Manuel Komnenos (kouropalates)
Manuel Komnenos | |
|---|---|
 Lead seal of Manuel Komnenos with his title of kouropalates, showing the military saints Demetrius of Thessalonica and Saint George | |
| Native name | Μανουήλ Κομνηνός |
| Born | c. 1045 |
| Died | 17 April 1071 |
| Battles / wars | Campaigns against the Seljuq raids into Asia Minor |
| Relations | John Komnenos (Father), Anna Dalassene (Mother), Alexios I Komnenos and Isaac Komnenos (Brothers), Alexios Charon (Grandfather), Manuel Erotikos Komnenos (Grandfather) |
Manuel Komnenos (Greek: Μανουήλ Κομνηνός, romanized: Manouēl Komnēnos; c. 1045 – 17 April 1071) was a Byzantine aristocrat and military leader, the oldest son of John Komnenos and brother of the future emperor Alexios I Komnenos. A relative by marriage of Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes, he was placed in charge of expeditions against Turkish raids from 1070, until his sudden death by illness in April 1071.
Origin and marriage
[edit]Manuel was the first-born child of John Komnenos and his wife Anna Dalassene.[1] The date of his birth is unknown, but he was described as a youth in 1068, so he must have been born around 1045.[1] He was named after his grandfather Manuel Erotikos Komnenos. As a child, as was customary for children of the Byzantine aristocracy, Manuel was trained in war by his father, who at the time was domestikos ton scholon (commander-in-chief) of the eastern field army.[2]
In 1057, his uncle, Isaac I Komnenos, became emperor, but abdicated in 1059 and was succeeded by Constantine X Doukas (r. 1059–1067) after Manuel's father refused to take the throne.[3] Manuel's mother, Anna Dalassene, refused to acquiesce to her husband's decision, however, and developed a deep enmity towards the Doukas family. After John died in 1067, she began plotting against the Doukai with the ultimate aim of raising one of her sons to the throne. She thus backed the assumption of power by Romanos IV Diogenes (r. 1068–1071), and soon after, married both Manuel and his sister Theodora to relatives of the new emperor as a sign of their political alliance.[4][5] By 1068, Manuel held the high court rank of protoproedros, and on the occasion of his marriage, Diogenes promoted him further to kouropalates.[6] The couple had at least one daughter, most likely named Anna after Manuel's mother.[7]
Military career and death
[edit]The emperor also gave Manuel the military rank of protostrator—a dignity that by this time had grown in importance sufficiently to only be awarded to individuals of exceptionally high social standing.[8] Manuel was also made commander-in-chief (strategos autokrator) of the eastern field army,[6] although unlike his father he does not appear to have held the corresponding rank of domestikos ton scholon.[9] In this capacity, Manuel confronted the raids of the Seljuq Turks into eastern Asia Minor. In one skirmish in 1070, he foolhardily pressed ahead to the Turkish camp, and was captured after a bitter struggle. His loss led to the defeat of his army and the capture of his two lieutenants and brothers-in-law, Michael Taronites and Nikephoros Melissenos.[10] Brought before the Turkish leader, a certain Chrysoskoulos, Manuel managed to inflame his ambition and raise him in revolt against his nominal sovereign, Sultan Alp Arslan (r. 1063–1072). Indeed, Chrysoskoulos accompanied his captives to the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, where Romanos IV received them with much honour.[11]
In spring 1071, Manuel and Chrysoskoulos went on campaign together against the Seljuqs, but in Bithynia Manuel fell severely ill with an ear infection. His mother hurried to his side at the monastery of Theotokos of Alypos on Mount Azalas, but arrived barely in time for him to bid her farewell before he died.[11] According to the early 12th-century typikon (foundational charter) of the Monastery of Christ Philanthropos, founded by Empress Irene Doukaina, wife of Manuel's younger brother Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118),[12] he died on 17 April (the day when he is commemorated).[13] In the typikon, he is listed as sebastos, one of the most exalted court ranks at the time the typikon was written, but this is an anachronism reflecting later practice.[13]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Varzos 1984, p. 61.
- ^ Varzos 1984, p. 61 (note 4).
- ^ Garland 1999, pp. 168, 187.
- ^ Varzos 1984, pp. 52, 61–62, 85.
- ^ Garland 1999, p. 187.
- ^ a b Varzos 1984, pp. 61–62.
- ^ Varzos 1984, pp. 63–64.
- ^ Guilland 1967b, p. 480.
- ^ Guilland 1967a, p. 453.
- ^ Varzos 1984, pp. 62–63.
- ^ a b Varzos 1984, p. 63.
- ^ Kouroupou & Vannier 2005, pp. 41ff..
- ^ a b Kouroupou & Vannier 2005, p. 60.
Sources
[edit]- Garland, Lynda (1999). Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium, AD 527–1204. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-14688-3.
- Guilland, Rodolphe (1967). "Le Domestique des Scholes". Recherches sur les institutions byzantines, Tome I (in French). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. pp. 426–468.
- Guilland, Rodolphe (1967). "Le Protostrator". Recherches sur les institutions byzantines, Tome I (in French). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. pp. 478–497.
- Kouroupou, Matoula; Vannier, Jean-François (2005). "Commémoraisons des Comnènes dans le typikon liturgique du monastère du Christ Philanthrope (ms. Panaghia Kamariotissa 29)" [Commemorations of the Komnenoi in the liturgical typikon of the Monastery of Christ Philanthropos (ms. Panaghia Kamariotissa 29)]. Revue des études byzantines (in French). 63: 41–69. doi:10.3406/rebyz.2005.2305.
- Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784634.