Malvalic acid
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| Preferred IUPAC name
7-(2-Octylcycloprop-1-en-1-yl)heptanoic acid | |
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3D model (JSmol)
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PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C18H32O2 | |
| Molar mass | 280.452 g·mol−1 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Malvalic acid is a cyclopropene fatty acid found in baobab seed oil[1] and cottonseed oil. The cyclopropene ring is thought to be one of the causes of abnormalities that develop in animals that ingest cottonseed oil.[2] Refining processes, such as hydrogenation, can remove or destroy malvalic acid.
Biosynthesis
[edit]The biosynthesis of malvalic acid starts with oleic acid, an 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid, leading to sterculic acid. An α-oxidation reaction removes one carbon from the chain to form the 17-carbon-chain structure of malvalic acid.[3]
History
[edit]Wilson et al.[4] demonstrated the co-occurrence of malvalic acid and the corresponding cyclopropane acids in several types of seeds. He suggested that methylene addition to oleic acid gave rise to dihydrosterculic acid, which was desaturated to sterculic acid, and that 8-heptadecenoic acid was similarly the precursor of dihydromalvalic acid and malvalic acid. Smith and Bu'Lock[5] showed that in Hibiscus seedlings the chains of sterculic and malvalic acids, but not the ring methylene carbon, were derived from acetate. They showed that the labeling pattern in malvalic acid was the same as that in sterculic acid minus the carboxyl carbon. They explained the shortening by α oxidation occurring during the biogenesis of malvalic acid. Hooper and Law[6] demonstrated that the ring methylene carbon of both cyclopropane and cyclopropene acids was derived from the methyl group of methionine in Hibiscus, and suggested from the distribution of label that the pathway was oleic → dihydrosterculic → sterculic acid.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ Wilkinson, John (2006). "Baobab Dried Fruit Pulp – An application for Novel Foods Approval in the EU as a food ingredient. Section 8.4 Cyclopropene Fatty Acids" (PDF). pp. 30–32.
- ^ Hornback, Joseph (2006). Organic Chemistry, Second Edition. Cengage Learning. p. 207. ISBN 978-0534389512.
- ^ Dewick, Paul (2009). Medicinal Natural products. Wiley. pp. 46–55. ISBN 9780470741689.
- ^ Wilson, T. L.; Smith, C. R.; Mikolajczak, K. L. (1961). "Characterization of cyclopropenoid acids in selected seed oils". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 38 (12): 696. doi:10.1007/BF02633058. S2CID 83785052.
- ^ Smith, G. N.; Bu'Lock, J. D. (1964). "Biogenesis of cyclopropene acids". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 17 (4): 433. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(64)90025-7.
- ^ Hooper, N. K.; Law, J. H. (1965). "Biosynthesis of cyclopropane compounds VII. Synthesis of cyclopropane and cyclopropene fatty acids by seedlings". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 18 (3): 426–9. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(65)90725-4. PMID 14300760.
- ^ Yano, I.; Morris, L. J.; Nichols, B. W.; Jams, A. T. (1972). "The biosynthesis of cyclopropane and cyclopropene fatty acids in higher plants (Malvaceae)". Lipids. 7: 35–45. doi:10.1007/BF02531267. S2CID 35842195.