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Manipur State Constitution Act 1947

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Manipur State Constitution Act
Constitution-making Committee
Territorial extentManipur
Passed byManipur (princely state)
Passed26 July 1947[1]
Enacted1947[2]
Signed byMaharaja Bodhchandra Singh
Date of expiry15 October 1949[3]
Status: Unknown

Manipur State Constitution Act 1947 is an act which enabled the princely state of Manipur to have a de jure written constitution enacted by the last Maharajah of Manipur, Bodhchandra Singh.[4] Under the constitution, a Legislative Assembly was elected in mid-1948 and a ministry was formed, which was responsible to the Maharaja. The constitution is deemed to have lapsed on 15 October 1949, when the Maharaja signed a merger agreement with the Indian Union. The validity of the act in present time is debated.[5][6]

Background

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After the 1891 rebellion in Manipur, the British took direct control of the state's administration. While the Maharaja was retained as a nominal head of state, the real power rested with the British Political Agent and a British official appointed as the President of the Durbar. The other members of the Durbar served as ministers and advisors. The hill regions, populated by Naga and Kuki tribes, were administered by the British official without the involvement of the Durbar. [7][8][9]

In 1934, Nikhil Manipuri Mahsabha (NMM) was established by Hijam Irabot with the-then Maharajah Churachand Singh as President.[10] By 1938 it had become a prominent political front advocating the democratization of the powers held by the Durbar and an overhaul of the corrupt colonial administration.[10][11][12] Proposals for reforms were twice submitted to the Durbar in 1938 and 1939.[11][12] They called for abolition of exploitative taxes, reunification of the hills with the valley, establishment of self-rule, installation of a Panchayat system, and the establishment of a unicameral legislature based on suffrage.[11][12][10]

Fissures between the royal house and NMM were also prominent; NMM was declared a political party whereby no state government employee could participate in it and Irabot had to resign from the Sadar Court.[10] In the ensuing deliberations, Churachand and the President of the Durbar F. F. Pearson declined the demands of NMM, claiming that Manipur was not "ripe for democracy".[11][12] Popular resistance continued — the Second Nupi Lan would play a significant role in mobilizing anti-feudal sentiments in the masses.[10][12][13]

Maharaja Bodhchandra Singh succeeded Churachand Singh in November 1941.[11] Whilst the political scene was quiet during World War II, after the war, he was subject to a protracted and vigorous resistance from multiple political parties — Irabot's Manipur Krishak Sabha (MKS), Manipur Praja Sangha and Manipur State Congress etc.[11][12] In August 1946, NMM passed a resolution urging the immediate establishment of constitution-drafting machinery.[12] Krishak Sabha and Praja Sangha demanded a "responsible" government in multiple meetings, throughout the year.[12] By 21 September, Bodhchandra Singh seems to have conceded the demand for a (legislative) assembly and asked the British government for permission.[14] Finally, on the advice of Cabinet Mission, he consented to the formation of a Constitution Making Committee in December 1946.[15][12]

Constitution-making

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The Constitution-Making Committee had 15 members: five members were selected from a consultation with "educated men" of the Hills, five members were elected from the Valley, two members were nominated by the Maharaja and the Chairman of the Chief Court, and the remaining three members were nominated by the Durbar.[11] Overall, the committee was dominated by Congress men and their sympathizers.[10] The president of the Durbar, F. F. Pearson, became the chairman.[11] Krishak Sabha as well as Praja Sangha had criticized the composition of the Committee as undemocratic and boycotted the elections to the Committee.[10][11][12] The representatives of the hills proposed the right of secession after a period of five years, which were rejected by the remaining members.[16]

The Committee was formally inaugurated on 3 March 1947.[11][12] On, 10 March, the Maharajah addressed it in a public ceremony.[11][17] The first meeting was held on 24 March, and, on 29 March, broad resolutions were adopted on the central features of the would-be constitution.[11][18] A constitution-drafting committee was formed under the chairmanship of Ibunghohal Singh, and a hill local self-government regulation sub-committee was formed under the chairmanship of Pearson.[19] The final version of the constitution was passed by the Committee in May 1947.[12][18] The draft was soon vetted by the Durbar and on receiving Maharaja's consent, was enacted as the Manipur State Constitution Act 1947 on 27 July 1947.[11] The report submitted by the hill local self-government regulation sub-committee was passed as the Manipur State Hill Peoples (Administration) Regulation 1947[20][21].[22][23]

