,143 7.03
Turnout 16,249 77.90 −5.70
Registered electors 20,857

1987 election

[edit]
1987 general election: Manurewa[22]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Roger Douglas 9,255 56.49 +2.04
National George Cunningham 6,203 37.86
Democrats John Kilford 606 3.69 −1.18
Independent Shirley Jane Watson 189 1.15 +0.51
NZ Party W A Berchich 129 0.78
Majority 3,052 18.63 −7.81
Turnout 16,382 83.60 −7.26
Registered electors 19,594

1984 election

[edit]
1984 general election: Manurewa[22]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Roger Douglas 10,157 54.45 +8.49
National Stuart Leenstra 5,224 28.00
NZ Party Michael Jack 2,143 11.48
Social Credit John Kilford 909 4.87
Independent Shirley Jane Watson 120 0.64
Values Ronald Andrew MacMillan 72 0.38 −0.44
Independent Ritchie Hesituo Okesene 27 0.14
Majority 4,933 26.44 +12.35
Turnout 18,652 90.86 +3.28
Registered electors 20,528

1981 election

[edit]
1981 general election: Manurewa[22]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Roger Douglas 9,126 45.96 −1.46
National Keith Ralph 6,311 31.59
Social Credit Paul Norman 4,371 21.88 +4.60
Values Ronald Andrew MacMillan 165 0.82 −0.43
Majority 2,815 14.09 +0.25
Turnout 19,973 87.58 +19.89
Registered electors 22,804

1978 election

[edit]
1978 general election: Manurewa[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Roger Douglas 8,449 47.42
National Peter O'Brien 5,982 33.58
Social Credit Paul Norman 3,079 17.28
Values Ronald Andrew MacMillan 224 1.25
Independent Labour G H Bibb 80 0.44
Majority 2,467 13.84
Turnout 17,814 67.69 −13.18
Registered electors 26,316

1975 election

[edit]
1975 general election: Manurewa[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Merv Wellington 9,558 47.74
Labour Phil Amos 8,200 40.96 −12.47
Social Credit Steve McKay 1,296 6.47
Values Malcolm Hardwick 925 4.62
Alpha Alan Filmer 21 0.10
Independent Jim McCullagh 11 0.05
Democratic Labour Allan Hughes 8 0.03
Majority 1,358 6.78
Turnout 20,019 80.87 −7.08
Registered electors 24,753

1972 election

[edit]
1972 general election: Manurewa[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Phil Amos 8,221 53.43 +3.80
National Pat Baker 5,824 37.85 −3.93
Social Credit Jim Laurenson 872 5.66
Values Kenneth Hooks 287 1.86
New Democratic George Higham 180 1.17 −6.20
Majority 2,397 15.58 +7.73
Turnout 15,384 87.95 −0.23
Registered electors 17,490

1969 election

[edit]
1969 general election: Manurewa[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Phil Amos 8,668 49.63 −0.10
National Pat Baker 7,297 41.78
Social Credit George Higham 1,287 7.37 +0.79
Socialist Unity Christopher Ruthe 140 0.80
Informal votes 70 0.40
Majority 1,371 7.85 −4.36
Turnout 17,462 88.18 −4.44
Registered electors 19,802

1966 election

[edit]
1966 general election: Manurewa[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Phil Amos 9,725 49.73 −1.58
National B F Kimpton 7,336 37.51
Social Credit George Higham 1,287 6.58 +1.13
Communist Stan Hieatt 147 0.75
Majority 2,389 12.21 +3.51
Turnout 19,554 83.74 −6.48
Registered electors 23,350

1963 election

[edit]
1963 general election: Manurewa[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Phil Amos 8,988 51.31
National Leon Götz 7,464 42.61
Social Credit George Higham 956 5.45
Communist Hugh McLeod 109 0.62
Majority 1,524 8.70
Turnout 19,414 90.22
Registered electors 19,414

Table footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ 2014 Internet Mana swing is relative to the votes for Mana in 2011; it shared a party list with Internet in the 2014 election.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Manurewa: Electoral Profile". New Zealand Parliament. Parliamentary Library. 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  2. ^ Report of the Representation Commission 2014 (PDF). Representation Commission. 4 April 2014. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-477-10414-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  3. ^ "Report of the Representation Commission 2020" (PDF). 17 April 2020.
  4. ^ Cheng, Derek (6 April 2011). "Louisa Wall back in Parliament". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
  5. ^ "Louisa Wall passes on Labour's list". 3News. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  6. ^ "Official Count Results -- Manurewa". Electoral Commission. 4 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  7. ^ "John Key statement on Richard Worth". The New Zealand Herald. 12 June 2009.
  8. ^ "Manurewa – Official Result". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  9. ^ "Manurewa – Official Result". Electoral Commission. 6 November 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  10. ^ "Party Votes and Turnout by Electorate (2020)". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  11. ^ "Manurewa – Official Result". Electoral Commission. 7 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
  12. ^ "Official Count Results -- Manurewa (2014)". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  13. ^ 2011 election results
  14. ^ "Enrolment statistics". Electoral Commission. 26 November 2011. Archived from the original on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
  15. ^ 2008 election results
  16. ^ "Official Count Results -- Manurewa". Electoral Commission. 1 October 2005. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  17. ^ "Electorate Candidate and Party Votes Recorded at Each Polling Place – Manurewa, 1996" (PDF). Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  18. ^ "Part III – Party Lists of Successful Registered Parties" (PDF). Electoral Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  19. ^ "Part III – Party Lists of unsuccessful Registered Parties" (PDF). Electoral Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  20. ^ Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1993.
  21. ^ Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1990. p. 61.
  22. ^ a b c Norton 1988, p. 271.
  23. ^ a b c d e f Norton 1988, p. 270.

References

[edit]
  • Norton, Clifford (1988). New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946–1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. ISBN 0-475-11200-8.
[edit]
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