Implementation

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In July 1947, the Maharaja replaced the Manipur State Darbar by a Manipur State Council, whose members were termed "ministers", and F. F. Pearson became the Chief Minister. On 14 August, this arrangement was replaced by an Interim Council, with M. K. Priyobrata Singh, the younger brother of the Maharaja as the Chief Minister, and eight other members as ministers, of which two were Manipur State Congress members, and two were Hill representatives. These moves were seen as an attempt by the Maharaja to take power into his own hands.[24][25]

A Franchise Sub-committee was created on 14 October 1947, but elections were not held for at least a year. Manipur State Election Rules were formulated in 1948, with the following representation for 53 seats in the assembly:[26]

  • 30 general constituencies in the Valley. Moirang was made a special constituency, which could elect two candidates, one from the Valley and one from the Hills.
  • 3 reserved constituencies in the Valley, Lilong, Mayang Imphal and Yairipok, which were reserved for Meitei Pangals (Muslims).
  • 18 hill constituencies where only hill people could contest the election.
  • 2 special constituenceis: educational constituency and commercial & industrial constituency.

Election to the Manipur State Assembly was held between 11 June and 27 July 1948. It produced a hung assembly with no single party carrying the majority. Manipur State Congress won 14 seats, Manipur Krishak Sabha won 6 seats, a new party called Praja Shanti Party, believed to have been floated by the Maharaja, won 12 seats, and the hill representatives, dubbed "independents", won 18 seats.[a] The Praja Shanti Party formed the government in alliance with the Krishak Sabha and the hill representatives. Maharaja's brother Priyobrata Singh was reappointed as the Chief Minister, despite not being a member of the Assembly.[31][32]

Assessment

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The election held under the state constitution in 1948 has been touted as the first democratic election in India on full adult franchise.[33] However, the claim has been disputed. Phanjoubam Tarapot notes, "all people were not allowed to cast votes to elect their representatives. Only the rich, landowners and educated persons could exercise their franchise."[34]

With an elected assembly and appointment of ministers, Manipur was claimed to have become a "constitutional monarchy",[35] sometimes prefixed with the label "independent".[36] However, scholar Sudhirkumar Singh notes that the chief minister was appointed by the Maharaja, without any requirement of being an elected member of the assembly. Further, according the constitution, "the ministry was responsible to the Maharaja and not to the assembly".[37][38] According to Sanghamitra Choudhury, the new government "was not responsible to the legislature; instead, it was only responsive to the legislature, which was a technicality devised by the constitutional experts of Maharaja".[39]

Hijam Irabot, the seniormost democratic leader in the state, opposed the constitution saying there was no article guaranteeing "independence of Manipur and democracy".[34] Nevertheless, he participated in the Assembly election and won the seat from the Utlou constituency. However, before the Assembly met, he was outlawed for holding a protest meeting against the positions of Manipur State Congress. He was forced to go underground and his seat was declared vacant.[40]

The state constitution was short-lived. In October 1949, the Maharaja was invited to a meeting in Shillong, and asked to sign a merger agreement with the Indian Union. When he asked for consultation with his ministry, he was told that the Government of India did not recognise the Assembly and the Ministry formed under the state constitution.[41][42]

After the merger, the state assembly and the ministry were dissolved and Manipur became a Part 'C' State of India (akin to a Chief Commissioner's Province). There was not much public response to the development in Manipur, save for a single student protest under the banner of the Communist Party of Manipur. Sudhirkumar Singh remarks that no serious response could have been expected because the state was "characterised by low literacy and shallow political culture".[43]

Notes

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  1. ^ The hill representatives are often described as belonging 'Hill Independents Union'.[27] But as matter of fact, they belonged to several ethnic political parties, such as Tangkhul Long, Kabui Association, Kuki National Assembly, Mizo Union, and Khulmi National Union etc.[28][29][30]

References

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  1. ^ Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements (2011), p. 120: "The Constitution Drafting Committee submitted its draft to the State Council on 15 May 1947. The State Council passed it on 26 July 1947 and presented the same to the Maharaja for his assent. After duly approved by the Maharaja, the report became the Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947."
  2. ^ Manchanda, Rita (2015). Making war, making peace : conflict resolution in South Asia. Tapan K. Bose. New Delhi, India. p. 100. ISBN 978-93-5150-098-8. OCLC 897946353.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements (2011), pp. 146–147: "Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 lapsed, coalition ministry in the state ceased to function, the legislature dissolved and the post of Dewan abolished with effect from 15 October 1949."
  4. ^ Banerjee, S. K. (1958). "Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 19 (1): 35–38. JSTOR 42748891.
  5. ^ Das (2010), p. 123: "The Manipur State Constitution did not lose its validity with the signing of the merger agreement"
  6. ^ Banerjee, S. K. (1958). "Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 19 (1): 35–38. ISSN 0019-5510. JSTOR 42748891. We come to the interesting question of whether the Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 is still in force or not. At page 239 para 456 of Halsbury's Laws of England, Volume 11 (1933 edition) we read, "in conquered or ceded countries which at the time of their acquisition, had already laws of their own, the Crown has power to alter and change those laws, but until this is actually done the ancient laws of the countries remain in force" From this we may conclude that if the Manipur State Constitution Act, has not been specifically repealed it is to be taken as being still in force
  7. ^ Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements (2011), pp. 48–49: "The rules of administration were framed by the Assam Governor and approved by the Government of India. Under the administrative scheme, the Durbar was the highest executive body to administer the state affairs. Even during his presidentship, the Maharaja could do nothing without consulting the Durbar."
  8. ^ Verghese, B. G. (1996), India's Northeast Resurgent: Ethnicity, Insurgency, Governance, Development, Konark Publishers, p. 115, ISBN 9788122004557, Rules for the Management of the State of Manipur enforced in 1933. The supreme authority was the political agent acting on behalf of the Government of Assam and the Maharaja was to be assisted by a Durbar headed by a President, an officer specially selected by the Government of Assam. The budget was also to be approved by the Government of Assam and the hill tribes were to be administered by the President in accordance with rules framed by the Government of Assam.
  9. ^ Aitchison, C. U., ed. (1931), A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries, vol. XII, Calcutta: Government of India, Central Publication Branch, pp. 106–108 – via archive.org
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Parratt & Parratt (2000).
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Thoiba Singh, Wakambam (1984). Meetei Polity – A study of the socio-economic and political changes among the Meeteis from 1750 to 1950 (Thesis). Guwahati University/Shodhganga. p. 228-232 (Chapter 5). hdl:10603/69732.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy (2015).
  13. ^ Parratt, Saroj N. Arambam; Parratt, John (October 2001). "The Second 'Women's War' and the Emergence of Democratic Government in Manipur". Modern Asian Studies. 35 (4): 905–919. doi:10.1017/S0026749X0100405X (inactive 3 November 2024). ISSN 1469-8099. S2CID 145449486.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  14. ^ Parratt, Wounded Land (2005), pp. 95–96.
  15. ^ Ibochou Singh, Khwairakpam (1985). British administration in Manipur 1891–1947 (Thesis). Guwahati University/Shodhganga. p. v. hdl:10603/66697.
  16. ^ Roluahpuia (4 April 2016). "Majoritarianism in Manipur". Himal Southasian. In the Constitution Making Committee (CMC) in 1947, the representatives of the tribal leaders proposed the right of secession of the hill areas from Manipur after a period of five years. Two members of the CMC, A Daiho, a Mao Naga and Tiankham from the Zo community made it clear that they could not be members of the committee unless such clauses were incorporated. Regardless of this, their proposal was rejected following arrests of numerous tribal leaders in 1948.
  17. ^ Noni, Arambam (16 October 2015). Noni, Arambam; Sanatomba, Kangujam (eds.). Colonialism and Resistance. p. 68. doi:10.4324/9781315638317. ISBN 978-1-317-27066-9.
  18. ^ a b Priyabrata Singh, M. K. (1948). Administration Report Of The Manipur State For The Year 1946–47. pp. 2–5.
  19. ^ Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements (2011), pp. 119–120.
  20. ^ Sinha, L. P. (1987). "The Politics and Government of Manipur". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 48 (4): 487–493. ISSN 0019-5510. JSTOR 41855332.
  21. ^ Datta-Ray, B.; Agrawal, S. P. (1996). Reorganization of North-East India Since 1947. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 240–252. ISBN 978-81-7022-577-5.
  22. ^ Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements (2011), p. 120.
  23. ^ Manipur State Hill People's (Administration) Regulation 1947
  24. ^ Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements (2011), pp. 121–122.
  25. ^ Parratt, Wounded Land (2005), p. 98-99.
  26. ^ Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements (2011), p. 121.
  27. ^ Lal Dena, Revisiting the Issue of Manipur Merger, 1949, Imphal Review of Arts and Politics, 21 November 2020.
  28. ^ Parratt, Wounded Land (2005), pp. 102–103.
  29. ^ Kipgen, Ethnic Conflict in India (2011), p. 1049.
  30. ^ Priyadarshni M. Gangte, Political climate of Manipur during the transitionary period, 1946-52 - Some reflections - Part 2, The Sangai Express, via e-pao.net, 14 March 2014.
  31. ^ Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy (2015), p. 70.
  32. ^ Parratt, Wounded Land (2005), p. 103.
  33. ^ Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy (2015), pp. 68–69.
  34. ^ a b Tarapot, Bleeding Manipur (2003), p. 172.
  35. ^ Selected comments:
    • Indrakumar, Colonialism and Movement for Democracy (2015), pp. 68–69: "The Manipur State Constitution Act (MCA), 1947, in the words of Parratt, 'was a remarkably enlightened and liberal piece of legislation. It provided, for the first time on the Indian sub-continent, for a legislature to be elected by full adult franchise under a constitutional monarchy'."
    • Hassan, M. Sajjad (February 2006), Explaining Manipur's Breakdown and Mizoram's Peace: the State and Identities in North East India, London School of Economics, p. 7, In the meantime, popular pressure for constitutional reforms had pushed the Manipuri ruler to agree to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.
    • Gangmumei Kamei, Hill Area Committee (HAC) of Manipur Legislative Assembly: An assessment, Part 2, Huiyen Lanpao, via e-pao.net, 17 December 2012. "The Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 provide[s] for a democratic constitutional monarchy."
    • Akoijam, A. Bimol (28 July 2001), "How History Repeats Itself", Economic and Political Weekly, 36 (30): 2807–2812, JSTOR 4410908, Soon after independence, unlike the other 'princely states' in the Indian subcontinent, this kingdom marked by a citizenry with a sense of their being as a 'people', adopted a constitution of its own which envisaged a democratic setup under a constitutional monarchy.
    • Bhattacharjee, Govind (2016), "Other Northeastern States: Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh", Special Category States of India, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199460830.003.0005, ISBN 9780199460830, Under the new constitution, Manipur became a constitutional monarchy in July, 1947, with the responsibility of administration vested in the Maharaja-in-Council.
  36. ^ Selected comments:
    • Meetei, A. Noni (2018), "Narrating the Nation in Manipur: Reproduction of a historical question", in Bhagat Oinam; Dhiren A. Sadokpam (eds.), Northeast India: A Reader, Routledge India, pp. 116–117, ISBN 978-0-429-95320-0, ISBN 978-0-429-48987-7 – via archive.org, In 1948, Manipur became an independent constitutional monarchy with a legislative assembly consisting of fifty-three members including eighteen from the hill areas.
    • M. S. Prabhakara, Insurgencies in Manipur: politics & ideology, The Hindu, 28 January 2010. "The Constitution was adopted in July 1947. Thus when the transfer of power took place in Delhi, Manipur became an independent country under a constitutional monarchy, with a Constitution of its own that provided for universal adult franchise."
  37. ^ Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements (2011), pp. 130–131.
  38. ^ Tarapot, Bleeding Manipur (2003), p. 172: "However, the Chief Minister was to be nominated by the Maharaja from outside the assembly.".
  39. ^ Choudhury, Sanghamitra (2016), Women and Conflict in India, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-317-55362-5
  40. ^ Parratt, Wounded Land (2005), pp. 103–104.
  41. ^ Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements (2011), p. 145: "As informed to the Maharaja, the Government of India did not recognize the legislative assembly and the Ministry constituted under the Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947.".
  42. ^ Akoijam, A. Bimol (28 July 2001), "How History Repeats Itself", Economic and Political Weekly, 36 (30): 2807–2812, JSTOR 4410908, When maharaja Bodhchandra resisted the move to merge Manipur with the Indian union saying that he was only a constitutional monarch and he needed to consult his elected members of the state assembly, the representatives of the union government informed him that the GoI did not recognise the assembly and that they would like to deal with him like the British had done before independence.
  43. ^ Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements (2011), p. 147.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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